Young Fruit Research Articles

Metabolite Fruit Profile Is Altered in Response to Source-Sink Imbalance and Can Be Used as an Early Predictor of Fruit Quality in Nectarine.

Peaches and nectarines [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] are among the most exported fresh fruit from Chile to the Northern Hemisphere. Fruit acceptance by final consumers is defined by quality parameters such as the size, weight, taste, aroma, color, and juiciness of the fruit. In peaches and nectarines, the balance between soluble sugars present in the mesocarp and the predominant organic acids determines the taste. Biomass production and metabolite accumulation by fruits occur during the different developmental stages and depend on photosynthesis and carbon export by source leaves. Carbon supply to fruit can be potentiated through the field practice of thinning (removal of flowers and young fruit), leading to a change in the source–sink balance favoring fruit development. Thinning leads to fruit with increased size, but it is not known how this practice could influence fruit quality in terms of individual metabolite composition. In this work, we analyzed soluble metabolite profiles of nectarine fruit cv “Magique” at different developmental stages and from trees subjected to different thinning treatments. Mesocarp metabolites were analyzed throughout fruit development until harvest during two consecutive harvest seasons. Major polar compounds such as soluble sugars, amino acids, organic acids, and some secondary metabolites were measured by quantitative 1H-NMR profiling in the first season and GC-MS profiling in the second season. In addition, harvest and ripening quality parameters such as fruit weight, firmness, and acidity were determined. Our results indicated that thinning (i.e., source–sink imbalance) mainly affects fruit metabolic composition at early developmental stages. Metabolomic data revealed that sugar, organic acid, and phenylpropanoid pathway intermediates at early stages of development can be used to segregate fruits impacted by the change in source–sink balance. In conclusion, we suggest that the metabolite profile at early stages of development could be a metabolic predictor of final fruit quality in nectarines.

Antioxidant Activity Saripati Beruwas Laut Fruit (Scaevola taccada)

Scaevola taccada is a coastal plant. This plant lives in gravel sandy soil and can prevent erosion that occurs on the beach. In the Riau Islands, it is still very rare, not even a few do not know the benefits of this plant, especially the fruit. The study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of young, old, and mixed fruit extracts of S. taccada using the DPPH method which was stated to be IC50. The research methods include extraction, phytochemical test, antioxidant test and vitamin C test. The yield of pulp and water extract of young fruit was 55% and 41.4%, pulp and water extract of old fruit was 33.33% and 42.9%, respectively. Phytochemical bioactive analysis was found to be positive for saponin parameters, indicated by the presence of stable foam for 30 minutes. Antioxidant activity using DPPH method obtained IC50 19,524 young fruit extract, IC50 50,664 old fruit extract, and IC50 35.518 mixed fruit. Analysis of Vitamin C in old S. taccada fruit yielded 5.28 mg, young fruit yielded 20.24 mg, and mixed fruit yielded 35.20 mg. The conclusion of this study is the presence of antioxidants and vitamin C in Scaevola taccada fruit.

Anti-polyphenol oxidase properties of total flavonoids from young loquat fruits: inhibitory activity and mechanism

ABSTRACT This study investigated anti-polyphenol oxidase activity and mechanism of purified total flavonoids (PTF) from young loquat fruits. PTF remarkably inhibited the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) with an IC 50 value of 21.03 ± 2.37 μg/mL. Based on enzyme kinetics, PTF was found to be a potent, mixed-type, and reversible inhibitor of PPO. The fluorescence intensity of PPO was quenched by PTF through forming a PTF-PPO complex in a static procedure. Therefore, this study authenticated PTF as an efficient PPO inhibitor, which would contribute to their utilization in food industry.

Label-free quantitative proteomics analysis of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) during different growth stages.

Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.), a member of the Rhamnaceae family with favorable nutritional and flavor quality, exhibited characteristic climacteric changes during its fruit growth stage. Therefore, fruit samples were harvested at four developmental stages on days 55 (young fruits), 76 (white-mature fruits), 96 (half-red fruits), and 116 (full-red fruits) after flowering (DAF). This study then investigated those four growth stage changes of the jujube proteome using label-free quantification proteomics. The results identified 4762 proteins in the samples, of which 3757 proteins were quantified. Compared with former stages, the stages examined were designated as “76 vs. 55 DAF” group, “96 vs. 76 DAF” group, and “116 vs. 96 DAF” group. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG annotation and enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) showed that 76 vs. 55 DAF group pathways represented amino sugar, nucleotide sugar, ascorbate, and aldarate metabolic pathways. These pathways were associated with cell division and resistance. In the study, the jujube fruit puffing slowed down and attained a stable growth stage in the 76 vs. 55 DAF group. However, fatty acid biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism was mainly enriched in the 96 vs. 76 DAF group. Fatty acids are precursors of aromatic substances and fat-soluble pigments in fruit. The upregulation of differential proteins at this stage indicates that aromatic compounds were synthesized in large quantities at this stage and that fruit would enter the ripening stage. During the ripening stage, 55 DEPs were identified to be involved in photosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis in the 116 vs. 96 DAF group. Also, the fruit entered the mature stage, which showed that flavonoids were produced in large quantities. Furthermore, the color of jujube turned red, and photosynthesis was significantly reduced. Hence, a link was established between protein profiles and growth phenotypes, which will help improve our understanding of jujube fruit growth at the proteomic level.

Prevalence of banana Xanthomonas wilt in Nithi, Tharaka-Nithi County in Kenya

Banana (Musa spp.) is a nutrient rich crop grown in small and large scale across the globe. It is rich in carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals thus, it may serve as the source of nutrition in low resourced regions such as Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. However, banana production in many areas is faced with biotic constraints such as banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW) disease caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum. The pathogen attacks photosynthetic leaves and young fruits, reducing palatability and marketability. There is currently scanty information on prevalence of BXW in Nithi region of Tharaka Nithi County. Additionally, it remains unclear whether farmers in the region are knowledgeable on occurrence of BXW disease, symptoms and management practices. The prevalence of BXW was assessed through survey method in five villages (Kiang’ondu, Marima, Mitheru, Kibumbu and Giampampo) in Nithi. Percentage BXW prevalence in the studied villages was not significantly different (p>0.05). However, slightly higher BXW prevalence value of 21.14% was recorded at Giampampo village and was lower at Mitheru 11.24%. There was significant relationship (X2 (8, N = 46) = 19.93, p= 0.0034) between banana variety grown and occurrence of banana diseases. There was significant relationship (X2 (8, N = 46) = 31.165, p = 0.0053) between banana variety grown and susceptibility to diseases. The relationship between years of growing banana in the same farm and occurrence of banana diseases was significant (X2(6,N= 46) = 8.761,p= <0.0001. The relationship between occurrence of banana diseases and season of the year was significant (X2(8,N= 46) = 32.4591, p= <0.0001). The relationship between occurrence of banana diseases and management option in Nithi was significant (X2(4,N= 46) = 6.9758,p= 0.0025). Majority of the farmers (92%) were unaware of existence of BXW in the region. Farmers expressed lack of knowledge on managing BXW diseases in their banana farms with the majority not being able to identify common diseases of banana. Based on these observations, there is need to educate farmers on best banana farming practices, disease identification and management.

Effect of Reflected Sunlight on Differential Expression of Anthocyanin Synthesis-Related Genes in Young Apple Fruit

ABSTRACT Anthocyanin accumulation is responsible for the red color of the skin of apple fruits (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Environmental stimuli, such as light, temperature, soil factors, tree factors, and the application of chemicals can alter the synthesis of anthocyanins. Herein, we examined the expression of genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in the fruit of apple cultivars, ‘Summer Prince’ and ‘Arisoo’ at the early stage of fruit development 60 DAFB (days after full bloom). The expression of genes, which included structural and regulatory genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, and light-responsive genes was determined in fruits developed under the effect of sunlight exposure for seven days. Apple fruits were divided in to: ‘reflected sunlight’, ‘bagged’, and ‘control’ groups. The expression levels of the anthocyanin synthesis-related genes were significantly different among the groups and between the shaded and reflected sides. We also determined the difference in coloration patterns in the different groups using the colorimetric coordinates method. The shaded side of apple fruits quickly turned more redder after exposure to reflected sunlight and the coloration was almost similar to that on the exposed side after the treatment. Strong correlation coefficients between anthocyanin-related gene expression levels and coloration patterns were obtained. This study shows that sunlight plays an important role in stimulating the coloration of apple fruit by regulating the expression of genes involved in anthocyanin accumulation during the early stage of fruit development. The present study assumes importance because redder fruits, generated through a non-transgenic approach would be more acceptable to consumers.

Comparative Efficacy of Different Insecticides Against Cucurbit Fruit Fly <i>(Bactrocera cucurbitae)</i> on Bottle Gourd <i>(Lagenaria siceraria) </i>in Sarlahi District, Nepal

The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the comparative efficacy of different Insecticides against cucurbit fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae in Bottle Gourd laid out at farmer’s field in Sarlahi district. The research was designed under RCBD with 6 treatments (T1 = Spinosad @ 200ml/ha, T2 = Dichlorovos 76% EC @2ml/litre water, T3 = Lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC @ 1-2 ml/litre water, T4 = Jholmal @10ml/ litre water, T5 = Multineem (Azadirachtin 0.03%) @ 10ml/ litre water and T6 = Control (water spray) and 3 replications accommodating 12 plants in each plot. The insecticides were applied as first, second, and third sprays at pre-set, post-set, and harvest stage of Bottle Gourd in 10 days intervals between each spray and data collection being done on 3rd, 7th, and 10th day after each spray. The results showed significant variation for studied traits. The maximum number of fruit fly per plant was 8.40 (10DAS-III) during the experiment. Cucurbit fruit flies preferred young fruits and flowers for oviposition and the results obtained high pre-set damage of 43.85% (10DAS-I) and post-set damage of 68.14% (10DAS-II). The highest fruit infestation was 52.41% & 53.71% based on number and weight respectively under control treatment. Under Spinosad treatment, the lowest insect population (1.33 at 3DAS-III) was obtained with least pre-set damage, post-set damage, and minimum fruit infestation of the insect by number (27.29%) and weight (25.90%) followed by Dichlorovos and Lambda-cyhalothrin for similar traits. While, Jholmal and Azadirachtin were inferior in controlling the fruit fly population and reducing the infestation at pre-set, post-set, and harvest stage. However, Azadirachtin and Lambda-cyhalothrin were on par in terms of post-set damage (46.32% and 47.50%), respectively. The results revealed that Spinosad is the best bio-pesticide against Cucurbit fruit fly in Bottle Gourd with Dichlorovos and Lambda-cyhalothrin next in order while Jholmal and Azadirachtin offered a better quality of fruits and higher yield in Bottle Gourd. While chemical insecticides may seem effective for short term, we must opt to use eco-friendly pesticides/botanicals such as Spinosad, Jholmal and Azadirachtin for pest management and thus further study is required to explore the comparative efficacy of bio-pesticides/botanicals against chemical insecticides for fruit fly management in Bottle Gourd.

A Review on Common Forest Trees: Traditional and Pharmacological uses

Forest plats are good source of medicinal agent for thousands of years. Plants and their products have been the primary resource of food and medicines; a number of modern drugs have been isolated used to serve the living world. Azadirachta indica has been used as more than 4000 years due to its medicinal activity. This tree considered as a potential source of naturally occurring insecticide and pesticide. Capsules, tablets, creams, soaps, shampoos and other useful products are developed from the stems, roots, leaf and young fruits of the tree. Pongamia pinnata (karanj) well recognized to human society for its traditional system of medicine used against many diseases. All parts of this tree are traditionally used as curing agent of for bronchitis, rheumatism, diarrhoea, whooping cough, gonorrhoea, leprosy and many more. Aegle marmelos commonly known as bel is highly appreciated as aromatic plant. Leaf of this plant is reported as principal source of many numbers of chemical constituents and various therapeutic products by many researchers. Other parts are also recorded for producing compounds like; terpenoids, alkaloids, coumarins, fatty acids and amino acids. The present review, three common forest plants were documented for their traditional and pharmacological activity such as; neuroprotective and hepatoprotective effect, antitumor, antidiabetic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic analgesic, antimalarial, antimicrobial activities.

Silver nanoparticles from Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. fruits extract and their antimicrobial activity

An easy and ecofriendly method to synthesize silver nanoparticles from different stages of ripening fruit extracts of Ziziphus spina-christi is demonstrated. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed a surface resonance peak at 423, 428 and 438 nm corresponding to the formation of AgNPs from ripened, unripened and young fruits, respectively. On the basis of XRD analysis the particle size of three stages of fruit ripening was found to range between 16.5 and 50.76 nm and all had silver metal which was confirmed by EDX. The inhibitory efficacy of AgNPs increased with the ripening progress such as ripened fruit > unripened fruit > young fruit against all tested human pathogenic microbes.

UJI TOKSISITAS ORAL REPEATED DOSE FILTRAT BUAH LUWINGAN (Ficus hispida L.f.) MENGGUNAKAN MODEL TIKUS (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) GALUR WISTAR

Hairy fig is a tropical medium-sized tree that produces abundant fruits throughout the year. In some Asian countries, the fruits are consumed as traditional medicine and food ingredient. Meanwhile in Indonesia there has not been much use. A series of oral toxicity tests must be conducted to study the possibility of toxic effects and the safety before further exploration. Oral single dose toxicity study of young and ripe hairy fig fruit filtrate has been carried out. Results demonstrated no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) at a concentration of 100%. This study was aimed to continue the oral toxicity test with repeated dose following standard toxicity procedure by OECD Test Guideline No. 407 with some modifications. Parameters observed were mortality, sublethal effects consisted of physical conditions and behavior, body weight, core temperature, complete blood count, as well as liver, heart, and renal functions by measuring ALT, AST, and creatinine, respectively. Sampling points on day 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Results showed no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) in both young and ripe fruits filtrate at a concentration of 100% however with a tendency to cause anemia and associate with renal dysfunction. Therefore, it is necessary to perform similar method of toxicity test but with lower concentration, also continue with further toxicity tests (subchronic and chronic periods).

Study of Biological Characteristics of Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée which Destroyed Young Shoot and Fruit of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.): A case in Trang Bom district, Dong Nai province, Vietnam

Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée adult had white insect into dark brown colour. Wings were marked by three small triangular with a pinkish to bluish colour mixed pinkish orangish or dark brown. L. orbonalis female dimension were about 9.6 – 12.3mm, the dimension of L.orbonalis male were 8.1 – 9.5mm. Eggs were 1.0 – 1.2mm in length and oval or elliptical shape. The incubation time was around 5.0 – 6.0 days. Larvae are developed by six stages of age, larvae development period lasts 10 – 12 days. Pupae were pink to dark pink in colour and shiny with the length, width were 11.47 – 15.33 mm, 4.40 – 6.45mm respectively. Pupae developed about 8 – 9 days. The life cycle of L. orbonalis lasted 25.30 ± 0.92 days. L. orbonalis feeding in laboratory had high hatching rate, just 9.36% were not hatched. The early stage of larvae had high death-rate (27.98%) mainly due to dispersion. The older larvae had lower death-rate (10.12%). Pupae had high developed rate, only 4.10% were not development. There were equal rate between male and female adult of L. orbonalis. Laying eggs period of female adult lasted 3 days, in there the first day was the highest laying rate (113 eggs/female/day). L. orbonalis densities were highest on the young shoot and fruit of eggplant at the stage after planting 95 – 150 days and was reduced in a after growing.

Efek Penggunaan Beberapa Sinar LED pada Tanaman Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus polyrhizus)

Effects of Using Multiple LED Beams on Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus). Red dragon fruit plant (H. polyrhizus) is a tropical plant and is very adaptable to growing environments and weather changes such as sunlight, wind, and rainfall. Dragon fruit plants is a long day plants (plants that require long enough sun exposure), which means that to produce this plant requires at least 12 hours of radiation. Knowing this, there needs to be a solution so that production stability can be controlled, one of which is by modifying the environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of several colors of LED light (Light Emitting Diode) at the initiation stage of dragon fruit flowers in an effort to increase production. This study used a randomized block design with four treatments and nine replications, while the treatment consisted of control plants, the administration of white LED lights, yellow LED lights and blue LED lights. Three variables were observed, namely the number of flower buds, the number of blooming flowers and the number of young fruits. The results showed that the use of yellow LED lights give the best light intensity when compared to other treatments so that the yellow LED light treatment gave the best results on each variable including 6.44 pieces for flower buds, 7.56 pieces for flowers blooms and 7.56 pieces for young fruit.

Comparison Of Effectiveness Benefits Of Providing Young Papaya Fruit Extract And Breast Care For Normal Postpartum Mother's Breast Milk Production: Systematic Review

Background: The consumption of breast milk in Indonesia is still very concerning, the household health survey (SKRT) explains that in 2014 there was only 4-12% of breast milk coverage in urban areas. In 2015, the amount of formula feeding to babies aged 0-6 months was 16.7%, then increased in 2017 to 27.9%. Objective: To determine the comparison of the effectiveness of the benefits of giving young papaya extract and breast care to the production of normal postpartum mother's milk. Methods: This study uses the Systematic Review or Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method and uses the PRISMA protocol as data analysis. Results: The results of data analysis on the effectiveness of young papaya fruit extracts were more effective, with effect size values ​​of 1.02 and the 1.1 Conclusion: The provision of young papaya fruit extract is more effective against breast milk production.

Different cultivation methods of Hericium erinaceus (Bull: Fr.) Pers. in Chhattisgarh

Among the cultivated edible and medicinal mushrooms, Lion’s Mane Mushroom (Hericium erinaceum (Bull. Fr.) Pers.) Is an important mushroom and grown in North America, Europe and Asia. It is also known as monkey head mushroom in China, and ‘cendawan bunga kobis’ in Malaysia. In nature, the fruit body grows out of the knotholes or wounds of a tree. The fresh, young fruit body is edible and is regarded as a delicacy. Different containers i.e. bottle, bucket and poly propylenebag methods were evaluated to see thier effect on spawn run and yield of H. erinaceus and poly propylene bag method was found superior then other methods to achieve maximum yield (191.33g) with 38.26% BE of H. erinaceus while least yield (107.0g) with 10.7% BE was observed on bucket methods.

PENYULUHAN DAN PELATIHAN HOME INDUSTRY DI DUSUN KRAJAN DESA KEMIRI KECAMATAN PANTI KABUPATEN JEMBER

Outreach program carried out by a team from the IAI Al-Qodiri KKM was held in early July 01- 01 September 2019. Located in Panti district, Jember regency, this has made a very significant contribution to the community, especially in Kemiri village and received a very good welcome and high enthusiasm. The home industry counseling and training held in the district of Jember is one way to raise the economic level of the community. As with the government's five priority programs for 2019, one of them is to try to alleviate poverty and inequality. In this training, the Al-Qodiri KKM Team utilized young papaya fruit to become papaya sticks, which are natural products of the local community whose utilization is not optimal. It is hoped that the papaya stick home industry can become a home business with small capital and large profits. Apart from that, it also opens job opportunities for local people and improves their skills.
 Some of the supporting factors for these activities include: the participants of the socialization have a great willingness to take part in counseling and training on the papaya stick home industry, product marketing by entrusting them to the nearest shops or through social media in the form of Facebook and Whatsapp. Some of the obstacles faced during counseling and training for papaya stick home industry are: (1) there are limitations in supporting facilities for conducting counseling and training, including the absence of LCD and projectors. (2) The training activity which was planned to run for 2 days could not be realized due to collisions with the activities of the participants, the majority of whom were farm laborers, where their activities started from morning to evening. So that the socialization team was a bit troublesome to adjust the time accordingly. (3) it is difficult to access the internet to provide training in papaya stick product marketing because of the lack of signal in the area.

Diversity of saproxylic beetle communities in chestnut agroforestry systems

Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) has been exploited over the centuries for different uses. Nowadays, chestnut is mostly managed as coppice or orchard, creating a matrix of different forest structures. In particular, saproxylic species may provide information to correlate forest naturalness with stand structure. In this study, we evaluated how different management methods might influence the diversity of beetles hosted in chestnut agroforestry systems. Three management options were considered: young and mature coppice stands, and the traditional fruit orchard. Microhabitats occurring on veteran trees were also surveyed to investigate their effect on saproxylic communities, in the fruit orchard. The study area is located in Southern Italy, Aspromonte National Park, where Coleoptera were collected using window flight traps and the stand structural traits were also quantified. In the fruit orchard, a census of the occurring microhabitats was also realized. We used the following diversity indeces (α-diversity) to assess the state of conservation of the analysed forests: (i) Shannon Index; (ii) Margalef’s Richness index; (iii) Equitability index; (iv) Dominance index. Results revealed that forest management have a fundamental role in influencing the diversity of Coleoptera communities and saproxylic beetles. A lower species richness was observed in the mature coppice in comparison with the young coppice and fruit orchard. Nevertheless, these agroforestry systems, reflecting differentiated structural traits, allowed the development of highly specialized and threatened species (34.3% included in IUCN risk categories), with important contribution to conservation of biodiversity in the rural landscape. Finally, the abundance and diversity of microhabitats in the traditional fruit orchard had positive effects on many saproxylic beetle families. These beetle communities, particularly saproxylic species, can be used as excellent bioindicators in actively managed agroforestry systems, suggesting sustainable forest management options for chestnut, while the conservation of veteran trees rich in microhabitats can be considered fundamental for preserving many endangered insects.

Surface moisture increases microcracking and water vapour permeance of apple fruit skin.

Surface moisture induces microcracking in the cuticle of fruit skins. Our objective was to study the effects of surface moisture on cuticular microcracking, the permeance to water vapour and russeting in developing 'Pinova' apple fruit. Surface moisture was applied by fixing to the fruit a plastic tube containing deionized water. Microcracking was quantified by fluorescence microscopy and image analysis following infiltration with acridine orange. Water vapour permeance was determined gravimetrically using skin segments (ES) mounted in diffusion cells. Cumulative water loss through the ES increased linearly with time. Throughout development, surface moisture significantly increased skin permeance. The effect was largest during early development and decreased towards maturity. Recovery time courses revealed that following moisture treatment of young fruit for 12days, skin permeance continued to increase until about 14days after terminating the moisture treatment. Thereafter, skin permeance decreased over the next 28days, then approaching the control level. This behaviour indicates gradual healing of the impaired cuticular barrier. Nevertheless, permeance still remained significantly higher compared with the untreated control. Similar patterns of permeance change were observed following moisture treatments at later stages of development. The early moisture treatment beginning at 23 DAFB resulted in russeting of the exposed surfaces. There was no russet in control fruit without a tube or in control fruit with a tube mounted for 12days without water. The data demonstrate that surface moisture increases microcracking and water vapour permeance. This may lead to the formation of a periderm and, hence, a russeted fruit surface.

Anatomy and lignin deposition of stone cell in Camellia oleifera shell during the young stage.

As the by-products of edible oil production with rich lignin, the reserves of Camellia oleifera shell were abundant and had a great economic value. Lignin was the most important limiting factor during the conversion of plant biomass to pulp or biofuels, which mainly deposited in the stone cells of C. oleifera shells. Thus, its lignin deposition made the function of stone cells in the ripening process of the shell clearer, and provided a theoretical basis for the potential utilization of the biomass of C. oleifera shells. In this study, the paraffin embedding method was used to investigate the development and difference of stone cell in the fruitlet. The lignin deposition characteristics of stone cell were analyzed by the fluorescence microscopy and Wiesner and Mäule method. The chemical-functional group types of lignin in the stone cell of C. oleifera shell were examined by the ultraviolet spectrophotometer and transform infrared spectroscopy. The stone cells, vessels, parenchyma, and vascular tissue had existed during the young fruit growing period. The anatomical characteristics and the cell tissue ratio inverse relationship between stone cell and parenchymal cell suggested that stone cells developed from parenchymal cells. With the growth of shell, the stone cell wall thickened, and thickness-to-cavity ratio from 0 to 3.6. The fluorescent results showed that lignin content increased continuously; during shell development, the mean brightness of stone cell wall from 0 to 77.9 sections was stained with phloroglucinol-HCl, and Mäule revealed the presence of G-S-lignin in stone cells, and ImageJ results showed that G-lignin was distributed in the entire stone cell wall, while S-lignin deposition accounted for 48.59% of the cell wall area. In the FTIR spectra, the shell was identified as containing G-S-lignin.

Phenolic glycosides from young fruits of Citrullus lanatus

Abstract Two new phenolic glycosides, 2-caffeoyl-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric 4′-β- d -glucopyranosyloxy-3′-hydroxybenzyl ester and 2-caffeoyl-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric 4′-β- d -glucopyranosyloxybenzyl ester (citrulluside H and citrulluside T) were isolated from young fruits of Citrullus lanatus. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. These constituents exhibited weak antioxidant activity.

IDENTIFIKASI DAN FENOLOGI KOLEKSI Canarium hirsutum Willd. DI KEBUN RAYA BOGOR

Canarium cf. hirsutum koleksi Kebun Raya Bogor vak Z.200–200a, berasal dari Sulawesi Utara, memiliki karakter morfologi yang berbeda dengan jenis Canarium lainnya. Karakter morfologi yang berbeda adalah adanya bulu-bulu cokelat dan tajam pada tangkai daun, helaian daun, pucuk tunas, dan kulit buahnya, serta tidak memiliki daun penumpu. Selain itu, kedua koleksi ini mengalami gugur daun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan nama jenis yang valid dari Canarium cf. hirsutum di vak Z.200 dan 200a beserta data fenologinya. Identifikasi dilakukan secara observatif, dengan pengamatan pada karakter morfologi daun, batang, bunga, buah, dan anatomi bunga. Selanjutnya dibandingkan dengan spesimen tipe, protolog, herbarium, dan literatur. Dari hasil reidentifikasi, kedua koleksi merupakan jenis Canarium hirsutum Willd. Kedua koleksi tersebut berumah dua (dioecious), pohon betina pada Z.200a dan pohon jantan pada Z.200. Kedua koleksi mengalami gugur daun, dua kali setahun, yakni pada Februari hingga Maret dan September hingga Oktober. Proses gugur daun terjadi selama 1–2 bulan, dan kondisi tanpa daun selama 7–10 hari. Pohon betina Z.200a menghasilkan bunga empat kali dan berbuah dua kali. Pohon jantan Z.200 menghasilkan bunga dua kali. Buah muda muncul 35 hari setelah muncul perbungaan. Perkembangan dari buah muda hingga panen selama 10 bulan. Perkecambahan biji sebanyak lima kecambah dari 18 buah (27,7%) yang disemai pada Maret 2020, dengan lama waktu 44–93 hari setelah semai. Penelitian ini perlu dilanjutkan khususnya terkait dengan karakter struktur bunga jantan dan betina, butiran polen, dan repestifnya kepala putik.