Young Fruit Research Articles

Determination of Community Structure and Diversity of Seed-Vectored Endophytic Fungi in Alpinia zerumbet.

Endophytic fungi act as seed endosymbiont, thereby playing a very crucial role in the growth and development of seeds. Seed-vectored endophytic fungi establish an everlasting association with seeds and travel from generation to generation. To explore the composition and diversity of endophytic fungi in Alpinia zerumbet seeds, high-throughput Illumina MiSeq sequencing was employed for the following stages: fruit formation period (YSJ1), young fruit period (YSJ2), early mature period (YSJ3), middle mature period (YSJ4), and late mature period (YSJ5). A total of 906,694 sequence reads and 745 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained and further classified into 8 phyla, 30 classes, 73 orders, 163 families, 302 genera, and 449 species. The highest endophytic fungal diversity was observed at YSJ5. The genera with the highest abundance were Cladosporium, Kodamaea, Hannaella, Mycothermus, Gibberella, Sarocladium, and Neopestalotiopsis. Functional Guild (FUNGuild) analysis revealed that endophytic fungi were undefined saprotroph, plant pathogens, animal pathogen–endophyte–lichen parasite–plant pathogen–wood saprotroph, and soil saprotrophs. Alternaria, Fusarium, Cladosporium, and Sarocladium, which are potential probiotics and can be used as biocontrol agents, were also abundant. This study is part of the Sustainable Development Goals of United Nations Organization (UNO) to “Establish Good Health and Well-Being.”

The Investigation of Phenylalanine, Glucosinolate, Benzylisothiocyanate (BITC) and Cyanogenic Glucoside of Papaya Fruits (Carica papaya L. cv. ‘Tainung No. 2’) under Different Development Stages between Seasons and Their Correlation with Bitter Taste

Papaya fruit is one of economic crops in Taiwan, mostly eaten as table fruits. In some Asian countries, unripe papaya fruit is eaten as salad and this led to trends in Taiwan as well. However, unripe papaya fruit may taste bitter during cool seasons. Glucosinolate and cyanogenic glucoside are among the substances that cause bitter taste in many plants, which can also be found in papaya. However, there is still no report about the relationship between seasons and bitter taste in papaya fruits. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the glucosinolate biosynthesis and its correlation between bitterness intensity during cool and warm seasons. The bitterness intensity was highest at the young fruit stage and decreased as it developed. In addition, the bitterness intensity in cool season fruits is higher than in warm season fruits. Cyanogenic glucoside and BITC content showed negative correlation with bitterness intensity (r = −0.54 ***; −0.46 ***). Phenylalanine showed positive correlation with bitterness intensity (r = 0.35 ***), but its content did not reach the bitterness threshold concentration, which suggested that phenylalanine only acts as cyanogenic glucoside and glucosinolate precusors. Glucosinolate content showed positive correlation with bitterness intensity at different developmental stages (r = 0.805 ***). However, the correlation value in different lines/cultivars decreased (0.44 ***), suggesting that glucosinolate was not the only substance that caused bitter taste in immature papaya fruits.

A sweet cherry AGAMOUS-LIKE transcription factor PavAGL15 affects fruit size by directly repressing the PavCYP78A9 expression

Fruit size, as an important fruit quality trait, is strongly associated with the commercial value of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying the control of fruit size is essential for breeding new varieties with larger fruit to increase yield and economic value. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying fruit size in sweet cherry. Here, we identified and functionally characterized a MIKC-type MADS-box transcription factor, PavAGL15, in sweet cherry, as a putative protein that binds the promoter of PavCYP78A9, a cytochrome P450, which controls sweet cherry fruit size. Yeast one-hybrid and transient dual-luciferase reporter assays indicated that PavAGL15 directly bound to the PavCYP78A9 promoter in vitro and in vivo, resulting in repressing expression. PavAGL15 was expressed at high levels in flower buds, blossoms and young fruit as assessed by real-time PCR. The PavAGL15 protein localized to the nucleus. Silencing PavAGL15 using virus-induced gene silencing significantly increased the fruit size, which caused the high expression levels of PavCYP78A9, cell cycling and proliferation-related genes in sweet cherry fruits. Collectively, these results demonstrate that PavAGL15 is a negative regulator of sweet cherry fruit size that regulates PavCYP78A9 expression at the transcriptional level. Thus, we have gained new insights into the regulatory networks affecting fruit size during sweet cherry fruit growth and development.

Distribution and natural variation of free, esterified, glycosylated, and insoluble-bound phenolic compounds in brocade orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) peel

Brocade orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) peel, a by-product which is usually discarded in large amounts, is rich in a broad spectrum of phenols. Accordingly, this study investigated the distribution and natural variation of free, esterified, glycosylated and insoluble-bound phenols (FPs, EBPs, GBPs, and IBPs) in the peels. Regardless of phenolic fraction or peel position, the total phenol and flavonoid contents, and most tested phenolic compound contents were generally abundant during the immature and semi-mature stages but existed at lower levels during the commercial mature period. The flavedo was much richer than the albedo in a few phenolic acids, flavonols, flavones, and especially polymethoxyflavonoids, which was particularly true for EBPs. Flavanones, particularly in GBP form, were generally present in equal or even much higher levels in the albedo. The four phenolic forms exhibited distinct trends in terms of abundance. In the flavedo (except the young fruit stage) followed the order: EBPs > GBPs ≈ FPs ≫ IBPs, and in the albedo: GBPs ≫ FPs ≈ EBPs ≫ IBPs. Generally, the phenols examined for this study were highly abundant in the citrus peels, endowing this agricultural waste with great potential to be an excellent natural source of functional ingredients.

Anti-inflammatory and anti-aggregating effects of rangpur in the first trimester of growth: ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry profile and quantification of hesperidin.

Citrus fruits are a rich source of valuable molecules, and their industrial processing produces bagasses, little explored to generate important by-products. These Citrus residues, including seeds and peels, also contain numerous pharmacologically important substances. To reduce the impact of these Citrus by-products, young, harvested fruits could be used as a functional supplemental food while another part is grown until maturity for industrial production. This study therefore aims to valorize rangpur (Citrus limonia) in the first 3 months of its growth by investigating and comparing its monthly chemical profiles using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS) and its anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet activity. Extracts obtained from the fruits harvested in November, December, and January, 2017 and 2018 (L221117, L161217, and L160118) showed different UPLC-ESI-MS profiles. Twenty-five of the 26 detected metabolites were identified as cyclitol, pyrrolidine betaine, aryl propanoyl esters, chlorogenic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, and limonoids. Quantification studies indicated an increased concentration of hesperidin from the younger fruits to the older fruits of the series. L160118 reduced nitrogen oxide (NOx), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels more than other extracts. Their activity followed the same trends as the hesperidin concentration in each fruit. In contrast, the most promising antiplatelet activity was observed with the extracts from the two youngest fruits. This suggests combined effects of the chemical components found in these fruits' extracts. The extracts obtained from these young fruits showed considerable anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet activity. Overall, young rangpur could be used as raw material to produce functional foods without producing any waste. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

First Report of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum brasiliense on Violet Passion Fruit in China.

Violet passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) is an important tropical and subtropical perennial evergreen vine with large-scale cultivation in Guangxi, China. Between May and September 2020, anthracnose symptoms occurred on passion fruit (cultivar Tainong No. 1) in Xingye county (22°77'13″N, 110°07'80″E) in Guangxi province, China. The disease incidence varied from 25 to 60% in different orchards. Initial symptoms on young fruits appeared as multiple tiny water-soaked, oval to irregular pale greenish spots. As the disease progressed, the lesions became medium brown, with sunken cavities. Under humid conditions, acervuli containing masses of conidia and dark setae were found on the lesions. The affected fruits became shriveled. Tissue pieces (5 × 5 mm) were cut out from infected fruits, surface sterilized in 75% ethanol for 15 s and 0.1% HgCl2 for 2 min, washed three times with sterile water, placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 28 °C for three days. Of the 29 Colletotrichum isolates obtained , the isolate B13 was selected for morphological characterization. B13 was purified by single spore isolation and incubated on PDA at 25°C under continuous fluorescent light irradiation, producing white to pale yellow colonies with dense aerial mycelia. The reverse side of the colony was pale yellowish to olive. Conidia were hyaline, unicellular, straight, cylindrical, with both ends slightly round or one end round and the other slightly pointed, measuring 10.5 to 18.8 (average 16.4) × 5.4 to 7.2 (average 6.3) µm (n = 50). Appressoria were light brown to dark black, smooth-walled, lobed, often with a roundish outline, sometimes also triangular, 7.2 to 10.9 (average 9.1) × 6.8 to 9.2 (average 8.2) µm (n = 50). Morphological characteristics of the isolate matched those of Colletotrichum brasiliense (Damm et al. 2012). The internal transcribed spacers (ITS), actin (ACT), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and beta-tubulin (TUB2) genes of strain B13 were sequenced using the method and primers of Damm et al. (2012). Sequences of the amplified DNA regions were submitted to GenBank (ITS: MW198820; ACT: MW266083; GAPDH: MW266084; and TUB2: MW266085). A concatenated maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was built using MEGA 7.0.21 in which B13 clustered with C. brasiliense and clearly separated from other Colletotrichum spp. Pathogenicity of B13 was assayed using one-year-old plants of violet passion fruit cultivar 'Tainong No. 1'. Conidial suspensions were prepared from 7-day-old cultures grown on PDA at 28°C Sterile distilled water was used to dislodge conidia from the culture dish and the conidial concentration was adjusted to 1 × 106 spores mL-1 using a haemocytometer. Fruits were rinsed with sterilized water and wounded with a sterile needle at three locations. Three fruits were inoculated by spraying with 20 mL of the conidial suspension. Control fruits were sprayed with distilled water. Fruits were then covered with plastic bags to maintain high relative humidity . After 9 days, all inoculated fruits developed brown spots with sunken cavities, resembling symptoms observed in the field, and controls remained symptomless. Fungal cultures with phenotypic features similar to C. brasiliense were re-isolated from the symptomatic fruits, verifying C. brasiliense as the causal agent of the disease based on Koch's postulates. C. boninense, C. gloeosporioides, C.queenslandicum, C. brevisporum, and C. karstii were reported as causal agents of anthracnose on passion fruit (Júnior et al.2010; Power et al. 2010; James et al.2014; Du et al.2017; Ran et al.2020). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. brasiliense causing anthracnose on passion fruit in China.

Analyses of key gene networks controlling carotenoid metabolism in Xiangfen 1 banana

BackgroundBanana fruits are rich in various high-value metabolites and play a key role in the human diet. Of these components, carotenoids have attracted considerable attention due to their physiological role and human health care functions. However, the accumulation patterns of carotenoids and genome-wide analysis of gene expression during banana fruit development have not been comprehensively evaluated.ResultsIn the present study, an integrative analysis of metabolites and transcriptome profiles in banana fruit with three different development stages was performed. A total of 11 carotenoid compounds were identified, and most of these compounds showed markedly higher abundances in mature green and/or mature fruit than in young fruit. Results were linked to the high expression of carotenoid synthesis and regulatory genes in the middle and late stages of fruit development. Co-expression network analysis revealed that 79 differentially expressed transcription factor genes may be responsible for the regulation of LCYB (lycopene β-cyclase), a key enzyme catalyzing the biosynthesis of α- and β-carotene.ConclusionsCollectively, the study provided new insights into the understanding of dynamic changes in carotenoid content and gene expression level during banana fruit development.

Sugar Metabolism and Transcriptome Analysis Reveal Key Sugar Transporters during Camellia oleifera Fruit Development.

Camellia oleifera is a widely planted woody oil crop with economic significance because it does not occupy cultivated land. The sugar-derived acetyl-CoA is the basic building block in fatty acid synthesis and oil synthesis in C. oleifera fruit; however, sugar metabolism in this species is uncharacterized. Herein, the changes in sugar content and metabolic enzyme activity and the transcriptomic changes during C. oleifera fruit development were determined in four developmental stages (CR6: young fruit formation; CR7: expansion; CR9: oil transformation; CR10: ripening). CR7 was the key period of sugar metabolism since it had the highest amount of soluble sugar, sucrose, and glucose with a high expression of genes related to sugar transport (four sucrose transporters (SUTs) or and one SWEET-like gene, also known as a sugar, will eventually be exported transporters) and metabolism. The significant positive correlation between their expression and sucrose content suggests that they may be the key genes responsible for sucrose transport and content maintenance. Significantly differentially expressed genes enriched in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway were observed in the CR6 versus CR10 stages according to KEGG annotation. The 26 enriched candidate genes related to sucrose metabolism provide a molecular basis for further sugar metabolism studies in C. oleifera fruit.

A sorbitol transporter gene plays specific role in the occurrence of watercore by modulating the level of intercellular sorbitol in pear

Watercore is a physiological disorder which often occurs on the fruits of pear and closely related to the influence of environment factors, such as high temperature. The excessive accumulation of sorbitol in fruit intercellular space is considered to be an important cause of watercore. Sorbitol transporter (SOT) is the key translocation protein of sorbitol and our previous study found the PpSOT3 expression was significantly decreased in high temperature induced-watercore pear fruit by transcriptome method. How PpSOT3 regulates the occurrence of watercore in pear remains unclear. The present study found that PpSOT3 had different expression pattern in watercore-susceptible (Akibae and Hosui) and watercore-resistant (Aikansui) pear cultivars of young fruit and mature fruit. Moreover, the accumulation of intercellular sorbitol in watercore fruit was significantly higher than that in healthy fruit, and the expression of PpSOT3 was significantly inhibited. After the treatment of sugar transport inhibitor (para-chloromercuribenzenesulphonic acid, PCMBS), the fruit pulp occurred water-soaking and the expression of PpSOT3 and the intercellular sorbitol content was significantly decreased and increased, respectively. Subcellular localization showed that PpSOT3 was located in plasma membrane. Both transient overexpression and RNAi assays suggested PpSOT3 had the function of sorbitol uptake. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PpSOT3 was a PCMBS-sensitive sorbitol transporter and played an important role in the occurrence of watercore by modulating the level of intercellular sorbitol content.

CitWRKY28 and CitNAC029 promote the synthesis of cuticular wax by activating CitKCS gene expression in citrus fruit.

CitWRKY28 and CitNAC029 are involved in cuticular wax synthesis as indicated by the comparative analysis of fruit aliphatic wax content between Citrus reticulata and Citrus trifoliata and gene co-expression analysis. Cuticular wax covers the fruit surface, playing important roles in reduction of fruit water loss and resistance to pathogen invasion. However, there is limited research on the synthesis and transcriptional regulation of cuticular wax in citrus fruit. In this study, we characterized the variations of aliphatic wax in HJ (Citrus reticulata) and ZK (Citrus trifoliata) from young fruit to mature fruit, as well as performed transcriptome sequencing on 27 samples at different fruit developmental stages. The results revealed that the ZK fruit always had a higher aliphatic wax content than the HJ fruit during development. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that two KCS genes, CitKCS1 and CitKCS12, had the most significant difference in expression between HJ and ZK. Furthermore, a heterologous expression assay in Arabidopsis indicated that CitKCS1 and CitKCS12 are involved in cuticular wax synthesis. Subsequently, gene co-expression network analysis screened CitWRKY28 and CitNAC029. Dual luciferase and EMSA assays indicated that CitWRKY28 might bind to the promoter of CitKCS1 and CitKCS12 and CitNAC029 might bind to that of CitKCS1 to activate their expression. Moreover, CitWRKY28 and CitNAC029 could promote the accumulation of cuticular wax in Arabidopsis leaves. Our findings provide new insights into the synthesis and regulation of cuticular wax and valuable information for further mining of wax-related genes in citrus fruit.

The Physicochemical Properties of the Jelly Drink Produced by Mixing Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris) and Young Coconut Juices with Carrageenan

This research was conducted to determine the physicochemical properties of the jelly drink produced using the pedada and young coconut fruit juices with carrageenan. A Completely Randomized Design was used with two factors consisting of pedada : young coconut juice ratio at 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20 as well as the addition of carrageenan at 0.25, 0.30, and 0.35% which are replicated twice with 5% of DMRT. The best mixture was 60:40 pedada to young coconut fruit juice with 0.35% carrageenan due to its ability to produce jelly drinks with a total acid content of 0.50%, antioxidant activity at 43.87%, total sugar at 19.00%, syneresis at 1.81%, gel strength at 1.16 N, and dietary fibre at 9.20%. Moreover, the organoleptic test showed the score of taste was 3.64, the texture was 3.64, the aroma was 3.20, and the colour was 3.76 and this generally means the drink was much flavoured by the panellists.

Response of Tomato Sugar and Acid Metabolism and Fruit Quality under Different High Temperature and Relative Humidity Conditions

The combined stress of high temperature and high relative air humidity is one of the most serious agrometeorological disasters that restricts the production capacity of protected agriculture. However, there is little information about the precise interaction between them on tomato fruit quality. The objectives of this study were to explore the effects of the combined stress of high temperature and relative humidity on the sugar and acid metabolism and fruit quality of tomato fruits, and to determine the best relative air humidity for fruit quality under high temperature environments. Four temperature treatments (32°C, 35°C, 38°C, 41°C), three relative air humidity (50%, 70%, 90%) and four duration (3, 6, 9, 12 d) orthogonal experiments were conducted, with 28°C, 50% as control. The results showed that under high temperature and relative air humidity, the activity of sucrose metabolizing enzymes in young tomato fruits changed, which reduced fruits soluble sugar content; in addition, enzyme activities involved phosphopyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), mitochondria aconitase (MDH) and citrate synthetase (CS) increased which increased the content of organic acids (especially malic acid). Eventually, vitamin C, total sugar and sugar-acid ratio decreased significantly, while the titratable acid increased, resulting in a decrease in fruit flavor quality and nutritional quality in ripe fruit. Specifically, a temperature of 32°C and a relative air humidity of 70% were the best cultivation conditions for tomato reproductive growth period under high temperature. Our results indicating that fruit quality reduced under high temperature at the flowering stage, while increasing the relative air humidity to 70% could alleviate this negative effect. Our results are benefit to better understand the interaction between microclimate parameters under specific climatic conditions in the greenhouse environment and their impact on tomato flavor quality.

Adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (SmAPRT) is an appropriate reference gene for quantitative gene expression analysis by RT-qPCR in different tissues as well as in the response to some specific stress conditions of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), an important vegetable crop because of its nutritional and medicinal values, is often attacked by insects and pathogens. Quantitative gene expression analysis by reverse transcription‒quantitative PCR (RT‒qPCR) is an effective and common approach to analyze the function of genes involving in the stress responses in eggplant. The RT‒qPCR method always included the step of normalizing the expression data of the target gene to that of a stably expressed internal reference gene to ensure the accuracy of the quantitative results. This paper presented the evaluation of the transcriptional expression of adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (SmAPRT) gene in different tissues of S. melongena (young leaf, mature leaf, stem, root, flower, and fruit) under normal conditions. Besides, the expression of SmAPRT was also measured in leaf tissues of plants damaged by mechanical wounding, plants treated with stress signal molecules induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or methyl salicylate (MeSA), and untreated control plants. PCR with a SmAPRT-specific primer pair (SmAPRT-qF as forward primer and SmAPRT-qR as reverse primer) amplified a 103-bp fragment from S. melongena with the efficiency of 92.7%. This value was within the recommended range (90‒110%). The Ct values of qPCR reactions using cDNA template from the wounded plants or plants treated with MeJA or MeSA were not statistically significantly different from the Ct ones of the control plants. This SmAPRT gene was also stably expressed in all tested eggplant tissues. Therefore, SmAPRT would be used as a reference gene to normalize expression data of genes of interest in different tissues as well as in the response of S. melongena to the specific stress conditions as stated above.

Reduction of Early Fruit Abscission by Main-branch-girdling in Macadamia Is Related to the Favorable Status of Carbohydrates and Endogenous Hormones

Fruit abscission occurring severely in the early fruit development affects macadamia yield. Developing effective methods to improve fruit retention is a priority for macadamia cultivation and production. Girdling is an important horticultural practice that has been widely used to increase fruit yield. Previous studies have shown that girdling fails to increase macadamia yield despite enhancing the early fruit set, but few have examined the effect of girdling on its related physiological mechanism. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of main-branch girdling (MBG) on early fruit retention and also on the levels of carbohydrates and endogenous hormones in the leaves, bearing shoots and fruit of macadamia. Herein, MBG was performed at fruit set using a single-blade knife on 9-year-old macadamia trees (Macadamia integrifolia). Results showed that MBG significantly reduced young fruit drop, concurrent with significant increases in the contents of starch in both the leaves and the bearing shoots and in glucose, fructose, and sucrose levels in the husk and seed. It was suggested that the availability of carbohydrate for fruit retention was improved by MBG. Additionally, MBG increased indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA3), and zeatin-riboside (ZR, a type of cytokinin) concentrations and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) contents in the husk and the seed, indicating that MBG reduced the early fruit drop by modifying the balance of endogenous hormones. Therefore, a positive interplay between carbohydrates and endogenous hormones induced by MBG was involved in the reduction of early fruit abscission in macadamia.

First successful cultivation and nutritional composition of Macrocybe gigantea in Sri Lanka

The wild edible mushroom Macrocybe gigantea is widely consumed as one of the prime seasonal delicacies in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In this study, M. gigantea was identified through morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Spawn production and cultivation parameters of M. gigantea were investigated for the first time in Sri Lanka. The mycelial growth was observed in potato dextrose agar medium, while paddy grains were used for spawn production. A mixture containing rubber sawdust (100 kg), rice bran (18 kg), CaCO3 (2.5 kg), gypsum (1 kg), and MgSO4 (0.35 kg) was tested as a substrate for colonization bags. In addition, gene sequence-data, proximate analysis, energy value, and mineral elements of cultivated M. gigantea were studied. Mycelia in mushroom growth bags were cultivated under the temperature range of 27–30 ℃ and relative humidity of 60 %. Three weeks after inoculation, the primordia appeared and it ook four additional days until the occurrence of young fruit bodies. A second flush was harvested 3 weeks after the first. Proximate analysis, energy value and mineral element analysis were recorded as 85.3 % moisture, 0.8 % ash, 1.6 % fat, 2.3 % protein, 10.0 % carbohydrate, 0.28 % potassium (K), 0.00064 % iron (Fe), 0.0024 % sodium (Na), and energy 63.6 kcal/100g. This study provides valuable information concerning the cultivation and nutritional composition of M. gigantea in Sri Lanka.

GIS-based research on climate suitable region of Loquat in Lishui, Zhejiang province of China

To develop a climatic suitability index and conduct the cultivation division of loquat in Lishui, Zhejiang province of China, we introduced the multi-indicator comprehensive risk assessment method to combine with the hazard factor model, necessary climatic elements during the growing season of loquat and geographic information elements. Results show that the annual active accumulated temperature (rainfall) over most Lishui is more than 4500 °C (1600mm). The two climatic factors above can well meet the needs of loquat growth. The frozen injury days over most Lishui during the young fruit period of loquat are more than 10.0 days, which are higher than those during the flowering period. The annual mean number of continuous overcast rain occurrences is less than 4.5. The climatic mean annual occurrence of persistent abnormal high temperature weather is less than 1. Overall, the most suitable area for the cultivation of loquat mainly located over the relatively flat areas such as river valleys and basins, especially the banks of the Oujiang River in Qingtian and Xiaoxi River valley in Jingning. The excellent combinations of light, heat and water with relatively few meteorological disasters just like frozen injury, continuous rain and high temperature provide a good climatic conditions of the high-quality of loquat planting.

THE EFFECT OF ADDING GELATIN AND SALT SOLUTION TO OFF-GRADE SAPODILLA JELLY CANDY THROUGH THE PROCESS OF REDUCING ITS TANNIN CONTENT

The young sapodilla fruit will take when harvesting is brownish green and has an astringent taste, called off-grade sapodilla fruit. The astringent taste of the fruit is due to the high tannin content. Soaking with a salt solution is a treatment done to reduce the astringent taste so that the fruit can continue as raw material for making jelly candy. Gelatin is added as a gelling agent to get a good jelly candy. This study aimed to determine the effect of adding gelatin used in the manufacture of off-grade sapodilla fruit jelly candy, which has been studied for its tannin content reduction. The research method used is an experimental method followed by a Factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK) test consisting of 6 treatments. The tested treatment consisted of two factors: the first factor was soaking sapodilla off-grade with variations in salt solution of 2%, 4%, and 6%, and the second factor was gelatin concentration of 18% and 20%. The results showed that the off-grade sapodilla sample gave the greater salt concentration was given, the more the salt could reduce the amount of tannin content. In jelly candy, the tannin content obtained was decreased compared to the tannin content of off-grade sapodilla fruit. The tannin is due to the unstable or too high cooking temperature. Based on the results of the texture test, found that the L2G2 treatment (4% salt solution, 20% gelatin) was closest to the commercial texture, while based on the organoleptic test, the L3G1 treatment (6% salt solution, 18% gelatin) had the highest value by the panellists.

Combined Transcriptome and Lipidomic Analyses of Lipid Biosynthesis in Macadamia ternifolia Nuts.

Macadamia nuts are considered a high-quality oil crop worldwide. To date, the lipid diversity and the genetic factors that mediate storage lipid biosynthesis in Macadamia ternifolia are poorly known. Here, we performed a comprehensive transcriptomic and lipidomic data analysis to understand the mechanism of lipid biosynthesis by using young, medium-aged, and mature fruit kernels. Our lipidomic analysis showed that the M. ternifolia kernel was a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, different species of triacylglycerols, diacylglycerol, ceramides, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidic acid had altered accumulations during the developmental stages. The transcriptome analysis revealed a large percentage of differently expressed genes during the different stages of macadamia growth. Most of the genes with significant differential expression performed functional activity of oxidoreductase and were enriched in the secondary metabolite pathway. The integration of lipidomic and transcriptomic data allowed for the identification of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, diacylglycerol kinase, phosphatidylinositols, nonspecific phospholipase C, pyruvate kinase 2, 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein reductase, and linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase as putative candidate genes involved in lipid biosynthesis, storage, and oil quality. Our study found comprehensive datasets of lipidomic and transcriptomic changes in the developing kernel of M. ternifolia. In addition, the identification of candidate genes provides essential prerequisites to understand the molecular mechanism of lipid biosynthesis in the kernel of M. ternifolia.

A Study on the Identification and Comparison of Functional Components in Different Species of Passion Fruit Vine Leaves

Functional components are found abundantly in plants which are non-nutritive and bio active compounds that prevents the onset of degenerative diseases and protects the body by maintaining the health. The objective of this study is to identify the chemical components of different varieties of passion fruit leaves (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa,Passifloraedulisf. edulis and Passiflora quadrangularis) available wildly in the hills of Tamil Nadu, India. Young tender passion fruit leaves can be used as a raw leafy green as they contain vitamin A and niacin. The dried leaves are used for calming teas and herbal remedies. The functional components were identified using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy FTIR(ATR) spectrophotometer. The leaves contain polyphenols, triterpenes, carotenoids, polysaccharides, amino acids and flavonoids which have a lot of beneficial effect on human health especially in preventing degenerative diseases. This paves way to use these amazing abundant greens in clinical studies as ayurvedic preparations and treat illness naturally.

Herbal Lactagogum And Breastfeeding Mother's Breast Milk Production: A Sistematic Review

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding has a major contribution to the growth and development of toddlers, especially at 1,000 HPK. The coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in 2017 was still low at 35.7% compared to the WHO and the Ministry of Health's 2019 target which is 50%. One of the efforts to increase the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding is increase the quantity and quality of breast milk production, so as to increase the mother's motivation to give exclusive breastfeeding. Efforts to increase by using drugs / herbs are known as laktagogums. Lactagogum drugs are rarely known because they are relatively expensive. Therefore, the use of alternative lactogogum herbs derived from plants that can be consumed by breastfeeding mothers is very necessary. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the herbal lactagogum on breast milk production. Methods: Literature review using the keywords laktagogum and herbs for breast milk production. Articles retrieved from Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Pub Med in the period 2009 to February 2019. In addition, relevant text books and guidelines were used to add further information or additional reports that were not identified in the electronic search. Results: Based on several experimental studies, it was shown that torbangun leaves, young papayas, moringa leaves, katuk leaves and banana buds contain chemical compounds that can stimulate the synthesis of prolactin and oxytocin to increase the production and secretion of breast milk. Conclusion: Lactagogum torbangun leaves, young papaya fruit, moringa leaves, katuk leaves and banana buds have a positive effect on increasing breast milk production. Keywords: herbs, lactagogum, breast milk production