Zataria Multiflora Essential Oil Research Articles

Characteristics and Antibacterial Effect of Chitosan Coating Nanoemulsion Containing Zataria multiflora and Bunium persicum Essential Oils Against Listeria monocytogenes

Background: Nowadays, finding natural compounds with antimicrobial properties against pathogens is very important, especially for the food and drug industries. Objectives: The antibacterial activity of chitosan coatings nanoemulsion (NE) containing Zataria multiflora and Bunium persicum essential oils (EOs) was evaluated in a food model (chicken breast fillets) during 15 days of refrigerated storage. Methods: The chicken breast fillets were divided into seven groups: control, chitosan 2%, sonicated chitosan 2%, chitosan NE coating containing Z. muitiflora EO (ZMEO, 0.5%, and 1 %) and chitosan NE coating containing B. persicum EO (BPEO, 0.5%, and 1 %). Characteristics of chitosan NE coatings containing EOs were analyzed. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of coatings against Listeria monocytogenes was investigated. Results: The results showed good properties of the NE coatings. The analysis of EOs revealed that the major components for ZMEO were carvacrol (51.55%) and thymol (25.49%). In addition, the main components of BPEO were p-cumic aldehyde (38.39%) and p-cymene (18.36%). All treatments exhibited antimicrobial properties; however, the best result was recorded for chitosan NE coating containing 1% ZMEO, which was the lowest amount of L. monocytogenes (7.61 Log CFU/g). Moreover, L. monocytogenes analysis for chitosan NE coating containing 1% BPEO samples was 7.73 Log CFU/g. Conclusions: Therefore, based on the results of this study, chitosan NE coating containing ZMEO and BPEO as natural preservatives can be recommended for meat products, especially chicken meats.

Promising Larvicidal Efficacy of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Mentha longifolia L., Mentha pulegium L., and Zataria multiflora Boiss. Essential Oils Against the Main Malaria Vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston.

An attempt was made in the current study to develop a natural mosquito larvicide using nanotechnology. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) containing three essential oils were first prepared using the high-pressure homogenizer. Larvicidal effects of essential oils and the SLNs against Anopheles stephensi were then compared. The size of SLN containing Mentha longifolia, Mentha pulegium, Zataria multiflora essential oil was obtained as 105 ± 7, 210 ± 4, and 137 ± 8nm. Their zeta potentials were -7.8, -4.7, and -9.7mV. Besides, their efficacy with LC50 values of 24.79, 5.11, and 9.19µg/mL was significantly more potent than that of their un-formulated essential oils with LC50 values of 36.2, 27.55, and 33.33µg/mL. SLNs containing M. pulegium with the best efficacy (P < 0.05) could be considered as potent larvicides against other important species of mosquitoes and field trials.

Biochemical and insecticidal effects of plant essential oils on insecticide resistant and susceptible populations of Musca domestica L. point to a potential cross-resistance risk

Essential oils (EOs) can provide important alternatives to chemical insecticides in the control of pests. In this study, 12 EOs of native plant species from Iran were evaluated for their adulticidal activity against the house fly. In addition, we examined the insecticidal activity of Zataria multiflora and Rosmarinus officinalis EOs on adult female house flies from pyrethroid and organophosphate resistant and susceptible populations, using both fumigant and topical bioassays. The involvement of detoxification enzymes in susceptibility was investigated with synergism experiments in vivo, while the inhibitory effects of R. officinalis and Zataria multiflora EOs on the activities of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (P450s), carboxylesterases (CarEs) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) were determined by enzymatic inhibition assays in vitro. The EOs of Z. multiflora, Mentha pulegium, R. officinalis and Thymus vulgaris were the most effective against adults in contact topical assays, while oils extracted from Eucalyptus cinerea, Z. multiflora, Citrus sinensis, R. officinalis, Pinus eldarica and Lavandula angustifolia where the most effective in fumigant assays. Rosmarinus officinalis and Z. multiflora EOs were selected for further investigation and showed higher toxicity against a susceptible population, compared to two insecticide-resistant populations. Correlation analysis suggested cross-resistance between these EOs and pyrethroids in the resistant populations. The toxicity of both EOs on the resistant populations was synergized by three detoxification enzyme inhibitors. Further, in vitro inhibition studies showed that R. officinalis and Z. multiflora EOs more effectively inhibited the activities of the detoxification enzymes from flies of the susceptible population compared to those of the pyrethroid resistant populations. Synergistic and enzymatic assays further revealed that increased activities of P450s, GSTs, and CarEs are possibly involved in the cross-resistance between EOs and pyrethroids. Investigating the molecular mechanisms of P450s, GSTs, and CarEs in the resistance to EOs should be subject to further studies.

Cytotoxic effects of chitosan nanoparticles containing Zataria multiflora essential oil against human breast and melanoma cells

BackgroundBreast cancer is the most common cancer among women, and melanoma incidence increases worldwide. The emergence of drug resistance and side effects of chemotherapy drugs has led to a great deal of attention being paid to the development of natural medicines, especially using essential oil. The preparation of essential oil-based nanoformulation has thus recently received more attention.ResultsIn this study, chitosan nanoparticles (ChiNPs) containing Zataria multiflora essential oil with a particle size of 177 ± 10 nm, a narrow particle size distribution (SPAN 0.96), and a cubic-like shape were first prepared. IC50 values of the prepared nanoformulation against human melanoma (A-375) and breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468) were obtained as 32 (12–84), 46 (32–67), and 105 (85–131) µg/mL. Besides, an electrospun polycaprolactone–polyethylene oxide scaffold was prepared as a dressing after treatment with the nanoformulation. Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed the scaffold's preparation as well as successful loading of the essential oil in chitosan nanoparticles. Furthermore, the scaffold did not show a cytotoxic effect on A-375, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-468, and its surface was hydrophobic as the water contact angle with the surface was 136.5°.ConclusionsThe prepared prototype with natural ingredients and high efficacy could be considered for further consideration in vivo study or complementary medicine.Graphical abstract

Lactobacilli spp. and Zataria multiflora essence as antibiotic substituent on broiler health and performance parameters

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of commercial probiotics (Lactobacillus spp.) (LS) with Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) and an antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) on broiler health and performance. In experiment 1, 300 one-day-old chicks (Ross 308) were assigned to one of 4 treatments, comprising five replicates per treatment in a completely randomised design. Dietary treatments included: basal diet (control), 0.25 and 0.50 g/kg LS, or 0.50 g/kg Flavomycine added to basal diet. In experiment 2, 225 one-day-old chicks, were assigned to one of 3 treatments, comprising five replicates per treatment in a completely randomised design Dietary treatments included: basal diet (control), 0.50 g/kg LS, or 1 g/kg ZEO added to the basal diet. The inclusion of LS increased body weight gain significantly (P ≤ .05) at 42 days of age. Both AGP and LS reduced feed intake and feed conversion ratio compared to the control diet (P ≤ .05). The lowest triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL and ALT were observed in chicks administered by LS compare to control and AGP (P ≤ .05). The inclusion of LSdecreased triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL and ALT, and increased immune titre against IBD and IB compare to control and AGP (P ≤ .05), and Intestinal health index were increased in LS group compared to control and AGP. The addition of ZEO, decreased LDL and ALT, and increased the immune titre against AI, ND and IBD compared to LS significantly (P ≤ .001). The results showed that usage of LS (0.5 g/kg) population of salmonella and coliform bacteria were greatly reduced, while in ZEO fed birds, E. coli population of caeca was reduced considerably (P ≤ .001). These results confirmed that LS and ZEO have effective on broiler chicken and can be considered a potent antibiotic replacer. HIGHLIGHTS Use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in poultry diets, has been banned worldwide. To control and eliminate of intestinal pathogens, and increase body weight and improve FCR, alternative procedures as adding phytogenic compounds and probiotics in the poultry diet. Lactobacilli spores and Zataria multiflora essence can decrease the microbial population of the caecum, and increase the intestinal health index.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Enhancement of the antifungal properties of Zataria multiflora essential oil through nanoencapsulation with ZnO nanomaterial

We, the Editor and Publisher of the Toxin Reviews, have retracted the following article: Samira Enayati, Mahdi Davari, Aziz Habibi-Yangjeh, Asgar Ebadollahi & Solmaz Feizpoor (2021). Enhancement of the antifungal properties of Zataria multiflora essential oil through nanoencapsulation with ZnO nanomaterial. Toxin Reviews, DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.2007405 After publication of this article, concerns about duplication of part of Figure 3A in Figure 3B were brought to the attention of the Editor and Publisher. The image used for F. oxysporum UM56 treatment with 600ppm ZnO in Figure 3A was also included as F. oxysporum UM56 treatment with 150ppm ZnO-ZmEO in Figure 3B. The authors were contacted and, while they did provide a replacement image for Figure 3A, subsequent investigations determined that another image in Figure 3A (F. oxysporum FL6 treatment with 600ppm ZnO/EO) in the same article was identical to the top part of Figure 8 C (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum treatment with 400 ppm of nanocomposite) published by the same authors in the following article: Aziz Habibi-Yangjeh, Mahdi Davari, Reza Manafi-Yeldagermani, Shervin Alikhah Asl, Samira Enaiati, Asgar Ebadollahi, Solmaz Feizpoor. Antifungal activity of TiO2/AgBr nanocomposites on some phytopathogenic fungi (2021) Food Science Nutrition 9: 7, 3815-3823, DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2357 Again, the authors provide a replacement image, however the images were not in a format that satisfies our requirements to confirm their authenticity. Given the duplications of figures in the same article and across articles, the article in Toxin Reviews is being retracted. We have been informed in our decision-making by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retractions. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as ‘Retracted’.

High anticancer efficacy of solid lipid nanoparticles containing Zataria multiflora essential oil against breast cancer and melanoma cell lines

BackgroundThe cancer burden is rising rapidly worldwide, and it annually causes about 8.8 million deaths worldwide. Due to chemical drugs’ side effects and the emergence of resistance, the development of new green drugs has received much attention. We aimed to investigate whether solid-lipid nanoparticles containing essential oil of Zataria multiflora (ZMSLN) enhanced the anticancer efficacy of the essential oil against breast cancer (MDA-MB-468) and melanoma (A-375) cells.ResultsZMSLN was prepared by the high-pressure homogenizer method; particle size 176 ± 8 nm, polydispersity index 0.22 ± 0.1, entrapment efficiency 67 ± 5%. The essential oil showed a dose-dependent antiproliferative effect on MDA-MB-468 and A-375 cells at all examined concentrations (75, 150, 300, 600, and 1200 μg/mL). Interestingly, after treating both cells with 75 μg/mL of ZMSLN, their viabilities were reduced to under 13%.ConclusionThe finding showed that ZMSLN had a distinct antiproliferative efficacy; it could thus be considered a green anticancer candidate for further in vivo and in vivo studies.

Zataria Multiflora Essential Oil Loaded with Starch Nanoparticles to Protect Strawberries against Botrytis Cinerea

Introduction: The post-harvest damage to fruits is estimated to be about 10-30% of the total products, which reaches up to 30-50% in some perishable fruits. About 25 species of fungi and bacteria including Botrytis spp. and in particular Botrytis cinerea are known to contaminate fruits, vegetables and ornamental greenhouse plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of different concentrations of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) against B. cinerea.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The ZEO was extracted through steam distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The strawberries packages were exposed to ZEO with different concentrations (0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 ppm) and satarch nanoparticles. The exposed fruits were kept for 24 days at two temperatures of 20°C and 4°C.&#x0D; Results: The ZEO decreased mycelium growth even when only 200 ppm of it was added to each container. The response was dose-dependent, so that the 800 ppm dose of ZEO showed complete inhibitory effect. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values for ZEO against B. cinerea were 200 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL, respectively. Additionally, ZEO preserved the sensory characteristics.&#x0D; Conclusion: The ZEO may be effectively used in packaging of strawberry to increase its shelf life by inhibition of B. cinerea.

Electrospun ethyl cellulose/poly caprolactone/gelatin nanofibers: The investigation of mechanical, antioxidant, and antifungal properties for food packaging

The purpose of the present research was to fabricate ethylcellulose (ECL)/polycaprolactone (PCL)/gelatin (GEL) electrospun nanofibers containing Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) and zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO) to provide an appropriate substrate for food packaging. The ECL/PCL/GEL was incorporated with ZEO and ZnO at the concentrations of 10, 20, 30 and 50 wt% and 3 wt%, respectively. The results of ECL/PCL/GEL/ZEO/ZnO nanofiber exhibited uniform morphology with a mean diameter ranging from 361.85 ± 18.7 to 467.33 ± 14.50 nm and enhanced thermal stability. The ECL/PCL/GEL/ZEO/ZnO nanofiber had the highest mechanical parameters, such as young's modulus (437.49 ± 18), tensile strength (7.88 ± 0.7), and elongation at break (5.02 ± 0.6) and water contact angle (61.13 ± 0.5), compared with the other nanofibers. The cell viability during 48 and 72 h was obtained to be about more than 80% for all the nanofibers. Additionally, the ECL/PCL/GEL incorporated with 50% ZEO and 3% ZnO displayed the highest antioxidant activity (34.61 ± 1.98%) and antifungal properties against Penicillium notatum and Aspergillus niger. In general, the ECL/PCL/GEL with the weight ratio of 20:70:10 nanofiber incorporated with 30% ZEO and 3% ZnO was obtained to have appropriate mechanical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties and thermal stability.

Trends in Nanotechnology and Its Potentialities to Control Plant Pathogenic Fungi: A Review.

Simple SummaryFungal pathogens were reported to cause about 70–80% losses in yield. Nanotechnology can be a panacea to this problem by reducing the negative effect of the fungicides, enhancing the solubility of low water-soluble fungicides, and reducing their toxic effect in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner. This review focuses on the description, properties, and synthesis of nanoparticles, their utilization for plant pathogenic fungal disease control (either in the form of nanoparticles alone, or in the form of a nanocarrier for several fungicides), nano-formulations of agro-nanofungicides, Zataria multiflora, and ginger essential oils to control plant pathogenic fungi, as well as the biosafety and limitations of the nanoparticles applications.Approximately 15–18% of crops losses occur as a result of animal pests, while weeds and microbial diseases cause 34 and 16% losses, respectively. Fungal pathogens cause about 70–80% losses in yield. The present strategies for plant disease control depend transcendently on agrochemicals that cause negative effects on the environment and humans. Nanotechnology can help by reducing the negative impact of the fungicides, such as enhancing the solubility of low water-soluble fungicides, increasing the shelf-life, and reducing toxicity, in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner. Despite many advantages of the utilization of nanoparticles, very few nanoparticle-based products have so far been produced in commercial quantities for agricultural purposes. The shortage of commercial uses may be associated with many factors, for example, a lack of pest crop host systems usage and the insufficient number of field trials. In some areas, nanotechnology has been advanced, and the best way to be in touch with the advances in nanotechnology in agriculture is to understand the major aspect of the research and to address the scientific gaps in order to facilitate the development which can provide a rationale of different nanoproducts in commercial quantity. In this review, we, therefore, described the properties and synthesis of nanoparticles, their utilization for plant pathogenic fungal disease control (either in the form of (a) nanoparticles alone, that act as a protectant or (b) in the form of a nanocarrier for different fungicides), nano-formulations of agro-nanofungicides, Zataria multiflora, and ginger essential oils to control plant pathogenic fungi, as well as the biosafety and limitations of the nanoparticles applications.

Evaluation of the Effect of Zataria Multiflora Essential Oil and Fluconazole Solution on the Accumulation of Candida Albicans and Streptococcus Mutans on Orthodontic Removable Plate

Introduction: Since orthodontic removable appliances might be infected with fungi and bacteria, they need to be cleaned using natural disinfectants and chemicals. This study aimed to compare the clinical impact of thyme essence and Fluconazole solution on the amount of Candida albicans colonies and Streptococcus mutans accumulated on the removable appliances in orthodontic patients.&#x0D; Materials &amp; Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 21 patients were selected who used the wear Hawley’s retainer for 24-hours. Patients were divided into three groups of seven. One group first washed the plaque with soap and water and then spray thyme essence all over it at a 5-centimeter distance (4 times on each side). In the other group, as before, the plaque was washed and from the same distance as before, the fluconazole solution (10 mg/ml) was sprayed on all surfaces 4 times. In the control group, the retainer was washed every night only with soap and water. After one month, the retainers were delivered form patients. The two samples were then separated from the Kami platelets and sent to a laboratory for microbial culture. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney, T-test (α = 0.05).&#x0D; Results: The use of thyme essence increases the mean area of Candida albicans inhibition, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (p value = 0.03). The effect of Fluconazole solution on this mean area )Candida albicans inhibition zone( was not significant compared to that observed in the control group (p value = 0.5). In the group in which thyme essence was used, the mean area of Streptococcus mutans inhibition, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (p value = 0.05). When Fluconazole solution was used, the mean area of Streptococcus mutans inhibition, was not significant compared to that observed in the control group (p value = 0.071).&#x0D; Conclusion: Compared to Fluconazole solution, thyme essence functions more effectively in increasing Candida and Streptococcus mutans inhibition zones.

The Preservative Effects of Marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) And Zataria (Zataria multiflora) Essential Oils on Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Surimi Quality during Frozen Storage

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding marjoram and zataria essential oils (MEO and ZEO) on common carp surimi during frozen storage at −18°C. Surimi was divided into three groups. To one group, no essential oil (EO) was added (Control), and two others were supplemented with MEO and ZEO at a level of 0.5% (w/w). All treatments were analyzed after 1, 3, and 6 months. The texture profile was altered by addition of EOs. Provision of MEO and ZEO reduced peroxide value (PV) to 3.91 meq/kg and 4.06 meq/kg, respectively, compared to control (4.69 meq/kg). Both thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) contents were lower for surimi supplemented with EOs. Total psychrotrophic and pseudomonas bacteria were lower in EOs treated surimi. Addition of EOs were effective in reducing oxidation and preventing microbial growth during frozen storage; however, ZEO was more effective than MEO.

Evaluating the Effect of Two Types of Thyme Essential Oils (Zataria Multiflora & Ziziphora Clinopodioides Lam) on Some Productive Traits and Blood Parameters in Broilers

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of thyme extracts from Zataria multiflora and Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam on some productive traits and blood parameters. A total of 240 one-day-old, male broilers of Ross 308 were used in a completely randomized design with 6 experimental groups and 4 replicates with 10 birds in each. Experimental treatments consisted of a basal soybean-meal diet (control), the basal diet supplemented with vitamin E at 200 mg/kg, Zataria multiflora essential oil at 200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg, and Ziziphora clinopodioides essential oil at 200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg. The results showed that the birds in the experimental groups consumed more feed and had significantly greater body weight as well as energy and protein efficiency in the whole experimental period, especially Ziziphora clinopodioides at the level of 400 mg/kg, compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Thyme extracts had a significant effect on the most blood factors, except cholesterol and LDL-c (P < 0.05). Thyme extracts significantly reduced serum albumin and improved HDL-c level (P < 0.05). The experimental groups had a significant effect on the relative weight of breast and thigh, malondialdehyde concentration, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme activity (P < 0.05). Based on the results, Ziziphora clinopodioides at the level of 400 mg/kg can be introduced as an effective oral additive to improve the studied traits.

Effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil on the germinative cells of Echinococcus granulosus

BackgroundNovel and more efficient compounds are urgently required for medical treatment of cystic echinococcosis (CE). Germinative cell culture of Echinococcus granulosus could be used for anti-echinococcosis agent tests and other biological studies on CE. This study was performed to establish an in vitro cell culture model for E. granulosus germinative cells and to evaluate the lethal effect of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZMEO) on the cultured cells.MethodsThe inner surface of germinal layers of CE cysts was scraped, and the obtained materials were trypsinized to obtain a suspension of single germinative cells. Medium 199 was used as the basic culture medium and was supplemented with fetal bovine serum, 2-mercaptoethanol, l-cysteine, l-glutamine, glucose, sodium pyruvate, hydatid fluid, amphotericin B and antibiotics. The cells were cultured at a concentration of 104 cells/ml of culture medium and incubated at 37 °C. The culture medium was replaced every 7 days. Chemical composition of ZMEO was identified by GC-MS analysis. ZMEO was tested at concentrations of 0.5–8 mg/ml. Viability of the cells was assessed by trypan blue exclusion assay.ResultsA significant increase in the cell number was evident at 20, 30 and 45 days after cultivation. At 45 days of cultivation, the number of cells was approximately five-fold higher than on the first day. In GC-MC analysis, carvacrol, p-cymene, g-terpinene and thymol were found to be the main compounds of ZMEO. The lethal effect of ZMEO on the germinative cells at concentrations of 6, 7 and 8 mg/ml was 100% after 60, 25 and 7 min of exposure, respectively.ConclusionsAt 45 days of cultivation, the cell concentration was suitable for the desired in vitro experiments. A high lethal effect of ZMEO on the germinative cells of E. granulosus may be considered an opportunity for the introduction of a novel, more effective and safer therapeutic agent for treatment of CE using an herbal product.Graphical

Development of antioxidant materials based on Persian gum and Zataria essential oil: Modulation of superoxide-producing and nitric oxide-producing enzymes in wheat seedlings

Hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide at low levels participate in various physiological functions, from plant development to defense responses including regulation of plant growth, pathogen infection, senescence, and seeds and rood development. In the present study, the stimulatory effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZMEO) incorporated in the Persian gum on the activity and expression of superoxide-producing enzyme and nitric oxide-producing enzyme-like; NADPH oxidase (NOX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), nitrite reductase (NIR), polyamine oxidase (POX) and nitrate reductase (NAR) were investigated in the wheat seedlings. Carvacrol, γ-terpinene, α-terpinene, and p-cymene are the main components of ZMEO. ZMEO efficiently encapsulated in Persian gum dispersion and displayed low surface tension, low conductivity, low zeta-potential, acidic pH, nanoscale particle size and low Newtonian viscosity. Persian gum-ZMEO dispersion upregulated the activity and expression of NOX, SOD, CAT, GPX, NOS, NAR, NIR, and POX at 50 μg/ml as well as hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide production. Briefly, the potent antioxidant capacity of the emulsified ZMEO implies that at low concentration it can effectively be used as a promising biostimulator to improve redox status in the wheat seedling.

Effect of a chitosan-based nanocomposite containing ZnO and Zataria multiflora essential oil on quality properties of Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) fillet.

This research aimed to estimate the effects of chitosan (CH) coating in combination with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPS) andZataria multifloraessential oil (ZEO) on the bacterial and biochemical properties of the Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) fillets during refrigeration storage (4 ± 1 °C). The fillets were randomly divided into five treatments (CH, CH-ZnONPS, CH-ZEO, CH-ZnONPs-ZEO, and control). Then, the treated fillets were kept at 4°C and quality analysis was performed on days 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16. The results revealed that the combination of ZnONPs and ZEO with CH coating is an active coating with antimicrobial effects. Also, the coated fillets improved the biochemical properties (such as FFA, TBA, TVBN, pH) as well as color properties during refrigeration storage. The highest rate of FFA (3.59 ± 0.08%oleic acid), TBA (1.43 ± 0.00mg MDA/kg), TVBN (30.82 ± 0.30mg/N100g), and pH (7.38 ± 0.03) was recorded in control fillets while the lowest rate of FFA (2.19 ± 0.00%oleic acid), TBA (0.61 ± 0.00mg MDA/kg), TVBN (19.60 ± 0.20mg/N100g), and pH (6.99 ± 0.04) was recorded in CH-ZnONPs-ZEO coated fillets (p < 0.05) on day 16. The sensory acceptance score was better than that of the control treatment on days 8 and 12 in Sea bass fillet coated with CH-ZnONPs, and CH-ZnONPS/CH-ZEO, respectively, and it was lower the critical score for fishery products. The combination of nanoparticles or essential oils (individually or in combination together) with edible coatings (chitosan) could increase and optimize the storage time of refrigerated seafood.

Effect of Zatariamultiflora essential oil and potassium sorbate on inoculated Listeriamonocytogenes, microbial and chemical quality of raw trout fillet during refrigerator storage.

Human listeriosis is predominantly associated with contaminated food consumption, including seafood, shrimp, and RTE foods. Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that is mainly found in freshwater, seawater, and fish mucus. Seafood contamination can occur during food processing. L.monocytogenes levels of below 100 cfu/g can be found in seafood samples. The present study was conducted to investigates the effect of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) and potassium sorbate (PS) on microbial and chemical changes in raw rainbow trout at 4°C to extent shelf life and improve food safety. First, the chemical compositions of ZEO were identified. Then, different percentage of ZEO (1.5, 0.8, and 0.5%) and PS (2%) were inoculated in raw fish fillets and analyzed for TVC, TBA, TVB‐N, pH, sensory attributes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and inoculated L. monocytogenes (1 × 105 cfu/g) survival at 4°C for 12 days. The best sensory evaluation score was observed for the samples treated with 0.8% and 1.5% ZEO. Overall, this study results indicated that the treatment of rainbow trout fillet with 1.5% ZEO is the best method for controlling the growth of L. monocytogenes at refrigerator temperature without any undesirable sensory effects.

Composite film based on potato starch/apple peel pectin/ZrO2 nanoparticles/ microencapsulated Zataria multiflora essential oil; investigation of physicochemical properties and use in quail meat packaging

In this study, a composite film made of potato starch (St)/apple peel pectin (Pec) was prepared. The St/Pec film was modified with microencapsulated Zataria multiflora essential oil (MEO) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles (St/Pec/MEO/ZrO2). The physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of the film were studied. The optimum films were used for packing quail meat. According to the results, the addition of MEO to the film increased the moisture content while the addition of ZrO2 to the film decreased the moisture content. Water vapor permeability increased with increasing MEO and decreased with increasing ZrO2 concentration. The MEO and ZrO2 greatly increased the antioxidant properties, melting point and glass temperature of the film. According to the SEM (Scanning electron microscope) images, the encapsulated essential oil and ZrO2 created porosity in the film structure. The FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) results revealed the electrostatic interactions between the composite components. XRD (X-ray diffraction) study showed that the MEO reduced the crystal structure of the film. Packaging of quail meat with St/Pec based active films increased shelf life of the meat. The film contained the highest amount of MEO and ZrO2 had the greatest effect on the stability of quail meat. The study of releasing the essential oil from the film showed that the release of the essential oil occurs gradually. The encapsulation of the essential oil has increased the effectiveness time of the essential oil.

Evaluation of the efficacy of Zataria multiflora essential oil versus albendazole in patients infected with liver cystic echinococcosis: A nonrandomized clinical trial.

Background:Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a life-threatening disease in many countries. Albendazole, as the drug of choice for medical treatment of CE, is accompanied by adverse effects and may be ineffective in 20%–40% of cases; hence, new and more effective compounds are urgently needed to optimize the management of the disease. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZMEO) versus albendazole against human liver CE.Materials and Methods:In this nonrandomized and single-blinded clinical trial, thirty patients who were infected with liver CE were divided into two groups (15 in each) and treated with albendazole (800 mg daily) and ZMEO (60 mg daily), respectively. Albendazole and ZMEO were administered orally for 180 consecutive days. The volume of hydatid cysts was measured by ultrasonography before and 2, 4 and 6 months after the start of treatment. Simultaneously, biochemical analysis was performed on the blood samples of patients to assess the possible side effects of the two treatment regimens.Results:Two, 4 and 6 months after the start of treatment, ZMEO indicated a significantly higher ability in reduction of the volume of the hydatid cysts, compared to albendazole (P < 0.05). The mean values of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were also significantly lower in the patients treated with ZMEO in comparison to those treated with albendazole (P < 0.05). No clinical adverse effects were observed in the patients treated by ZMEO.Conclusion:From the point of view of efficacy and safety, ZMEO indicated a significant superiority to albendazole. Hence, ZMEO may be considered as an alternative for albendazole in the medical treatment of liver CE.

Toxicity and Antiparasitic Efficacy of Essential Oils: Analyses of the Biochemical Compositions and Potencies

Background: Hydatidosis is a common disease of both humans and animals, resulting from infection with the larvae of Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiparasitic (protoscolicidal) activities of three essential oils in vitro. Methods: This study was designed to evaluate the biochemical composition and in vitro antiparasitic effects of Zataria multiflora, Origanum vulgare and Mentha pulegium essential oils. Gas chromatography was performed to identify the main components of the herbal oils. To determine the antiparasitic properties of the essential oils, live protoscoleces from hydatid cysts were exposed to three concentrations of the herbal oils and were incubated at 37°C for 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 minutes. Results: The biochemical analysis of these oils indicated that carvacrol and thymol were the major compounds of the Zataria oil. Further, carvacrol and thymol in Origanum essential oil and pulegone and piperitone in Mentha oil were the major compounds. The quickest and slowest antiparasitic effect was achieved from Zataria and Origanum (10%) or from Zataria (0.6%), respectively. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the mortality rate of protoscoleces exposed to 0.6% and 1% concentrations, respectively, of Zataria and Origanum at the predetermined exposure times (P&lt;0.05). The three concentrations of Mentha had the same significant statistical differences (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Essential oils, Zataria multiflora, Origanum vulgare and Mentha pulegium had significant protoscolicidal activities that were dependent on the concentration of the oils and the exposure times.