Abstract
Simple SummaryFungal pathogens were reported to cause about 70–80% losses in yield. Nanotechnology can be a panacea to this problem by reducing the negative effect of the fungicides, enhancing the solubility of low water-soluble fungicides, and reducing their toxic effect in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner. This review focuses on the description, properties, and synthesis of nanoparticles, their utilization for plant pathogenic fungal disease control (either in the form of nanoparticles alone, or in the form of a nanocarrier for several fungicides), nano-formulations of agro-nanofungicides, Zataria multiflora, and ginger essential oils to control plant pathogenic fungi, as well as the biosafety and limitations of the nanoparticles applications.Approximately 15–18% of crops losses occur as a result of animal pests, while weeds and microbial diseases cause 34 and 16% losses, respectively. Fungal pathogens cause about 70–80% losses in yield. The present strategies for plant disease control depend transcendently on agrochemicals that cause negative effects on the environment and humans. Nanotechnology can help by reducing the negative impact of the fungicides, such as enhancing the solubility of low water-soluble fungicides, increasing the shelf-life, and reducing toxicity, in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner. Despite many advantages of the utilization of nanoparticles, very few nanoparticle-based products have so far been produced in commercial quantities for agricultural purposes. The shortage of commercial uses may be associated with many factors, for example, a lack of pest crop host systems usage and the insufficient number of field trials. In some areas, nanotechnology has been advanced, and the best way to be in touch with the advances in nanotechnology in agriculture is to understand the major aspect of the research and to address the scientific gaps in order to facilitate the development which can provide a rationale of different nanoproducts in commercial quantity. In this review, we, therefore, described the properties and synthesis of nanoparticles, their utilization for plant pathogenic fungal disease control (either in the form of (a) nanoparticles alone, that act as a protectant or (b) in the form of a nanocarrier for different fungicides), nano-formulations of agro-nanofungicides, Zataria multiflora, and ginger essential oils to control plant pathogenic fungi, as well as the biosafety and limitations of the nanoparticles applications.
Highlights
Agriculture plays a vital role by providing nourishment and serving as a source of income for many countries
There was no serious decay observed when using a minimum concentration as compared to the commercial fungicide in birchwood challenged with Trametes versicolor and southern pine challenged with G. trabeum [65]; this showed that the more stable and smaller surfactant-free nanoparticle was, it gave high resistance to the disease [65]
The findings showed that the ZE-solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and Z. multiflora essential oil (ZEO) had 79 and 54% inhibition against the growth of some fungal species, respectively
Summary
Agriculture plays a vital role by providing nourishment and serving as a source of income for many countries. There are 1.5 million species that are classified under the kingdom ‘fungi’ and these fungal pathogens are mostly parasitic and saprophytic in nature, causing different diseases in agricultural crops. Natural nanoparticles are having different sizes and are irregular Because of their huge surface-area-to-volume ratio and little size, they could be highly reactive and may absorb, bind, and convey mixtures of compounds, for example, DNA, small molecular drugs, proteins, probes, and RNA [12,13]. Carbon base nanoparticles are further categorized into carbon nanotubes, fullerene, carbon nanofiber, carbon black nanoparticles, and graphene.
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