XIII Century Research Articles

No âmago da epistolografia medieval: tipologia epistolar e política na correspondência de Pedro Damiano (1040-1072)

Resumo Entre os séculos XI-XII, a arte de bem escrever cartas ganhou destaque entre os homens que dominavam a escrita. A epistolografia adquiriu um novo fôlego sob a pena dos medievais, tanto pela quantidade de textos produzidos e conservados, quanto pelo aperfeiçoamento das técnicas de composição. Por isso, consideramos pertinente investigar a epistolografia do século XI num conjunto de cartas que representasse o peso sociopolítico deste meio de comunicação. Especificamente, optamos por acompanhar a trajetória de escrita epistolar de um religioso que se tornou referência de estilo para os dictatores posteriores: Pedro Damiano. Ao fazer de sua correspondência o principal instrumento para a comunicação de preceitos cenobítico-eremíticos, Pedro Damiano nos legou uma complexa teia de relações estabelecidas pelo aperfeiçoamento dos mecanismos de comunicação epistolar. Essas cartas demonstram sua tentativa de intervir nos debates doutrinais e nas estratégias políticas adotadas tanto pelo papado, quanto pelas lideranças clericais regionais com quem ele dialogou.

HASIL PENELITIAN TERBARU: BENTUK DAN KARAKTER SITUS SEMARUM

Ancient brick structures were found in 1990 in Semarum site in the regency of Trenggalek. Intensive research have been carried out since 2012 to 2014. Systematic excavation was conducted to disclose the form and character of the site. The Data collection research through excavation activities with qualitative research methods. The result showed that Semarum site is an ancient water reservoir made of brick measuring 24 m x 24 m. Absolute chronology determination is still in the process, while the relative date is estimated between the XI - XIII centuries AD or between Kadiri to Maj¬apahit period.

Славянская колонизация территории Верховской историко-географической провинции

Settlement of the territory of Ancient Russia was implemented by the various Eastern Slavic tribes, which retained their own specific features of historical development for a long time caused by underlying problems of ethnogenesis, and specificity of military and strategic position of their territories, by opportunities of the development of transit trade. Vyatiches had differences from their neighbours longer than others, who had settled in the Upper Oka basin called Verkhovsky historical geographical province. In the VIIIth – XIIth centuries that region was characterized by the presence of a common set of political, economical, social and geographical features that were the reasons of prolonged existence of the autonomous tribal vyatich’s ethno-political union. The appearance of specific features of that territory was due to the forms and methods of its Slavic colonization, during which the rapid assimilation of the local original population took place.

UNE SOURCE À REDÉCOUVRIR: LES PREMIÈRES ARCHIVES DU PARLEMENT DE PARIS, LES OLIM (1254-1318)

During the XIII century the king of France, king-judge, exercised his sovereign power surrounded by his vassals and above all by his advisers, clergymen with a juridical education in Roman law and Canon law, from which the importance of these judicial sessions at court. Louis IX (St. Louis) strengthened the role and the importance of it through a great reform of the procedure that enlarged the access to the royal justice of appeal to the generality of the subjects. The rigor of the new procedure was also prescribed for the same royal agents as the respect of the “common good” – that is to say the general interest – was also imposed to the feudal castellans. The enormous archives of this court, the Parliament, have been preserved (and they are denominated Olim because of the first word of one of the registers). They are constituted by around 4600 decisions made between 1254 and the 1318. Published in 1848 without a complete summary, they still remain little studied. A complete index of these decisions has been realized by the Centre d’études d’histoire juridique and published online in 2003 (on the CNRS and Université Panthéon Assa, Paris II sites).

The Latest Results: Form & Character of Semarum Site

Ancient brick structures were found in 1990 in Semarum site in the regency of Trenggalek.Intensive research have been carried out since 2012 to 2014. Systematic excavation was conductedto disclose the form and character of the site. The Data collection research through excavation ac-tivities with qualitative research methods. The result showed that Semarum site is an ancient waterreservoir made of brick measuring 24 m x 24 m. Absolute chronology determination is still in theprocess, while the relative date is estimated between the XI - XIII centuries AD or between Kadirito Maj¬apahit period.

PIXE and IL analysis of an archeologically problematic XIII century ceramic production

At the beginning of the XIII century the archaeologists have found evidence of a singular, transitional, pottery technique limited to a small area around western Liguria (Northwest of Italy). Known as Ligurian Protomajolica (PML), it shows in the same ceramic body and on the same surface white slip and enamel together, addressing questions about the technical reasons of this unusual combination, its origin and evolution. To integrate previous morphological and mineralogical studies, we have analysed by particle induced X-ray emission (also with mapping) and ionoluminescence (IL) the ceramic body, slip and glaze composition of 56 samples, of which 25 PML’s. We have identified some PML’s compositional features which are distinct from those of other coeval or later productions from the same area. A few PML imitations are described. A plausible explanation of the origin of the PML’s, based both on the archaeometric results and the archaeological and historical knowledge, is presented.

Raman and SEM‐EDX analyses of the ‘Royal Portal’ of Bordeaux Cathedral for the virtual restitution of the statuary polychromy

The chemical analysis of the remains of paintings from the Royal Portal of Bordeaux Cathedral was carried out byin situanalytical techniques and by laboratory techniques after sampling. Even though, nowadays, portable systems have a good performance and provide reliable results, in the present case, thein situapproach failed, and the analysis had to be carried out in the laboratory. The obtained results were used to propose a virtual restitution of the polychromy and to have an idea of how this portal was when it was built in the XIII century. During the analysis, the degradation process of pigment azurite was studied through the determined decay products, such as copper oxalate (moolooite) and copper basic sulfate (brochantite). This degradation seems to occur because of the presence of oxalic acid in the chemical system, as other calcium oxalates (weddellite) were identified as a degradation product of calcareous support. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Procedural modelling for reconstruction of historic monuments

Abstract. The reconstruction of historic or archaeological monuments bases on the architectural knowledge of the architects and the archaeologists. For the 3D modelling, we can use several technologies as the meshing of point clouds, reconstruction by geometrical primitives and more often the completely manual reconstruction based on a geometry measured on the field. The procedural methods of modelling also allow to build, even to reconstruct historic buildings. They are very effective when several primitives are repeated in regular structures. In this paper, we tested the efficiency of a procedural modelling within the framework of the modelling of the church of Turckheim, Haut-Rhin - France. This church has been built around an older chapel of the XIIth century of which there exists no more than a bell tower. The procedural modelling allowed to reconstruct the church in the current style borrowed from that of the XIIth century. The architectural elements built on the basis of rules were then able to be resumed to propose hypotheses of reconstruction of the anterior chapel. Even if the procedural modelling is not the most adapted to this kind of reconstruction, nevertheless it allowed to offer methods of original modelling in an open environment (Esri's CityEngine 2014.0) and, what is here the most important, interoperable with other 3D products.

Idea de la Justicia a través de la iconografía de las Biblias medievales de Bolonia (Siglos XIII-XIV) localizadas en España

Analysis of the iconographic representation of the virtue of justice in the Book of Wisdom contained in the Bibles of Bologna (XIII and XIV centuries) located in Spain. The iconographic interpretation is supplemented by the historical context and the influence of the discipline of law in Europe and especially in Bologna.

Aproximación urbana y bioarqueológica de la Repoblación medieval del Campo de Montiel: Peñaflor

This paper shows the results of archaeological and anthropological recent researches in the hillfort of Peñaflor, a small settlement associated with the Reconquista and Christian repopulation of the last Muslim territories in the Iberian Plateau. A priori, from the first decade of XIII century. Our analysis of the territorial and urban patterns, and the excavation in the necropolis (2004 and 2013), allows us, innovatively, progress in the area about the characteristics and evolution of Christian closed settlements; and finally, get a first bioarchaeological overview of their inhabitants.

Исследование правовых основ приобретения жилья в ипотеку

In the Bulgakov´s novel, "Master and Margarita", it is said that people are spoilt by the housing problem. But, probably, and in today´s society it is more than ever, and for most Russians the housing problem remains a major issue.
 Contrary to popular belief about the novelty of the mortgage, it has been around for a long time, since the time of the Archon Solon, who lived in the VI BC.
 But in Russia, the first mention of the so-called "mortgage" is dated XIII century. In XVIII-XIX centuries under Catherine II and Alexander II mortgage loans were most actively developed. However, at the beginning of the XX century, after the October Revolution of 1917, the concept of "mortgage" gradually disappeared from everyday life and considered as a "bourgeois phenomenon". The origin of the "new" Russian mortgage started in the early 90s of the twentieth century, but only by 2000, there have been real positive conditions and trends of its development.
 Mortgage as a form of solution of housing problem is widely discussed by legislators, society and the media. It is difficult to find legal or economic magazine or newspaper, which had not raised the issue of mortgage and related numerous problems. It happens that the opinions of authors on various issues differ, but one thing they are in agreement – it is necessary to develop the mortgage.
 The article deals with current issues of lending to households and features of home mortgages.

Russian

Russian

The Iberian zebro: what kind of a beast was it?

ABSTRACT Seven centuries before the discovery of the African zebras by the Europeans, the names zebro and zebra were given to an enigmatic equid widely reported in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. Roughly 150 toponyms deriving from the words zebro/a have been recorded in Iberia starting from the IXth century A.D. together with 65 Portuguese Forais and 16 Spanish Fueros (i.e. town laws) referred to these animals as onagri or zebros — Latin and Romance etimology respectively — during the XIIth and XIIIth centuries. However, the precise biological nature of the animal remains unclear to this day. Four hypotheses have been put forward to explain the taxonomic status of the zebro: 1) Equus hydruntinus, an extinct onager; 2) the antecessor of the Sorraia horse breed; 3) a modern onager species introduced by the Muslims; and 4) a feral domestic equid, either an ass or a horse. This paper addresses the issue by reviewing the historical and nomenclatural data on the subject, while briefly covering the...

Landscape and Cultural Heritage: Best Practices for Planning and Local Development: An Example from Southern Italy

The multidisciplinary study of the landscape aims to highlight, through a multi-scale and multi-temporal reading, the development and evolution of processes of natural and anthropogenic transformation in the different contexts examined, recognizing their common characteristics and structural differences. Such an approach cannot be separated from the identification of settlement dynamics and social-economic changes of long duration, nor from diachronic analysis of specific vocations and evolutive processes of the territory. In the study area, which includes the land around Castel Lagopesole, was carried out an archaeological and topographic research about settlements and their lands in the XIII and XIV century (§ 1.-2., by S. Del Lungo); a structural analysis of the rural landscape and a comparison between ancient and current intended use of the soil (§ 3., by C. A. Sabia). The aim is to bring out the elements of the historical landscape of merit and to propose appropriate criteria for planning for their protection and local economic development (§ 4., by C. Pacella).

Unique Experience and Achievements of Sakha People in Development of Agriculture in the North

In article the historical and cultural contribution of people Sakha about since XIII century in northern civilization by cultivation and progresses of horse breeding and cattle breeding in the North which within many centuries have turned to traditional branches of facilities of native peoples of the North is considered. The comparative analysis of their progress per 1990-2012 in northern regions of the Russian Federation is resulted. It is as a result drawn a conclusion that people Sakha as the numerous native people continues to develop rather with advantage traditional branches of agriculture in severe conditions of the North and by that increases the contribution to progress of northern civilization.

LAS MARQUETERIAS DEL SALÓN LLAMADO DEL “CONSOLAT DE MAR” o DE LA”EXPANSIÓ CIUTADANA” UBICADAS EN LA CASA DE LA CIUDAD DE BARCELONA (Reforma 1958-60)</p><p>Marquetries of the assembly hall called “Consolat de mar” or “Expansió ciutadana”

In the noble floor of Barcelona’s City Hall there is a saloon called “Consulat de Mar” (Sea Consulat) which is decorated with pictorial marquetry that completely covers the saloon’s walls and was elaborated between 1958 and 1960. The iconography represents the Catalan-Aragonese expansion between the XIII and XVII centuries through scenes and locations that symbolize events of this historical period. The marquetries were projected by Evarist Mora, a versatile artist from Barcelona, and were executed by Joan Garganté, one of the best craftsmen that the city has had in this decorative art in the 20TH century.

Post-earthquake continuous dynamic monitoring of the Gabbia Tower in Mantua, Italy

The Gabbia Tower, about 54.0m high and dating back to the XIII century, is the tallest tower in Mantua, overlooking the historic centre listed within the UNESCO Heritage. After the seismic sequence of May 2012 in Italy, an extensive research program was carried out to assess the structural condition of the tower. The post-earthquake investigation (including direct survey, historic and documentary research, testing of materials and ambient vibration tests) highlighted the poor state of preservation of the upper part of the building and suggested the installation of a dynamic monitoring system to evaluate the response of the tower to the expected sequence of far-field earthquakes and check the possible evolution of the structural behavior. After a brief description of the tower and the post-earthquake survey, the paper presents the results of the continuous dynamic monitoring for a period of 8months, highlighting the effect of temperature on automatically identified natural frequencies, the practical feasibility of damage detection methods based on natural frequencies shifts and the key role of permanent dynamic monitoring in the diagnosis of the investigated historic building.

ESTABLISHING A PATTERN OF LOCAL SELFRULE GOVERNMENT IN GREAT BRITAIN: A VIEW BACK IN TIME

The paper examined the framework of local self-rule bodies in Great Britain that started taking shape from the XIII century. Historical evolution resulted in a complex 2-level pattern of governing established that made it possible to tackle with most problems the local community had faced. Owing to that pattern, the large set of duties have entered within the competence of local government bodies that took into account location specifics with historic cultural and other features typical of the county.

Teleology, Natural Desire and Knowledge of God in the Summa Contra Gentiles

Teleological reasoning was common among authors of the XIII century. Certainly, the existence of a finalist order among things allowed them to explain both the movement of natural bodies and the movement of the celestial bodies: for these authors all things would move because of final causality. Aquinas’ Summa contra gentiles, which we analyze in the following, reproduces this same reasoning model. Taking as reference the movement of natural bodies, he tries to explain the meaning of a special category of movement, namely: human knowledge. Thus, he states that human knowledge is an expression of a natural appetite of our intelligence, the natural desire to know, which rests only in the knowledge of God, the first cause of the world.

Социальная система, обращенная в прошлое (Часть 1)

Social system of modern Russia is regarded as a continuation of soviet socioeconomic order which historical roots have deepened in the centuries-old past of the country — representative of Eurasian Orthodox civilization. Different stages of its development are explored since XIII century to current day. Eventually it is shown the collapse of communist system in Russia has implied a transition of Eurasian civilization to the new stage of its evolution which is Neo-Etacratic socio-economic order and classic authoritarianism.In the first part of the article the influence of the passed way on social system of modern Russia is putting forward as well as it’s shown that by the middle of XIII century Rus was early feudal society, deeply intertwined with Europe through economic, political, cultural and dynastic links. Horde system, accompanied with Asian despotism and Asian (state) mode of production, introduced classless social structure without private property into Russia. Afterwards state has forever dominated over Russian society and become main factor of its development. Based on this historical ground, estate order has formed as a distinctive institutional and stratification system of Muscovy Rus — as well as tsarist, soviet and post-soviet Russia.