Zhytomyr Region Research Articles

Biochemical, clinical manifestation of vitamin D deficiency in calves

Today, one of the priority tasks in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine is the creation of a highly productive, stable herd with a stable level of metabolism. A large load on the animal's body reveals high milk productivity; in connection with this, metabolic processes slow down, directly reducing milk productivity and requiring a balanced diet and high-quality feed. An increase in milk productivity is often directly related to metabolic disorders and the appearance of diseases, including the intensity of physiological and biochemical metabolic processes associated with converting a significant amount of energy and nutrients from feed into milk. Metabolic pathologies in animals can be caused by hereditary defects in the metabolism of nucleic acids, congenital insufficiency of enzymes responsible for the synthesis and breakdown of amino acids, disorders of organic acid metabolism, fatty acid deficiency, etc. Timely diagnosis of rickets and rapid therapy in the initial period is essential in treatment because the earlier the diagnosis is made, the easier it is to treat the disease. This will lead to the termination of the further destructive process, the occurrence of bone deformations, and changes in internal organs. The article deals with the issue of vitamin D deficiency in young cattle from a modern perspective. Materials on the classification, etiology, and pathogenesis of vitamin D-deficient rickets in calves are covered. The role of vitamin D in the prevention of rickets and its importance for general animal health and welfare are summarized. It is noted that this disease's characteristic feature is mainly the course's hidden stages. Clinical symptoms of D-hypovitaminosis appear in the late stages of the disease when restoring the animal's health is impossible. The essence of the pathology is a violation of mineralization of the organic matrix of bone tissues (D-hypovitaminosis) or osteolysis of already formed structures. The work aimed to find out the distribution, etiology, biochemical and clinical manifestation of D-hypovitaminosis in calves in one of the farms of the northern districts of Zhytomyr region, which belongs to the natural-geographical zone of Zhytomyr Polissia. The material for the study was clinically healthy calves and calves with rickets aged 1–3 months. The conditions of keeping and feeding animals on the farm were studied. Diagnosis and spread of D-hypovitaminosis among calves 1–3 months old were carried out with the help of clinical and unique methods; first, preference was given to laboratory studies. Clinical manifestations are described, and laboratory features of the course of vitamin D deficiency in animals are presented. It has been established that vitamin D deficiency in calves is quite widespread on the farm. Thus, the subclinical (hidden) course was registered in 45.8 % of animals and the clinical – in 24.1 %. The disease was more often registered in the winter-spring period. The leading cause of the disease in calves is insufficient motor activity (hypodynamia) in the absence of insolation, as well as a low level of feeding: reduced provision of cholecalciferol (25.8 %), violation of the calcium-phosphorus ratio (2.7–4.2:1 versus 1.5–2.0:1), deficiency of microelements – cobalt, zinc, copper, the provision of which was, respectively, 57.6, 85.6 and 96.2 % of the need. Pathognomotic manifestations of the disease in calves are licking, allotriophagia, thickening of carpal joints, partial resorption of the last ribs and tail vertebrae, and loose teeth. Vitamin D deficiency prevents the efficient absorption of calcium and phosphorus in feed. With vitamin D deficiency, only 10–15 % of feed calcium and 50–60 % of phosphorus are absorbed. The most informative laboratory markers for diagnosing pathology are determining cholecalciferol content, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase activity, and its bone isoenzyme in blood serum.

Modelling the Functioning of Agricultural Landscapes in the Zhytomyr Region

Purpose: To establish and substantiate the aspects of modeling the functioning of agricultural landscapes in the Zhytomyr region; to analyse the processes of landscape modeling construction; to provide a historical and landscape interpretation of changes in the nature of the Zhytomyr region under the influence of agricultural land use. Design / Methodology / Approach: Landscape modelling, cartographic, calculation and design, analysis and evaluation of ecological and landscape land management for modelling the functioning of agricultural land use. Findings: The article examines and substantiates the process of modelling and functioning of agricultural landscapes of the Zhytomyr region. It was established that the ability of mankind to use and adapt the environment to create a comfortable life and favourable production conditions requires increased attention to regional issues of nature protection and society’s attitude to it, interaction of various types of human activity with the geographical environment. It has been proven that the most important task today is the regulation of society's relationship with nature, its rational use and protection, which is understood as the prevention of damage and adverse consequences of human intervention, as well as reasonable forecasting of possible environmental changes. As a result of the research, it was found that the agricultural landscape arises as a result of intensive agricultural production (vegetables, horticulture, livestock, poultry, etc.). The creation of such a landscape is accompanied not only by changing the territory with the removal of those objects that interfere with work, but also by the construction of embankments, ponds, irrigation canals, etc. The territorial arrangement of the agricultural landscape is important, especially for the optimization of economic activity. Its task is the rational distribution of territories of various functional purposes and uses. Originality / Value: As a result of the research, it was found that the agricultural landscape arises as a result of intensive agricultural production (vegetables, horticulture, livestock, poultry, etc.). The creation of such a landscape is accompanied not only by changing the territory with the removal of those objects that interfere with work, but also by the construction of embankments, ponds, irrigation canals, etc. The territorial arrangement of the agricultural landscape is important, especially for the optimization of economic activity. Its task is the rational distribution of territories of various functional purposes and uses. As a result, prerequisites are created for increasing the efficiency of land use, agrotechnical technologies, implementation of rational and ecologically clean farming systems, implementation of measures to increase fertility and soil protection. Intensive use of nature has led to deterioration of soil and surface water quality; accumulation of significant volumes of solid and liquid waste; air pollution from vehicles and industrial production; landscape changes and biodiversity. Practical Meaning: Modelling the functioning of agricultural landscapes in the Zhytomyr region is important for understanding the geographical patterns of the spatial organisation of nature and human activity. Further Research: The obtained results can be used in the further study of agricultural landscapes of the Zhytomyr region. Theoretical and practical material of scientific research can be used in the process of retraining and improving the qualifications of teachers of biology, ecology, geography.

NARODYCHI IN THE MIDDLE AGES

The article attempts to summarize the existing published and known archival sources on the history of the Narodychі town, located in the north of Zhytomyr Region. The results of archaeological research of the town are also generalize, carried out in 1925—1927, 2013 and 2020.
 It is mistakenly considered that Narodychi were first made known in the revision of the Ovruch castle in 1545. In fact, Narodychi, as a domain or benefice of the Yelеts noble family, are mentioned in official documents from the 3rd quarter of the 15th century. At the beginning of the 17th century Narodychi grow into a town in which a wooden and earthen castle is built. During the 16th—18th centuries, Narodychі was successively owned to the noble families of Yeltsy, Fox-Potocki and Pavshi. After the divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the town was expropriated to the treasury of the Russian Empire.
 The first archaeological researches on the territory of the town were conducted Ivan Levytskyi in 1925—1927. He explored and described the remains of three fortifications in the center of Narodychi, an adjacent unfortified settlement and a burial mound. The results of these studies remained unpublished.
 The latest archaeological researches of the town were conducted under the author’s direction. During the explorations in 2013, the ancient fortifications sites were identified, the historical topography of the town was clarified, and numerous ceramic materials from the Old Rus’ period, the post-Mongol era, the Middle Ages, and the Early Modern times were found. There were stationary works on the area of fortifications in summer of 2020. As a result, the strength and degree of preservation of cultural layers were clarified, the remains of archaeological objects were recorded (a cellar with artifacts of the 2nd part of 17th century, a wood-chemical production facility, a roaster), the assumptions about the settlement of the central part of Narodychi in the Old Rus’ period were confirmed, data on almost continuous development of town in the Middle Ages was obtained, promising areas for further archaeological research were determined.

FOLK TERMS DENOTING ROAD IN THE ZHYTOMYR REGION

The article contains, analyses and systematizes a collection of folk geographical terms designating various types of roads in the dialects of the Zhytomyr region, recorded according to the native speakers of this area. According to the nature of the object of nomination, the lexical and semantic group “road” is classified into six semantic groups depending on the quality of the road, location, type of road surface and parts. The article traces the etymology and semantic variants of the collected terms from the first-known Slavic records and earliest records in the area under study to the present day.
 The semantic chronology is analysed for those geographical names for which it was possible, such as road, highway, path, route etc. The meanings of the collected terms are described in comparison with the literary language and dialects of Ukraine and other Slavic languages. The materials used and explored by the study include artefacts and archival official papers. Moreover, the article traces the means whereby some geographical terms were formed. The new words are most often formed by means of suffixation or metaphorical transfer of names from other objects to geographical phenomena similar in their structure or form. Some terms include composite names formed by nouns and adjectives where the nouns denote geographical objects and the adjectives provide additional characteristics, indicating the quality, materials used and origin. The article outlines the territories of distribution of the recorded terms in the Zhytomyr region and identifies the folk terms that are most commonly used throughout the surveyed territory, those with their functioning limited to several districts or localities, and those occurring rarely. The folk terms are divided into those with widely known meanings, those recorded with new semantical meanings, and unique lexemes, never recorded in the language varieties spoken in other areas of Slavia. Functioning of a large number of phonetic variants of some lexical units recorded is observed, which is typical for the territory of the Zhytomyr region. The article also outlines the semantic fields of some polysemantic words used to denote other phenomena not related to roads.

Study of the Demographic Component Quality of Life of the Population of the Radioactively Contaminated Territory of the Zhytomyr Region Using ArcGIS Software

Study of the Demographic Component Quality of Life of the Population of the Radioactively Contaminated Territory of the Zhytomyr Region Using ArcGIS Software

New locality records for Steinernema and Heterorhabditis (Nematoda: Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) fauna of Ukraine

Goal. Of this study is to present new locality records (from agricultural ecosystems) for Steinernema and Heterorhabditis (Nematoda: Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) fauna of Ukraine.
 Methods. The object of our research were entomopathogenic nematodes collected from different localities of Ukraine between 2016 and 2021. We used stereoscopic microscope MBS-9, light microscope Carl Zeiss Primo Star 100x—1000x and specialized keys for entomopathogenic nematodes identification.
 Results. We analyzed 312 samples for entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae). Entomopathogenic nematodes were isolated from Zhytomyr region, Chernihiv region and Kyiv region. Entomopathogenic nematodes from Zhytomyr region and Chernihiv region is a new record for Ukraine. EPN-positive soil samples with Steinernema spp. were noticeably pre-dominating over the Heterorhabditis spp. (ratio 1.5 to 1). Three species of entomopathogenic nematodes (S. carpocapsae, Steinernema sp. «glaseri»-group and H. bacteriophora), have been described. The information on the specimens location and brief notes on the habitats is provided. In present study, we examined differences in the morphological and morphometric characters between two EPN species from different regions/zones of Ukraine.
 Conclusions. We found new locality records for two entomopathogenic nematodes species: S. сarpocapsae and H. bacteriophora reported from Zhytomyr region and Chernihiv region of Ukraine for the first time. Further studies aiming to improve the knowledge on entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema and Heterorhabditis) fauna should focus on collecting in little-known areas and some specific habitats of Ukraine.

The Foundation and the Activity of Zhytomyr Veterinary Paramedic School During the World War I: Historical Experience

The purpose of the research is to find out the prerequisites for the creation of a veterinary paramedic school in Zhytomyr and to analyze the process of its formation and activity in wartime conditions. The research methodology involves a combination of special historical methods of knowledge: comparative, structural and functional analysis. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that the problem became the object of a special study for the first time. Based on the materials of the State Archive of the Zhytomyr region, the complex process of creating a new educational institution, which is extremely necessary for the economy of the region in wartime conditions, is traced. Conclusions. Wartime conditions left an imprint on all spheres of life, made it difficult to solve many urgent tasks. One of these was the opening of a veterinary paramedic school in Zhytomyr, the need for which had been discussed for a long time. The initial stage of establishment and organization of the educational institution was accompanied by many difficulties. Firstly, it was difficult to plan salary expenses in connection with inflation, secondly, there was a lack of educational and methodological base, which necessitated the development of training programs, purchase of equipment, etc. Correspondence with other educational institutions, which already had experience in organizing veterinary paramedic education, did not bring the expected result. Finding the building and arranging the surrounding area was a difficult problem. But, despite these difficulties, the Zhytomyr veterinary and paramedic school started its work. In that difficult time, it was even possible to solve the issue of social support for students of the educational institution, who were provided with housing, paid scholarships and provided food assistance. The historical experience of the establishment and operation of an educational institution in wartime conditions is indicative and instructive in the sense of the implementation of joint efforts of local authorities and the public.

ON TRACKS THE POLISSIA EXPEDITION OF 1932: THE NEWEST EXPLORATION OF MINERIES OF 17th—19th century ON THE MALYN REGION

In 2019 the authors conducted an archaeological survey near the city Malyn in the Zhytomyr region. The main task of the work was to find the locations of iron workshops known from historical sources of the 17th—19th centuries as «rudnia». Archival materials of the Poliska expedition of 1932, led by Oleksandr Ogloblin, were used to draw up the survey route. Photographs, location diagrams and descriptions of individual workshops of those studies made it possible to select priority points for a new visit to the sites of ancient industrial complexes.
 A total of 6 locations were surveyed. In their place, it was possible to record a concentration of swamp ore and iron slag, nearby — samples of ceramics, glass and other findings related to the functioning of miners’ villages. Near the humlet Antoniv, on an area of more than 1000 m2, a 3—5 m high slag accumulation was discovered, which was the place of storage of iron production waste from the local «rudnia» on the Voznia River.
 During the exploration several well-known and newly discovered archaeological sites were surveyed, including settlements from the times of Kievan Rus of the 10th—13th centuries near the villages of Nedashky, Ukrainka, Pyrizhky. Many samples of ceramic dishes of the 17th—19th centuries found in Malyn and Pyrizhky. Some of these ceramics have signs of local production. Fragments of tiles were found in some places, in Malyn — samples of ceramic tiles of the 18th (?) century. Near the village Korolivka, a previously unknown site of glass production — guta — was opened. Fragments of crucibles, vitreous mass, slag, ceramics of the 18th—19th centuries were found here. In several places fragments of molded ware, splinters of flint were found, which can be attributed to the Bronze Age (III—II millennia BC) and other eras.
 Near the humlet Antonov the remains of the Roman Catholic church of the end of the 18th (?) century were examined. The building was built by the Polish noblemen Penkowski, who owned a large estate on the Irsha River. Specimens of figured (patterned) brick were taken from this architectural monument. It is important to fix two stone tombstones made of red quartzite in the village Vorsivka near the church. They contain partially legible inscriptions, one of which is dated 1640. These finds testify to the existence in the first half of the 17th century industry of the manufacture of stone tombstones, the place of production of which is located 100 km to the north, in the area of the city of Ovruch, depending on the type of stone.

Clinical and pharmacological effectiveness of Fit-O-Metrin drug in the scheme of treatment of bovine postpartum metritis

The article presents data on the approval of the new Fit-O-Metrin drug for accelerating the recovery of cows from postpartum metritis. The experiment was focused on monitoring the excretion of exudate; restoration and strengthening of the contractile function and regenerative processes in the uterus after the use of the drug. Favorable conditions for uterine disease are often created during calving. However, the reproductive function of animals is mostly determined by the ability to restore the physiological state of the uterus in the postpartum period. Thus, in the experimental farm AgroTsvit 2012 (Zhytomyr region), clinical and laboratory examination of cows in the postpartum period determined that the prevalence of metritis covers up to 42% of the herd. The largest percentage of sick cows had purulent form (53.1 %), catarrhal-purulent metritis was registered in 30.4 %, catarrhal – in 16.5 %. Through our own research, we determined the effectiveness of the experimental drug Fit-O-Metrin, made on the basis of plant materials (extract of thyme, motherwort, and common barberry) for intrauterine administration as part of the treatment regimen for bovine metritis. In the clinical test, 13 sick cows were involved, to which Fit-O-Metrin was applied according to three different schemes. Another 5 animals with metritis were included in the control group, which were treated according to the standard protocol for the farm. However, regardless of the chosen scheme, the complete cessation of the release of inflammatory exudate from the vagina of the entire cow's herd was recorded already on the 6–7 day (in the control group – on the 9 day). Normalization of tone and anatomical position of the uterus, complete closure of the cervical canal was noted on the 8th day (in the control group – on the 12 day). The most optimal scheme of using the herbal preparation against postpartum purulent metritis is 2 days injections, 2 days break, 2 days injections, 2 days break, final injection. A single dose of the FitO-Metrin drug is 30 ml. Key words: postpartum metritis, Fit-O-Methrin, cattle, treatment scheme, effectiveness, exudate, sexual cycle.

STATE AND FEATURES OF THE PLEIN AIR PAINTING MOVEMENT DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE AT THE CURRENT STAGE

The aim of the article is to discuss the current stage and features of the development of the plein-air movement in Ukraine. Open air is an integral part of contemporary fine arts. Their role lies in the very nature of artistic creativity. Formation of spatial representations, construction of the scheme of the compositional structure of the work of art, understanding of its logic are closely connected with the ability of artistic modeling of the world, the presence of advanced artistic imagination in combination with holistic perception of nature. From this point of view, plein air is widely used both for educational purposes to develop the spatial skills and creative style of young artists, as well as for the creative expression of recognized artists. The collective nature of plein air promotes close creative communication between representatives of different art schools, provoking the process of mixing and mutually influencing the achievements and achievements of both art schools and artistic fields. In Ukraine, plein airs became a striking feature of artistic life at the turn of the 2010s, which makes it possible to consider them as a feature of the national school of painting formed in the present day. The author classifies the plein-air movement by its types and analyzes the specifics of its development in Ukraine using concrete examples. The following types of plein-airs are distinguished. The first type of plein air is to include traditional plein airs, which have the meaning of an artistic event and focus on creative experimentation. An example of this type of plein air is the sculptural plein air movement in Vinnytsia region. The second type includes traditional plein airs, which are related to the event of a wider cultural context, and which they should complement. In particular, the plein air that takes place within the framework of the traditional Mamay-fest historical and cultural festival in Kamianskе. The next, third, type of plein air is organized on the basis of historical and cultural complexes. This complex is Stavchansky estate, located in the Radomyshl district of Zhytomyr region. We refer international plein air to the fourth type. Such is the creative trip of Ukrainian artists to Italy, which took place within the framework of the international plenary project “GENIUS LOCI”. The wide involvement of Italian motifs in painting and their creative comprehension by Ukrainian artists was the essential result of the plein air. Plein airs that pursue the goal of promoting the commercialization of artistic results, we refer to the fifth type of plein air. Finally, we can refer to the sixth type of plein airs as regional art events, such as the Sumy Spring All-Ukrainian Art Plein Air, held in April 2019 in Sumy Region. Thus, we can state the growth of the plein air movement in Ukraine, which forms the country's artistic and artistic environment. Plein airs are structured according to their types and tasks. The last decade has tended to include them as an integral part of cultural and artistic events of various levels, where plein airs play the role of their artistic component. This has a number of consequences. These include the activation of mutual communication between artists; popularization of painting in society; promoting the creation of artistic traditions or traditions specific to different art schools and regions of the country. In some cases, plein-airs can be used as a component for the formation (or restoration) of artistic and cultural-historical complexes. Also, plein-airs intensify exhibition activities and contribute to the commercialization of the results of artistic creation.

Impact of radioactive contamination of soils on the diversity of micropopulation and the transformation of organic substances

Aim. To study the impact of different levels of radioactive contamination on the organic matter decomposition and the population development of microbial decomposers of organic matter in soil. Methods. Gamma-spectrometry for the determination of the relative activity of 137Cs and beta-spectrometry for the determination of the relative activity of 90Sr in order to choose the contamination range for the studies; Tea Bag Іndex (TBI), the standard glob- ally accepted method to determine the rate of organic matter decomposition; gas chromatography – to determine the impact of the investigated factors on the formation of the biomass of microorganisms by means of the СО2 production potential; classic microbiological methods, using elective media to estimate the population densities of culturable microbial decomposers. Results. The studies (from April to September 2021) comprised two soils with different radioactive contamination ranges: Range No. 1 in Narodychi district of Zhytomyr region (the village Khrystynivka, 3 sampling points) in the unconditional (obligatory) resettlement zone after the catastrophe in the Chornobyl nuclear power plant (ChNPP) (it has an absorbed dose rate gradient, evaluated for soil microorganisms, from 0.2 μGy/h (at sampling point Narodychi-1: 51,24076°N, 29,21497°E) to 1.57 μGy/h (at sampling point Naro- dychi-3: 51,23815°N, 29,22245°E)), located on the agricultural field, abandoned after the catastrophe and Range No. 2, located on the afforested area, directly bordering the territory of the so-called Red Forest in the ChNPP ex- clusion zone (4 sampling points – the first three points – natural ecosystems, and 4th – pyrogenically transformed territory after fires in 2020) with the absorbed dose rate gradient from 3.7 μGy/h (at sampling point ChEZ-1: 51,38595°N, 30,03035°E) to 84.0 μGy/h (at sampling point ChEZ-4: 51,38231°N, 30,03298°E). The dependence of the studied indicators on the gradient of soil contamination with radionuclides was demonstrated and these are the conditions that the difference is more than 400 times in the values of the ionizing radiation absorbed dose rates formed by radionuclides in soil. In Range No. 1 (on the fallow land), with the increase in the dose rate up from 0.2 to 1.57 μGy/h, there was statistically significant increase of mineralization coefficient and percentage of reduced weight of rooibos tea between the least and most contaminated sampling points), stimulation of the development of micromycetes (by 1.2–2.3 times), cellulose-decomposing bacteria (by 7.1–7.9 times), and ammonifying bacteria (by 1.8–6.3 times) due to a significant increasing the number of colony-forming units in points with higher radio- nuclide contamination and an increase of microbial biomass in soil more than twofold between the least and most contaminated sampling point of Range No. 1.In Range No. 2, in the ChNPP exclusion zone, characterized by low parameters of sod-podzolic soil fertility (humus content from 1.2 ± 0.2 to 0.9 ± 0.1 %, exchangeable acidity from 4.0 ± 0.1 to 5.0 ± 0.7), the number of micromycetes and ammonifying bacteria in soil was one-two orders below the indices of Range No. 1. Micromycetes dominated in the groups of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms. There was statistically significant increase of mineralization coefficient and percentage of reduced weight of rooibos tea with increasing of radionuclide contamination level for the first three plots: ChEZ-1, ChEZ-2 and ChEZ-3 of Range No. 2. Conclusions. In the fallow land of the unconditional (obligatory) resettlement zone, the increase of the radia- tion absorbed dose rate in soil by one order from 0.2 to 1.57 μGy/h does not inhibit the development of microorgan- isms in soil, rather it stimulates their activity and increases their numbers. On poor sod-podzolic soils in the exclu- sion zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the preponderance of development of micromycetes over bacterial cellulolytics is noticeable. The radioactive contamination affected the development of soil microorganisms and the biological processes in soils not only in the first years after the Chornobyl catastrophe, which has been described in the literature, but has had its influence for rather a long time (for over thirty years after the accident). Among the microorganisms of a saccharolytic mode of organic plant residuals decomposition, the micromycetes dominate.

Innovative Ecotourism Product Development Based on the Use of Geographic Information Technologies


 
 
 The tourist product is a specific product that has a number of features such as in- separability from the source of formation, complexity, insensitivity, impossibility of storage and warehousing of the tourist product. These features should be taken into account when developing an ecotourism product, as it is a specific integrated product provided in the natural environment, considering regional characteristics, local culture, gastronomic events and caring for the environment. The role of the relevance, timeliness of the information provided on a particular tourist product is growing. Ecological tourism has features, as the objects of tourist activity are little-visited natural-territorial complexes, characterized by a certain spatial distribution in the territory. It requires the use of geographic information technologies, remote sensing systems, global positioning in order to organize tourism facilities, which determines the relevance of this study. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the significance of creating innovative ecotourism products based on the use of modeling systems and modern technologies, including geoinformation, determining the value of ecotourism and the study of competitive advantages for tourism enterprises which enable them to make a profit from the provision of ecotourism services. The research methodology involves statistical methods of data processing, cartographic research methods using geoinformation technologies, the method of spatial analysis, as well as systemic, general scientific and informational approaches. The importance of ecological tourism is proved on the basis of the analysis of its basic values, advantages and opportunities. Proposals to improve the situation in the ecotourism services market have been developed. Offers of ecotourism products are suggested on the basis of detailed typology (division into cognitive, recreational, business, cultural, educational groups of ecological tourism). Prospects for the use of geographic information technologies in the development of innovative ecotourism products are studied. For the first time, the authors have developed the geoportal model of Zhytomyr district ecolocations , which lists the main possible locations for the devel- opment of ecological tourism The authors have conducted a survey of Zhytomyr region residents after the implementation of the first stage of the decentralization reform in 2014 – 2019 and segmented the interests of potential ecotourists. Potential sources of income for protected areas and other ecotourism participants are identified. The concept of ecological tourism development is formed.
 
 

THE SITES OF THE 8th—10th centuries IN ZHYTOMYR REGION (the Materials for the Archaeological Map)

The paper provides the information about the sites of the late 1st — turn of the 1st—2nd millennium AD discovered in various parts of the Zhytomyr region during 1982—2019. On the basis of the collected materials the summary was prepared which included 36 settlements, information on their locations, topography, dimensions, the thickness of the cultural layer, collected artifacts, and their cultural and chronological affiliation was determined.
 The earliest sites in two points (Bobrivka II, Teterivka II) were found. The cultural layers of these sites, which is the important, contain both materials of the Prague-Korchak (5th—7th centuries) and Luka-Rajkovets (8th—9th centuries) archaeological cultures. Materials of the Luka-Rajkovets culture of the 8th—9th centuries in 17 settlements are recorded (Zhytomyr — Kafedralna, Zhytomyr — Skver, Hardashivka V, Zarichany III, Bobrivka II, Boliarka I, Boliarka II, Boliarka III, Korotenka — Skelia, Harkushyne ozero I, Pisky, Stantsiia Priazhiv, Troianiv, Teterivka II, Teterivka III, Mali Kosharyshcha Ia, Malyn I). Materials of the 9th—10th centuries on the 14 sites occurred (Zhytomyr — Sholem-Aleichema, Zhytomyr — Zamkova hora, Kalynivka — Val, Kalynivka III, Kalynivka IV, Levkiv I, Stantsiia Priazhiv, Teterivka III, Turovets I, Turovets II, Vaskovychi — Bekhy, Malyn I, Pyrizhky I, Pavliukivka I). The pottary of barrow type of the 10th — first half of the 11th centuries on 14 settlements were discovered (Harkushene ozero I; Kalynivka IV, Levkiv III, Pisky, Stantsiia Priazhiv, Ulianivka I, Kozhukhivka I, Korosten — Cholivka, Moisiivka II, Kam’ianyi Brid II, Malyn I, Horodnytsia — Anastasivka III, Pavliukivka I and Lypky — Irpin II).
 The present data significantly supplement the archaeological map of the sites of Early Slavic and the initial stage of the Old Rus periods in the Zhytomyr region and they are of significant interest for the further study of a whole range of problems related to the formation of the culture of Rus-Ukraine and the formation of the East Slavic statehood.

Assessment of correlation relationships between the level of mortality of the population of Zhytomyr region of Ukraine from non-infectious diseases and sanitary-chemical indicators of safety and quality of drinking water

The purpose of the publication was to assess the strength and direction of correlation relationships between mortality rates from non-communicable diseases of the population of Zhytomyr region of Ukraine and sanitary-chemical indicators of safety and quality of drinking water. The need for this study was determined by the necessity to adjust existing and develop new strategic approaches to the prevention of non-communicable diseases that depend on the level of chemical contamination of drinking water. The study was conducted in 2016-2020. Standardized indicators of mortality from non-communicable diseases (per 100,000 population) were analyzed. 25375 water samples were studied, among them 8339 belonged to centralized and 17036 – to decentralized water supply. The strength and direction of correlation relationships between population mortality rates from non-communicable diseases and the average values of sanitary-chemical indicators of drinking water were determined by Pearson's linear correlation coefficients and the Chaddock scale. The statistical significance of the correlation coefficients was determined by Student's t-test. In the process of research work such methods as: bibliographic, medical and sociological, retrospective, epidemiological, statistical, system analysis and generalization were used. Statistically significant (p˂0.05) strong direct correlations were found between mortality rates of the urban population of Zhytomyr region from diseases of the circulatory system (I00-I99) (including myocardial infarction) (I21-I22), coronary heart disease (I20-I25), of digestive organs (K00-K93) and average total iron and total hardness values; between nervous system diseases (G00-G99) and average values of manganese in drinking water of centralized water supply, as well as between mortality rates of rural population from diseases of the circulatory system (I00-I99) and average values of total hardness, total iron and nitrates in drinking water of decentralized water supply. The urgent need to develop new strategic approaches to improve the quality of drinking water in the region as one of the factors in the prevention of non-communicable diseases has been proved.

СТАН СВОБОДИ ПРЕСИ НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ ЖИТОМИРЩИНИ (1838–2020 РР.)

<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"></span></span><p><strong><em>The purpose</em></strong><em> of the research is to compile a time series of changes in the degree of freedom of the press in the territory of Zhytomyr Region in the period from 1838 to 2020, based on an expert survey.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology.</em></strong><em> The main ones used were (a) the method of observation in the form of a survey (expert), as well as (b) the method of calculations.</em></p><p><em>The questionnaire was anonymous, but it contained a block with questions about general information about the experts (gender, age, basic education, academic title, scientific degree). The questionnaire was completed in a Google form. To construct a time series, five-year periods were chosen as the studied interval (38 of them turned out to be). A 10-point scale was chosen for the questionnaire (0 – no press freedom, and 9 – maximum press freedom).</em></p><p><strong><em>The results.</em></strong><em> Ten completed questionnaires were received. The academic title of the majority of experts (six persons) is professor (60%), the rest are associate professors (40%). Most of the interviewees, namely six people (60%), indicated that they are journalists by basic education, two have a philological education (20%), and another two have a history education (20%).</em></p><p><em>The results of the research are presented in the form of a table and a diagram.</em></p><p><em>The degree of freedom of the preess begins with an average score of 2.8 points (1835) and ends with a score of 6.5 points (2020). The extreme values of the degree of freedom of the press are: minimum – 0.5 (1935–1939) and maximum – 6.8 (2005–2009) points.</em></p><p><strong><em>The novelty</em></strong><em> of the research lies in the fact that data on the degree of freedom of the press in quantitative terms for the territory of Zhytomyr region in the period from 1838 to 2020, according to our assessment, were obtained for the first time in the world.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical meaning.</em></strong><em> The obtained results can be used: a) when evaluating the state of freedom of the press for the specified time period, i. e. 1838–2020, in Ukraine; b) during a comparative assessment of the state of freedom of the press in Zhytomyr region in 1838–2020 and in other regions of Ukraine; c) when detecting the dependence (if it exists) between the number of publications in Zhytomyr region in 1838–2020 and the degree of freedom of speech.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> freedom of the press, number of publications, Ukraine, Zhytomyr region, 1838–2020.</em></p>

STUDY OF TIME CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAIN RECEIVING FROM AUTO TRANSPORT AT PROCUREMENT ELEVATORS

At harvesting elevators and grain receiving enterprises, the operation of receiving grain from motor vehicles is the main one. Many elevators of other types also accept grain from motor vehicles due to the fact that it allows to improve the economic performance of the enterprise, and in general, the combination of functions inherent in elevators of different types is a feature of enterprises in the elevator industry of our country. For almost all elevators or grain terminals, the issue of car queues before the entrance is acute. The introduction of various high-performance car unloaders helps to increase the capacity of elevators for unloading grain from cars and road trains of all types. The process of receiving grain from vehicles consists of several operations, and each operation in this chain is important in reducing the time the vehicle stays at the enterprise, and therefore, increasing its throughput. We analyzed the process of unloading cars on U-15URAG-U car unloaders installed at two procurement elevators in the Mykolaiv and Zhytomyr regions. In the course of carrying out this scientific study, we timed the unloading process of 20 single cars (that is, without trailers), which were used to deliver grain to the enterprise. The main stages of unloading cars in the reception facilities of the studied enterprises were highlighted and the average (most reliable), minimum and maximum execution time of each stage was determined. Schedules of the unloading of vehicles with wheat grain at the harvesting elevators, where the research was carried out, were constructed. The results of the timing of the unloading of cars in the receiving device showed that the longest stage is the lifting of the platform of the car loader and the pouring of grain, and the least lasting is the exit of the driver from the cab. The average unloading time was 561.5 seconds for the first enterprise (Mykolaiv Region) and 565 seconds for the second (Zhytomyr Region). It should be noted that the time of raising and lowering the platforms of U15-URAG-U truck unloaders at both considered enterprises corresponds to the passport data, that is, the truck unloaders are not working at maximum efficiency.

Metcalfa pruinosa Say, 1830 as a new parasite of hop plants in Ukraine

Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830) is an invasive, gregarious sap-sucking insect that spreads rapidly through Ukraine and now detects in Kyiv city, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Zakarpattia, Odesa, Kharkiv, and Kyiv regions. Additionally, this sap-sucking insect parasitizes more than 300 species of plants, including the common hop (Humulus lupulus L.). H. lupulus is a valuable industrial crop grown in many countries, including Ukraine. In Ukraine, this industrial crop is grown in the Lviv, Rivne, Khmelnytskyi, and Zhytomyr regions. Specifically, the Zhytomyr region accounts for almost 74% of the total area of hop plantations in Ukraine. Thus, hop-growing areas in Ukraine are closest to Kyiv city and the Kyiv region, among the M. pruinosa infested areas in Ukraine. Additionally, H. lupulus is an important ornamental plant used for vertical gardening throughout Ukraine, including Kyiv city. Given the above, this study aimed to characterize the “M. pruinosa — H. Lupulus” host-parasite system in Kyiv city. To achieve the above purpose, the authors visually inspected hop plants in Kyiv city in 2021–2022. As a result, the inspections revealed that infestation of H. lupulus by this parasite predisposed the appearance of sooty mould. The authors also identified that micromycetes belonging to the genus Cladosporium Link, 1816 caused the sooty mould and that these micromycetes used honeydew excreted by M. pruinosa as substrate. Additionally, inspections found that in Kyiv city in 2021 and 2022, 4.4% and 1.29%, and 26.4% and 1.94% of common hop plants were damaged by M. pruinosa and sooty mould, respectively. Finally, the authors described the signs of hop infestation with M. pruinosa and sooty mould-causing micromycetes, including the diagnostic ones. The diagnostic sign of hop infestation by M. pruinosa was, respectively, the presence of a whitish, sticky, woolly coating on the leaves and stems, presented from the beginning of July until the end of October. The non-diagnostic signs of hop infestation by M. pruinosa included interveinal chlorosis and necrosis, chlorotic and necrotic spots on leaves. Meanwhile, the diagnostic sign of sooty mould was the presence of a black sticky coating on the leaves.

INVASION POTENTIAL OF DAREVSKIA ARMENIACA (MEHELY, 1909) IN UKRAINE: ASSESSMENT BASED ON GIS MODELING

The article is devoted to the actual problem of determining the invasive potential of the invader species, the Armenian rock lizard Darevskia armeniaca. A population of introduced parthenogenetic rock lizards Darevskia armeniaca has existed in the canyon of the Teteriv River (Zhytomyr region, Ukraine) for about 60 years. Their presence in the herpetofauna of Ukraine is the result of a scientific experiment aimed at studying the processes of acclimatization and the existence of a local population of clones in a limited area, the possibilities of hybridogenesis of parthenogenetic and bisexual species and other issues of population genetics.
 The invasive potential of rock lizards in this area was studied by the method of bioclimatic modeling of the ecological niche. The material was based on data from the Global Biodiversity Information System (GBIF.org (03 November 2021) GBIFOccurrenceDownload. To model the ecological niche, 19 bioclimatic variables, average monthly data on solar radiation intensity for the modern period (1970-2000), data on altitude from the WorldClim 2.1 database were used. Most of the significant parameters of the ecological niche for the introduced population are in the lower pessimum zone. The model built based on the entire collection of points of registration of the species shows that the territory where the species was introduced in Ukraine is one of the least suitable. Nevertheless, the population of introduced parthenogenetic rock lizards is now stable, thriving, numerous and slightly expanding its range by inhabiting new territories. Obviously, favorable conditions for the existence of D. armeniaca here are determined not by macroclimatic factors, but by microclimatic ones.
 The analysis of the model built on the basis of points of registration of the species in the introduced population shows that under existing climatic conditions, wide expansion of the species in this region of Ukraine is not possible, although a small expansion of its range is quite likely. There is also no reason to predict the transition of rock lizards to the number of invasive species.

БІЛЬШОВИЦЬКА МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЯ РАДЯНСЬКО-ПОЛЬСЬКОГО ПРИКОРДОННЯ В 1920-1930-х рр. (за матеріалами Коростенської округи)

Changes that took place in the 20s and 30s of the 20th century in that part of the territory of Ukraine that remained under the control of the Bolsheviks are still the subject of numerous studies by domestic and foreign scientists. However, the regional specifics of the new government's implementation of its political doctrines have not yet been fully explored, although the work has significantly revived. This is primarily due to changes in the current legislation, when in the process of decommunization researchers gained free access to many previously classified materials. The article analyzes the peculiarities of the implementation of the policy of sovietization by the Bolshevik authorities on the territory of the Soviet-Polish border – the northern part of the modern Zhytomyr region – Korosten district. Thanks to the extensive work of historians and the materials of the State Archive of the Zhytomyr region, which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the nature and mechanisms of the establishment of the main Bolshevik doctrines in the territory of the border Korosten district have been revealed. In particular, the pace of the main campaigns, the attitude of the local population towards them and the efforts of the authorities to regulate the situation in the region are demonstrated. Since the efforts of the authorities to gain favor through the active implementation of Ukrainization and the education of a «new person» through the measures of the Soviet school in the 1920s did not bring the expected results, the next step was the harsh measures of the repressive authorities during the second half of the 1930s of the XX century. During the development of the stated problem, general scientific and special historical methods were used, which made it possible to reveal all aspects of the specified topic and to reveal new aspects of the activities of the Bolshevik regime in the specified territory, which can become the subject of further research. Key words: Zhytomyr Region, Korosten District, Soviet-Polish border, Sovietization, Bolshevik regime, Soviet power, terror

The influence of Calciprill standards on grain productivity of maize in Zhytomyr region

The influence of Calciprill standards on grain productivity of maize in Zhytomyr region