Abstract
Objective: The objective of the study was to observe the effect of liman leaves extract on fetal rat development and provide safety information for its use during pregnancy.
 Methods: Estrus cycles of female Wistar rats were observed and mated to male rats, 0 day of pregnancy determined after finding a vaginal plug or in a vaginal smear, there was sperm. Sample was administered orally using sonde with a single administration on the 11th day of pregnancy, at doses of 3750 mg/kg bw, 1185 mg/kg bw, and 375 mg/kg bw. On the 19th day of pregnancy, the rats were sacrificed and then observed the number of implantation, corpus luteum, intrauterine death, and fetal abnormalities.
 Results: The dose of 375 mg/kg bw exposed the highest average implantation rate (13.20%) and the largest number of corpus luteum (13.90%). The highest total intrauterine death was presented by dose of 3750 mg/kg bw and significantly different (p<0.05) compared to the control group. The dose of 375 mg/kg bw expressed the highest percentage of embryos with resorption (19.03%), while the lowest average fetal body was shown by 3750 mg/kg bw compared to the other groups. The highest percentage of external abnormalities was given by the dose of 375 mg/kg bw (12.91%), which abnormalities found were dwarf, cleft palate, hydrocephalus, short sleeve, and hematoma.
 Conclusion: Liman leaves extract was mild teratogenic on Wistar rat fetus.
Highlights
Liman (Elephantopus scaber L.) is belonged to Asteraceae that is often used as a traditional medicine for women health, such as pregnancy complaints, menstrual disorders, aphrodisiac, contraception, body care, and puerperium [1]
Liman has pharmacological effects that have been studied such as hepatoprotective activity on alcohol induced liver damage in mice [2], significantly hepatoprotective by reducing hepatocellular injury in mice induced by D-galactosamine lipopolysaccharide [3], anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects by inhibiting signal p38 mitogen-activated protein and cyclooxygenase in Sprague-Dawley mice [4], significantly reduced bronchospasm induced by histamine and acetylcholine and prevented mast cell degeneration in Guinea pigs [5], effectively as wound healer by reducing chronic inflammation of the cells, reducing edema, and increasing collagenation [6], Liman leaves extract has an antimicrobial effect [7], acetone extract of liman leaves reduced blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [8]
The observations were performed on reproductive performance of mother included number of implantation, percentage of pre‐implantation loss, intrauterine death which was consisted of dead fetus and resorption embryo, number of live fetuses, weight of live fetuses, and number of live fetuses with external abnormalities
Summary
Liman (Elephantopus scaber L.) is belonged to Asteraceae that is often used as a traditional medicine for women health, such as pregnancy complaints, menstrual disorders, aphrodisiac, contraception, body care, and puerperium [1]. Deoxyelephantopin from liman significantly reduced the growth rate of primary tumors in vivo of stably transfected human cervical carcinoma [11]. Deoxyelephantopin and isodeoxyelephantopin from liman decreased availability of tumor cell L-929 (IC50 2.7 μg/ml and 3.3 μg/ml) and in vivo showed significant effects as antitumor for tumor cells Dalton’s lymphoma ascites [12]. The use of liman by women during the conception and pregnancy period is feared can influence growth and development of conception result, so it is necessary to test teratogenicity of this plant and provide its safety information of used during pregnancy
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