XXIst Century Research Articles

The peculiarity of Pushkin-related texts in modern Russian literature

The topic of the article is relevant and timely, because the work is devoted to the study of works of mainly modern Russian literature. This article uses an integrated approach to the analysis of literary texts, including interpretative, analytical, intertextual and other methods. In the course of the conducted research, some "secondary" works of past periods of the literary process were updated, which in one way or another addressed the legacy of A.S. Pushkin. Empirical material: in the main part of the article, attention is focused on three categories of texts from the late XX–XXIst centuries, which use Pushkin's reminiscences, the Pushkin code, and the Pushkin myth. They are divided into three groups in the article: variations of modern literary references to the novel "Eugene Onegin"; works from the category of "alternative history", suggesting the construction of a different - fictional - fate of Pushkin; the use by modern authors of a kind of "literary franchise" of the legacy of Pushkin. As a result of the analysis, we come to the following conclusions: the importance of Pushkin's legacy for modern culture and literature is enormous. It encourages current artists of the word to bold, but not always productive experiments related to variations of Pushkin's texts, their sequels, parodies,new alternative historical twists and more. We believe that such phenomena as a whole can be considered an important component of the modern literary process, which should help restore interest in the classical heritage among younger generations.

WHY ECONOMIC FREEDOM MATTERS IN DETERMINING FINANCIAL STABILITY: A CASE STUDY ON SIX EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

The down turning events from the beginning of the XXIst century, starting with the 2008 crisis and then the COVID-19 pandemic, shortly followed by Russia’s invasion in Ukraine, exacerbated some preexisting vulnerabilities and created new risks. In this context, the financial stability in the Eastern European states (we will consider "Eastern Europe" in Winston Churchill's terms, namely those countries on the eastern flank of the Iron Curtain) represents an important debating issue for both policy-makers and researchers. Therefore, the present paper aims to quantify the financial stability and to determine the factors that can influence it. In doing so, we first have to establish what we consider to be financial stability: what it means at the microeconomic level (focusing on the behavior of the citizens) and what it means at the macroeconomic level (looking at the role of states in ensuring financial stability). It is important to note that the analysis we wish to undertake will be at a regional rather than at an overall European level, focusing on the Eastern European countries that have joined the European structures. We will present, by means of statistical analysis, the importance that both economic freedom and education have in increasing the financial stability of Eastern European citizens, taking into account the evolution of the financial stability of Eastern European citizens over the last years. In order to perform an analysis for more countries and over a longer period of time, we will utilize panel data analysis. We will observe the role that both variables play in ensuring a greater level of financial stability for the people from these countries.

Linguistics and semiotics in the framework of the sciences in general: Naville, Saussure, and Peirce

The paper examines the place of semiotics and linguistics, as well as their historical precursors in the framework of the sciences in general. Early classifications of the sciences considered include those of Aristotle, the Scholastics, Francis Bacon, and John Locke. The focus of this paper is on XIXth-century systems. After a cursory glance at André-Marie Ampère’s and Roswell Park’s systems, the study will turn to the classifications of linguistics and semiotics within the systems of Adrien Naville, Ferdinand de Saussure, and Charles S. Peirce. The paper provides a brief survey of XXIst-century views on the place of linguistics in its relation to semiotics before concluding with a study of semiotics among the sciences of the XXIst century.

“FISH” SURNAMES IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE: Peculiarities of Creation, Territorial Distribution 1. Karas

Introduction. The study of anthroponyms in general and surnames in particular is one of the urgent problems of modern Ukrainian onomastic science, which has important theoretical and practical significance not only for linguistics but also for history, geography, and ethnology. Despite the close attention of Ukrainian scientists to the study of various aspects of anthroponymy at the end of the XXth — the beginning of the XXIst centuries, it should be said that the study of anthroponyms of individual microsystems, such as settlements, social groups, and, especially, surnames derived from personal names, is only at the initial stage. The purpose. The purpose of the article is to investigate the place of the surnames of the surname microsystem “Karas (karas)” in the system of Ukrainian surnames, to describe the methods of their creation, to distinguish the affixes with the help of which the surnames of this microsystem were formed, to analyze their prevalence on the territory of Ukraine. Materials and methods. The dataset of the investigation was the materials of the website “Ridny” (Ridny), which records 876,000 surnames of residents of Ukraine, of which only 77 surnames belong to the “Karas” surname microsystem. The descriptive method and its main means are used in the article: inventory and systematization of language material in synchrony. Results. The result of the conducted research is the establishment of the place of the surname microsystem “Karas(karas)” in the system of Ukrainian surnames, the description of the methods of creating surnames of this microsystem, the identification of affixes with the help of which these surnames were formed, the determination of the limits of the prevalence of surnames of the surname microsystem “Karas(karas)” in the territories of Ukraine. Conclusions. The analysis of the surnames of the surname microsystem “Karas(karas)” gave reasons to conclude that although this microsystem is relatively small, it is rather diverse in terms of methods and means of creation. The most common surname of this microsystem is the surname Karas (3,550 bearers), which occupies the 1,125th place in the general list of residents of Ukraine, and the most derived surnames are formed from the surname Karas (18 surnames). The most common way of creating surnames of the surname microsystem “Karas (karas)” is the suffix (45 surnames). Most often, the suffixes -ov (7 cases), -enk (-enk) (5 cases), -sk-, -ich(-ich) (4 cases each) were used to create such surnames. 19 surnames are formed by the inflectional method. Among the residents of Ukraine, there are 11 bearers of double surnames. Of the 77 surnames of the surname microsystem “Karas (karas)” that are common in Ukraine, 35 or 45.45 percent are russified, that is, appeared in the Ukrainian language under the influence of the Russian language. In the future, the problem of the origin, peculiarities of creation and distribution on the territory of Ukraine of surnames derived from other names of river and sea fish, including a comparative aspect, and some other problems will need to be studied.

Detective literature - a panoramic approach

This paper is divided into two parts: in part I we address the origins and characteristics of the detective fiction literature and in part II we address detective fiction literature written by Brazilians. In each of these parts, there are three subdivisions organized as follows: Edgar Allan Poe and the birth of the detective genre; Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes and Agatha Christie’s Hercule Poirot; On the detective fiction noir (part I); Around the Brazilian detective; Brazil: on crime and guilt; The expansion of Brazilian detective fiction literature in the XXIst century (part II).

Physical Chemistry Models for Chemical Research in the XXth and XXIst Centuries.

Thermodynamic hypotheses and models are the touchstone for chemical results, but the actual models based on time-invariance, which have performed efficiently in the development of chemistry, are nowadays invalid for the interpretation of the behavior of complex systems exhibiting nonlinear kinetics and with matter and energy exchange flows with the surroundings. Such fields of research will necessarily foment and drive the use of thermodynamic models based on the description of irreversibility at the macroscopic level, instead of the current models which are strongly anchored in microreversibility.

Ethno-cultural life of Old Believers of East Kazakhstan in the XVIII th- XXI st centuries

This article examines a unique phenomenon of Orthodox religious culture that has become widespread in the territory of the Russian Empire - the Old Believers. It is expected that the study of this cultural layer will contribute to the development of cultural and educational tourism. The author has identified the reasons for the appearance of Old Believers in Altai and eastern Kazakhstan in the 18th century. The Old Believers are distinguished by their conservatism in the religious aspect, however, representatives of this movement were successfully able to preserve their unique culture, relying on deep historical memory. The Old Believers are divided into various “accords” and “tales”, but in general they are united by some common religious postulates. The question of preserving the traditions and morals of the Old Believers without forcing young people to this religious faith seems relevant. To solve this problem it is necessary to involve specialists in religious studies and theology, museum workers who will contribute to the development of religious tourism in the region in order to preserve both the material and spiritual culture of the Old Believers in the region.

АКТЕР СИНТЕТИЧЕСКОГО ТИПА В МУЗЫКАЛЬНОМ ТЕАТРЕ XXI ВЕКА

This article discusses the methods of staging musical performances in the XXIst century and the creation of an artistic image embodied by the actor during the stage action. It emphasises the importance of the psycho-physical state of the artist in connection with the authentic life of the stage character, the significance of the plastic expressiveness of the actor in theatrical practice, referring to the works of great figures of Russian theatrical art — K. S. Stanislavsky, V. E. Meyerhold, М. A. Chekhov, A. Ya. Tairov, A. B. Droznin. The general synthetic nature of musical, vocal, plastic, choreographic and dramatic art, in which the public is currently interested, is revealed and analysed. The reasons for the active growth in the popularity of musical theatre and its specific genres in the XXIst century are explained. Productions of two Moscow educational theatres — the Institute of Modern Art and the Russian Institute of Theatre Arts (GITIS) — based on the fairy tale An Ordinary Miracle by E. L. Schwartz are described and compared. In order to prove the reliability of the author’s judgements and the relevance of the topic, an interview was conducted with the Russian actor, director of musical performances and musicals, vocalist, teacher of “Musical Education” at the Department of Theatre Arts of the Institute of Modern Art U. A. Chebotar. The interview is presented in Appendix no. 1.

АРХЕТИПИЧЕСКИЕ СЮЖЕТЫ И ОБРАЗЫ ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ ВЫШИВКИ КАЗАХСТАНА XXI ВЕКА

The article considers some aspects of archetypal plots and images of Kazakh and, more broadly, Turkic culture, embodied in artistic embroidery of Kazakhstan in the XXIst century. The study focuses on the work of Zeynelkhan Mukhamedjanuly, Botagoz Zeynelkhan, Kalimkhan Rakhmetbaikyzy, Gulnazym and Ainur Omirzak, who are the brightest representatives of Kazakh ethnomodernism. To achieve the goal, a comprehensive method combining historical and art history approaches was chosen. In this context, it was important to study some features of plots and images of Kazakh embroidery, which allowed us to identify a certain repertoire of favorite motifs of traditional craftswomen. Folk ornaments are interpreted in a new and original way by contemporary artists of Kazakhstan. It is safe to say that contemporary artists not only continue the tradition of decorative embroidery, but also strengthen it through the unity with archetypal plots and images. However, the artists do not strive for the most accurate “translation” of these plots and images into modern visual culture, but present them, as well as the technology of ancient embroidery itself, as one of the new directions of art in Kazakhstan. Thus, the ancient Eurasian tambour stitch biz keste, the leitmotif of Kazakh traditional embroidery, is experiencing a new impulse of development.

ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ВИРТУАЛЬНЫХ МУЗЕЕВ В XXI ВЕКЕ

In the XXIst century, virtual reality technologies are actively developing and becoming an integral part of the museums’ institution. The article examines the trends that contribute to the implementation of virtual technologies in the activities and concepts of museums. In particular, it emphasises the reform of human intelligence (according to A. Koyre) and the emergence of a virtual escapist as a new type of modern consumer. The main functions of museums developed from the XVIth to the XVIIIth centuries are systematised in the article. It also analyses the new functions that have appeared in modern museums under the influence of new information technologies. On the example of The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, we consider the possibilities of using and implementing projects in the museum by means of virtual technologies. In addition, we systematise the latest tasks for museum development set by ICOM Russia. The application of the latest digital and information technologies today helps to fully realise the main function of museums — the right to cultural development of people. This trend makes it possible to create new forms of preserving the cultural heritage of mankind, as well as to avoid its loss.

ИНТЕРНЕТ ВЕЩЕЙ КАК ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ЯВЛЕНИЕ XXI ВЕКА

One of the most popular scientific areas of modern computer science is the Internet of Things. The idea of its implementation is actively developing, as it can significantly affect the development of modern society. The main feature of the Internet of Things is the ability to manage many processes without human intervention. In recent years, the influence of the Internet of Things has been growing, and therefore it is of great importance to actively strengthen research on key technologies and applications of the Internet of Things. Based on this, this article discusses the basic concepts of the Internet of Things as a technological phenomenon of the XXIst century.

УСТОЙЧИВЫЙ СЛОВАРНЫЙ ФОНД ДУНСЯНСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: СХОДСТВА И РАЗЛИЧИЯ ИСТОЧНИКОВ XX И XXI ВЕКОВ

The article presents the Leipzig-Jakarta list of the Dongxiang language according to the sources of the XXth and XXIst centuries of domestic and foreign scientists. The authors demonstrate the similarity in the vast majority of words, which indicates the stability of the studied list of the Mongolian language in China. At the same time, some part of the words reveal discrepancies in morphology and their semantics. Studying of the phonological system is necessary for further research of the Dongxiang language.

ИНСТРУМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ МУЗЫКА РУБЕЖА XX–XXI ВЕКОВ В ДИАЛОГЕ С ПРОШЛЫМ

The spiritual experience of the past plays a huge role in a person’s life and creativity. It is understood through the prism of the present, forming a dichotomy of memory and oblivion. The article examines the instrumental opuses of composers of the late XXth – early XXIst centuries, whose main theme is the desire to embody the artist’s unique ability to preserve a concept by borrowing “someone else’s word”. The original approaches of the composers are largely determined by the aesthetics of post- and metamodernism, which proclaim the rapid appropriation and mixing in one composition of traditions and styles, intra- and extramusical components, such as music, word and painting in a single composition. Postmodern authors are attracted by the ability to cross the border between the present and the past in memory, to unite the real and the sacred worlds, to collide the secular and the spiritual, the high and the low. The article attempts to systematise composers’ works with borrowings from the near and distant past through the theory of musical text developed by Russian musicologists. In this sense, unique examples of instrumental music of secular and spiritual content with and without quotations from our compatriots and contemporaries are considered. Particular attention is paid to understanding the reasons for composers’ appeal to the artefacts of the past, as well as to updating the principles and forms of intertextual interaction on the way to creating an original artistic world of the composition. The author raises questions aimed at studying the problem of dialogue between modern works and the past. The article is addressed to professional musicians, postgraduate students and specialists in the field of musicology.

Russian pagans in special military operation (experience of individual interview)

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of one of the directions of modern paganism (Asatra/Odinism) through the prism of the philosophical features of the participant of special military operation (SVO). The purpose of this work is to analyze the source base (interview materials) of the carrier – the respondent to determine the specifics of religious nativism in the area of the special military operation.Materials and Methods. The research materials are in-depth interviews, narratives of ideologues of modern Russian paganism, containing information about the specifics of the Germanic-Scandinavian variation of the religious phenomenon of the XXIst century. The author used the following methods: cultural and anthropological methods (qualitative content analysis, analysis of a set of individual interviews), hermeneutic method, comparative analysis. The study pays considerable attention to the principle of objectivism. In particular, during his work on pagan narrative sources, the author adhered to the principle of non-supporting hermeneutics, a method of historical phenomenology.Results. As a result, some features of «vital activity» of the phenomenon of world view of Russian pagans in the zone of special military operation were considered. The interviewing of a representative of the Scandinavian paganism (loneliness) made it possible to form an opinion on the following problem fields connected with the entry of neophytes into the religious system: on ceremonial practices, places of worship during war, symbolism, attitude towards state power, future of religious nativists in the realities of the Russian Federation.Discussion and Conclusions. The author managed to reach the following conclusions: in the zone of special military operation, in addition to representatives of world religions, active adherents of modern variations of Slavic and Scandinavian «traditional» beliefs. Slavic-Scandinavian religious syncretism is observed in the military pagan environment. The micro-world of «combat paganism» is partly an ideological, structural tracing of the «peaceful pagan diaspora» existing in the religious space of the Russian Federation. In both cases, there is a choice in favor of individual reading of the constructed/reconstructed creed, an identical system of charms, a common opinion on issues related to the initial period of the ancient Russian state (the place of foreign elites in its genesis).

The evolution of the style of the German poetic fable of the late XXth and early XXIst centuries: linguistic synergetic, sociocultural aspects

The article studies the evolutionary trends of the modern German fable. The fables of Reiner Kuntze and James Kruse show the departure of the modern fable of the late ХХth and early ХХІst centuries from the literary canons of the classical Aesopian fable, which to varying degrees accompanied the German fable over the centuries, new ways of creating images-symbols, building a style and compositions, the phenomenon of hierarchical plots and the inclusion of a modern fable in another literary genre. To illustrate all these innovations, fables and fable chains of this authors were analyzed to reflect in them modern socio-cultural realities, cultural codes, which nowadays have a significant capacity and deep meaning. The revealed transformations of the form of the modern fables, its style, the incompleteness and hierarchy of plots and images-symbols contribute to the more powerful possibilities of the fables to convey more and more information with a relatively short text. From a synergetic point of view, the modern fable is becoming an increasingly open system that actively involves the reader in the development of its images-symbols and plot. This process becomes much more effective than in fables of past eras. The mechanism of reflecting sociocultural factors through the goal-attractors, stylistic attractors and the specificity of language and speech in the fable as a synergistic system is explaned. The reflecting of the complex sociocultural factors in the modern fable is based on the fact that socioculture is a semiotic system, a set of signs and symbols. This makes it possible to establish the correspondence of the components of socioculture with other semiotic systems - attractors of the fable, its language and stylistics and to analyze the factors of modern culture, synergistic goals-attractors of fables and stylistic attractors dependent on them.

An Anonymous Letter of Warning in Fiction: a Comparative analysis of Translations from English into Russian

The article deals with a letter, that doesn’t bear the name of the sender, and which is given in a work of fiction for the sake of plot development and creating suspence in particular. This kind of inserted texts so far has not been covered by either linguistic or literary scholars, which specifies the novelty in this research. The peculiarities of an anonymous letter, that bears a warning – the
 most frequent kind in both Russian and English literature – have been made clear. We have studied eight translations of a small-size text from the novel «Adventures of Huckleberry Finn» by Mark Twain into the Russian language, made from the late XIXth up to the early XXIst century. Such fiction text fragments are
 comprehensible by themselves and, therefore, ideal for comparative analysis of translations. We have determined considerable variations in translation of separate words and combinations, and relative congruity of simple sentences. The
 latter can either be explained by the same syntactical structure and observance of language and speech norms, or by the awareness of the previous works.
 Our results can be used by those, who study the rules of translaing fiction, detective and adventure fiction in particular.

LEGISLATIVE BASE OF PREPORATION OF THE FUTURE EDUCATORS FOR THE CHARITABLE ACTIVITY IN UKRAINE (90s of the 20th century – the beginning of the 21st century)

The article is devoted to the normative and legal background of training future teachers for charitable activities in Ukraine (90s of the XXth century - the beginning of the XXIst century). He Law of the Ukrainian SSR «On Education» (1991) was analyzed; the Law of Ukraine «About the charitable activity and charitable organisations» (2012). «State national program «Education» («Ukraine of the XXIst century») (1993), «National Doctrine of Education Development», Laws of Ukraine («On Vocational and Technical Education» (2012), «About higher education» (2014), «About Education» (2017), «About complete general secondary education»(2020)); The National Strategy for the Development of the Education System in Ukraine for 2012-2021, Concept of development of pedagogical education (2018); The order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine «On approval of the Regulation on the certification of teaching staff» (2022). The main provisions of the Pedagogical Constitution of Europe (2013) are analyzed, which are based on important axiological components related to the orientation of the educational process in higher education institutions to achieve the highest moral and spiritual development, and the potential opportunities of individuals, determined by the assimilation of universal and national values; consist in ensuring the psychological and pedagogical conditions for the identification, development and realization of cognitive independence and meaningful and creative self-activity of the individual, his formation as the creator of his own life, capable of prognostically making a conscious choice and being responsible for actions, deeds, as well as adequately, mobilized and competently responding to changes , life's challenges and constantly self-improvement and success, namely: basic pedagogical values (tolerance, democracy, peace, environmental safety, human rights and solidarity, mercy and conscience, responsibility); the main tasks of teacher training (forming the ability for practical educational activities as a dynamic combination of ethical values and cognitive, metacognitive, interpersonal and practical abilities and skills, knowledge and understanding); the main competencies of the individual, which are outlined not only by awareness, but also by the level of intelligence, will, abilities, values, etc.; the main strategies of the successful activity of the teacher, among which: authenticity, originality, visualization of knowledge, democracy, dialogicity, research, integrativeness, constructivism, leadership, personal orientation, consistency, reflexivity, ability to develop, social orientation, reliance on relevant experience, cooperation, purposefulness; axiological component of practical training of future teachers; academic mobility, which contributes to the formation of cross-cultural values, tolerance and willingness to cooperate.

Environmental issues, governmental policies, and accountability on the public communication agenda. Statistical results from Central and Eastern European countries

This paper highlights the importance of environmental policies in a social and economic context characterized by multiple structural crises. The beginning of the XXI-st century proposes a new perspective, based on the transition from industrial to clean energy and green economies. In this context, environmental preservation should be seen as a main goal for decision-makers and the civic community. The paper aims to identify several relevant predictors that are involved in the further dynamics of the Environmental Performance Index. In order to argue the role played by economic factors in preserving the environment, the paper used quantitative and multivariate statistics, being based on linear, nonlinear, and multiple equations of regression. Using one-way ANOVA and nearest neighbourhood methods, the paper highlights the fact that environmental performance is strongly related to economic welfare, governmental coordination of climate policies, the level of sustainable development, and civic accountability.

ВПЛИВ УКРАЇНСЬКО-АНГЛІЙСЬКИХ МОВНИХ КОНТАКТІВ ХХІ СТ. НА ЛЕКСИЧНИЙ СКЛАД УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ

The influence of the twenty first century Ukrainian English language contacts is analysed in the paper. The largest thematic spheres of concentration of anglicisms are determined. Graphic and morphological adaptation of anglicisms is analysed. The problem of pseudoanglicisms and pseudofriends is also discussed. Prediction concerning future development of Ukrainian-English mixture / surzhyk is made. The theory of language contacts is the basis of the investigation. The term language contact has a broad and narrower interpretation. According to a broad interpretation, two or more languages are in contact if one and the same person uses them in turn. In this case we have the situation of obligatory bilingualism. According to a narrower interpretation, bilingualism is not obligatory. In such a case borrowing takes place under different social-political, cultural and historic, trade and economic and other relations. Just the second case of language contacts is considered in our paper. Vocabulary is the most susceptible to changing sphere of language says one of the main postulates of language contacts theory. Just that very case one can observe in the Ukrainian language of late. The last decade of the XX-th century and 23 years of the XXI-st century are marked by rapid growth of direct contacts of Ukrainian language with numerous European languages. The English language plays a special part among them. The new socio-political and cultural relations caused circumstances of active penetration of anglicisms into the Ukrainian language. Means of mass information play essential role in spreading anglicisms among speakers of Ukrainian beginning from using the foreign term in order to inform about something to borrowing this term. Hence the sources of our investigation were selected, namely Ukrainian newspapers and weekly magazine.

Max Müller in History of Linguistics: Forgotten Classics or Springboard to Future? 200th Anniversary of Birth

The study is devoted to the actualization of the ideas of the great comparative scholar of the XIXth century Max Müller (1823-1900), a contemporary of A. Schleicher, who, as is traditionally believed, worked mainly in the naturalistic trend. The authors of the study show that the achievements of M. Müller were unreasonably underestimated, calling the scientist a popularizer of science. The victory of positivism in German linguistics weakened interest in the works by M. Müller: linguistics was no longer perceived as a natural science. It is noted that the positivist approach denied the “metaphysical” typology, close in spirit to M. Müller. The authors come to the conclusion that M. Müller’s ideas and methodological attitudes survived his time into the future and sound relevant in the humanities of the XXIst century, based on the anthropological understanding of linguistic phenomena. M. Müller was one of the first scholars to distinguish between philology and linguistics, he boldly extrapolated the attitudes of comparative studies to other areas of humanitarian knowledge - mythology, religion, innovatively applied a socio-cultural approach to the analysis of language features and the study of archaic texts. The study compares M. Müller’s ideas with traditional historical observations of national comparativist- and-historical observations of Russian comparativists - F.I. Buslaev and I.I. Sreznevsky. It is emphasized that his works reveal the connection of philosophy with private sciences: linguistics, theology, cultural history. In this sense, “The Science of Language” can be regarded as an original experience of creating philological hermeneutics. It is stated that M. Müller studied the historical space of language from the point of view relevant to the modern science of comparative semasiology. The refraction of his ideas is observed in the works of modern scientists - typologists, comparativists, conceptologists: V.A. Dybo, V.V. Ivanov, V.N. Toporov, Yu.S. Stepanov. Once again, the naturalistic approach is reaching a new level of development in the XXIst century, and the comparative method - the main research tool of M. Müller and other scientists of the Schleicher era - is being actualized not only in linguistics, but also in philology, history of religion and ethnology. The dialectical approach to typological linguistics applied by M. Müller, remains in demand by the science of modern times.