XIII Century Research Articles

There is no Kashubia without Kashubians – maps as sources in historical research of folk culture

Abstract. The old maps are a cultural heritage of great historical importance. Maps’ great value is also a set of data documenting socio-economic changes.Kashubia is a cultural region in northern Poland. In written sources, the name Kashubia appears in the XIII century. The range and boundaries of historical lands that were part of Kashubia are the subject of disputes between historians. Generally, it was referred to the territories of the Duchy of Pomerania, and in modern times - the area between Łeba River and Parsęta River. Over time, this name appeared widely to describe the areas of the Gdańsk Pomerania.In the 20th century, Kashubia as a community underwent huge changes in the political, socio-economic and cultural spheres. At the beginning of the 20th century Kashubians lived in a Prussian state, repressive towards this community, as well as all Poles. In the interwar period they were divided into three parts – the largest lived within the borders of the Second Polish Republic, the second in the Free City of Gdańsk, the third remained within Germany. During World War II, the elite of this community was almost completely murdered. After the war, the authorities of the Polish People's Republic were very distrustful towards the Kashubians; the renaissance of Kashubian cultural activity took place after the political breakthrough of 1989.The twentieth century also brought a great social revolution: intensive urbanization, industrialization, educational revolution and migration movements.Kashubian culture can not be limited to a variety of local culture, created by a small community and its needs. It was for a very long period of time, but from the moment when the Kashubian regional movement (XIX century) appeared, a single, nation-wide culture began to take shape. The separateness and specificity of the material and spiritual heritage of Kashubia is determined by the communal awareness of history, the community of tradition, language and religion, which at the same time does not exclude the internal identity diversity of Kashubians.The aim of the presentation is to show the territorial changes of Kashubia as a reason for shaping the cultural specificity of the region. Historical and contemporary maps of Kashubia constitute the subject of analysis.

Structural Health Assessment of Historical Buildings via Ambient Vibrations: The SMAV Methodology for “Palazzo delle Laudi” at Sansepolcro (AR)

ABSTRACT In the present work, the extension of the Seismic Model from Ambient Vibrations (SMAV) to historical masonry buildings is presented. The probabilistic simplified model, which has already been validated for ordinary building, is able to predict their seismic behaviour on the basis of its experimental modal parameters, taking into account the dependence between the resonance frequencies and the vibration amplitude, through a linear-equivalent analysis. The SMAV model is based on the definition of a Structural Serviceability Index (IOPS), expressing the probability of the building to preserve its structural functionality after an earthquake occurrence. As the dynamic parameters are extracted from the vibrations which occur during the normal operating conditions, this methodology is particularly in accordance with the non-invasiveness requirements of monumental buildings, both in terms of service maintaining and structural interventions. The different phases provided for by the methodology and the feasibility of their application to real cases are illustrated with reference to the town hall of Sansepolcro, “Palazzo delle Laudi”, an Italian renaissance building of XIII century.

МОРФОСИНТАКСИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ИНФИНИТИВНЫХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ В СТАРОИСПАНСКОМ ДЕЛОВОМ ПИСЬМЕ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ДОКУМЕНТОВ КОНЦА XII В. - XIII В.)

There are two types of verb constructions with the infinitive in the Spanish language: grammaticalized and lexical-syntactic ones. The paper analyses objective infinitive constructions by the example of the Old Spanish formal letters dated by the end of the XII - the XIII century. The authors distinguish analytical models and infinitive constructions ; determine the structure of their components: finite verb, infinitive, dependent object. It turns out that the position of an object in the objective infinitive construction (OInfV, InfVO, InfOV, OVInf, VInfO, VOInf) depends on how the object is expressed: by noun / nominal group or by pronoun (clitic).

A Meta-Discourse Analysis on Factors Affecting the Development of Dialogue between Russia and Korea in XIX Century

This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the development of dialogue between Russia and Korea in XIX century. In this study a meta-discourse analysis was done on the issue of the first dialogue between Russians and Koreans. Some researchers recognize the contact that occurred in the XIII century as the first contact between them, while there is also significant research which deems meetings in the XVII century as the first contact. In Russia, the first Korean language courses and lectures in the history and geography of Korea started at the Saint Petersburg University and the Eastern University in Vladivostok. Notably, the Orthodox Missionary Society in Kazan created textbooks for Russian Koreans. The following methods have been used in this paper: analysis of research literature regarding the subject; case study method for analyzing examples; instrumental observation. The results suggested a substantial difference in the use of metadiscourse markers between Russia and Korea. Furthermore, each learner group displayed the specific characteristics of metadiscourse, which offer suggestions for improving L2 learners’ writings. Furthermore, this paper uses general scientific methods such as: analysis and synthesis to determine goals, resources and tools of the subject concept, as well as structural approach.

CHRONICLE OF THE ALIMCHULAL TUKHUM (PATRONYMY) – A SOURCE ON GENEALOGY AND THE HISTORY OF DAGHESTAN INTELLECTUAL ELITE

The article, based on data from written sources, examines the genealogy of the Alimchulal patronymy (tukhum). Since the XIII and to the end of the XIX century, this dynasty of Muslim ulama-scientists played a significant role in the spir-itual and intellectual life of Khunzakh, the capital of the Sarir kingdom, and later the Avar Nutsaldom. The main source is a short of the Avar-language historical essay. This family chronicle was written in 1966 by a representative of Al-imchulal tukhum. The data of the chronicle are verified by the information from the colophons of a number of manu-scripts, copied in the XVI–XIX centuries by representatives of this tukhum. It certainly has some errors and inconsist-encies. However the genealogy presented in this work has a real historical basis. Here presented are the translitera-tion and the Russian translation of the work. It also contains the genealogy of the Avar Nutsals. The data devoted to details of the spread of Islam in Khunzakh have considerable interest. The article also contains information from the manuscripts of the XVI–XIX centuries, which are stored in the Alimchulal collection and other manuscript sources. Obviously, the ancestor of the Alimchulal tukhum was a Christian “alim” (head of the Christian church of Sarir?) in the XIII century. Subsequently, he converted to Islam and contributed to the spread of Islam in the Khunzakh region. His descendants became famous alims, for several centuries being the qadis of Khunzakh and the Avar Nutsaldom.

MOUNTED SHOCK COMBAT WITH COUCHED LANCE IN 13TH CENTURY AS DEPICTED IN MINIATURES FROM PIERPONT MORGAN OLD TESTAMENT

У статті розглядається зображення взірцевого рицарського тактичного прийому – таранного бою кушованим списом у одній з найвідоміших візуальних пам’яток рицарської культури середини ХІІІ ст. – манускрипті № MS M.638, відомого як Старий Заповіт Моргана або Біблія Мацейовського, що перебуває зараз на збереженні в бібліотеці Пірпонта Моргана в Нью Йорку. Іконографічна програма пам’ятки містить розбудовану візуальну нарацію біблійних битв, де персонажі Старого Завіту представлені як середньовічні рицарі, екіпіровані та озброєні відповідно технологічного рівня та воєнної моди що панували на Середньовічному Заході в середині ХІІІ ст. В даній роботі проаналізовано кількість, способи та вірогідність зображення таранного бою на рукописних мініатюрах манускрипту MS M.638. Автор приходить до таких висновків. З 32 двох батальних сюжетів манускрипту лише 8 містять зображення таранного бою, що підтверджує ексклюзивність прийому. Всі 8 мініатюр подають зображення індивідуальної, а не колективної таранної атаку що підтверджує висновок Джона Френса про ефективність цього прийому передусім персональних зіткненнях. Програма візуальної нарації мініатюр до дрібних деталей співпадає з батальними повідомленнями текстових нараційних джерел ХІІІ ст. написаних народними мовами і цитованих вище. Таким чином проблема вірогідності Заповіту Моргана як історичного джерела до мілітарних реконструкцій є тісно пов’язаною з вірогідністю усього корпусу таких текстових джерел і не може розглядатися сепаратно. Автентичність цитованих вище текстів, компетентність їх авторів та адресатів у військовій справі не підлягає сумніву, а отже і за мініатюрами Біблії Моргана можна визнати представлення таранного бою адекватне мілітарним реаліям на Середньовічному Заході в ХІІІ ст.

Prospecting Archaeological Works at the Northern Defensive Wall in the Seaside Part of Derbent

The article presents some results of an archaeological researches conducted at the northern city wall in the seaside part of Derbent outside the medieval shakhristan. The soundings (No. 26–29) revealed layers of various geneses and provided new data on the historical topography of the medieval town. The obtained data point at some cultural layers of Pre-Mongol period (X – early XIII century) outside the shakhristan (soundings No. 26–28). It was period of flourishing for the medieval Derbent when the city occupied the territory of architecturally allocated shakhristan and when the near and far agricultural areas was actively used. These materials also confirm the earlier obtained data that the active life of the city ceased in the second quarter of the XIII century due to Mongol invasions. At the same time, excavations revealed some layers related to the late Sasanian period and connected with the large-scale construction of a stone defensive wall in the middle of the VI century (soundings No. 26, 27) and an adobe defensive wall built in the middle of the V century (sounding No. 27), which completely closed the Derbent pass.On the western border of the surveyed site, six Muslim stone sarcophagus-shaped sepulchral monuments of the XI–XII centuries were found in the modern ditch, as well as some stone plates from the destroyed cists. The sarcophagi are the most extreme east monuments within the medieval necropolis of Derbent, and they act as evident confirmation to Adam Olearius’ engraving (1637 AD) that depicted Derbent and its extensive northern cemetery with such monuments.

Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Komunikasi Non-verbal Bahasa Arab dengan Bahasa Tubuh sebagai Pemahaman Kinesik Lintas Budaya

Arabic is a universal language, Learning Arabic cannot be separated from the social and environmental environment that surrounds it. Learning Arabic requires adaptation to the environment which is an integral part of educational institutions. Students are part of the learning process, after formal education is complete, then they again become one of the important elements in society. Non-verbal language is statement forms of personality or personality traits that are manifested in body movements. Arabic is also an interesting study, where Arabic is one of the dominant Semitic languages ​​and still persists today. Based on the focus of the study, this study aims to describe: The Implementation of Learning Arabic non-verbal communication with Body Language as a cross-cultural kinesic understanding. This research is "Library Research". The research data used is secondary data. The data collection technique used by the authors in this study is documentation. Data processing is carried out by conducting study activities, verification and reduction, grouping and systematization, and interpretation or interpretation so that a phenomenon has social, academic, and scientific value. While data analysis in this study was carried out during and after data collection using descriptive-critical-comparative methods, and content analysis methods. From the results of the analysis it was concluded that: 1) In its development language became a feature of a culture. At a minimum it becomes a differentiator between one community and another in terms of language use. 2) Since the first year of his life in the world, children take part in conversations using body language and non-verbal cues. Then little by little they learn linguistic codes of language, how codes represent objects, events and types of relationships between objects and events. They learn how to send and receive orders with spoken language. 3) The role of Arabic in national culture has taken an important part since the development of Islam in the archipelago in the XIII century and its role is still felt lexically and semantically

THE ARTICLE DEDICATED TO THE RESEARCH OF THE MEDIEVAL MOUND NEAR THE VILLAGE TEPENYTSIA (to the Question of the Mounds with Stone Constructions at the Middle Dnieper Region)

In the summer of 2015, Zhytomyr expedition conducted archaeological research at the burial mounds at the tract of Long Niva near the village Tepenitsa Olevsky district of Zhytomyr region. As a result, the burial with a stone construction under the embankment was explored and studied. The stone cover was discovered right after the turf layer and completely covered the embankment as if it was an armor. The construction consisted of granite fragments and pieces of quartzite and sandstone. At the bottom of the embankment were stone boulders of large size that became smaller at the top of burial. At the level of the mainland around the embankment placed small ditch that had a form of two arcuate sections. Remains of a skeleton or gravel pit in the burial mound was not discovered (cenotaph). Two large fragments of the potter’s pot was found on the sand pit in the central part of the embankment at the level of the ancient horizon. The practical absence of inventory does not allow date the archaeological complex clearly. A fragment of the pot can be attributed to two chronological periods: the end of IX — the first half of the X century or the second half of the XIII — XIV centuries.
 The stone constructions in the burial mounds are not inherent for Old Russian time in Ukraine. Stone fixt only in slightly more than 1 % of all investigated burial mounds. The discovery of such rare complex forced the authors refer to the history of research of this type of monuments on the territory of Ukraine. In the Middle Dnieper area, burial mounds with stone structures are located in two regions: on the territory of Zhytomyr Polissya (Ubort river basin, Slovechansko-Ovruch ridge) and in Porossya.
 The burial groups in Zhytomyr region were explored by the excavations of Ya. V. Yarotsky (1902), O. A. Fotinsky (1904), M. B. Shchukin (1976), B. A. Zvizdetsky (1988, 1996—1999), the exploration of V. O. Misiats (1961, 1978), A. P. Tomashevsky and S. V. Pavlenko (1996, 2006, 2013). There are 18 gravediggers with stone burial mounds on this territory currently. 42 burial mounds were excavated (more than 300 known). At the 29 burial complexes were fixed stones fragments. These sights don’t occupy a separate compact area and located next to burial mounds consisting exclusively of mounds with simple earthen embankments. Only at the 7 necropolises majority burial mounds contains stones. On other monuments such burial mounds was few. Different methods of using stones have been recorded in investigated burial mounds. Often different variants of stone designs are fixed in one monument. Different kinds of stone were used for constructions: sandstone, granite, quartzite. In burial mounds with stone structures under the embankment are fixed various types of burial ceremony (cremation on the site, cremation on the side, inhumation on the horizon, inhumation in undermount pits, cenotaph). The ritual is accompanied by typical Slavic equipment. The earliest complexes are dated by the X century, the most recent are the second half of the XIII century.
 Stone barrows Porossya are known since the middle of the nineteenth century (about 500 individual complexes was fixet). They were discovered by V. B. Antonovych (70s of XIX century), T. M. Movchanivsky (1928), V. Ye. Kozlovskaya (30s of the XX century), R. S. Orlov and P. M. Pokas (1986, 1988). 9 burial mounds with stone constructs under the embankment are known on the territory of Porossya. 78 monuments have been investigated at 5 a monuments, 37 of them — with stone crepes (the structure was mostly fixed in the of circle form of boulders, which engird the embankment). The burial ceremony and accompanying equipment are typical for Slavic monuments.
 There are two main hypotheses about the origin of this type of monuments. According to the first, the stone structures in the mounds are a purely practical tradition of local people, which arose in the territories characterized by significant presence of the stone (O. A. Fotinsky, V. B. Antonovych, A. V. Petrauskas). According to the second hypotheses, use of a stone is a tradition of the Slavic alien population. Ya. V. Yarotsky considered that this is a memorial of the Dregovichi burial mounds of Zhytomyr Polissya, Western Balts (Yotvingians) — I. P. Rusanova, B. A. Zvizdetsky, A. P. Tomashevsky, mixed Baltic-Dregoviches population — V. V. Sedov and A. P. Motsia. The tradition of using stones in the burial mounds of Porosyya was explained by the borrowing of the elements of the burial ceremony of the nomads S. V. Shamray, I. P. Rusanovа and O. P. Motsia. Influenced by the coming population from the western and northern territories of Old Rus — L. I. Ivanchenko. Some researchers have ruled out both hypotheses.

Mother of God from Khodosivka

In the course of archaeological research conducted by the Northern Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the NASU at the medieval settlement Khodosivka-Roslavske in the southern Kyiv suburbs, a bronze figure of the Mother of God was found. It was molded as a one-sided form representing an outstanding piece of metal-plastic work of the Kyivan Rus of the 1st half of the XIII century. The item comes from the upper part of the deepened farm building filled with the surrounding layer close to the outside of the settlement. It is not associated with the purpose usage of the object. However, its fixation among the items related to the final stage of the settlement’s lifecycle serves as an additional chronological benchmark of functioning of this historical artefact.The fragment preserving 8.5 cm of its original hight is a part of the item called “the shortest version of the iconostasis”, which is known as the Chersonesus Kiot Cross, having its molded copy from Sudak, as well as the fragmented analogies from the hill-forts near Shepetivka, Pereiaslav, Kniazha Hora and Polotsk. The item was probably molded in the form of the Chersonesus’ find. Its integrity allows us to trace the features that are elusive in other specimens and indicates quite a short time of its existence. According to experts, things are the works of masters from Byzantine who moved to Kyivan Rus after the capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders.Among synchronous antiquities, devoted to the plot of the Crucifixion are the movable crucifix from Vasyliv (with another iconography and fewer images used) and the movable cross from Vladimir-on-Kliazma, which is very close to the previous one. Amazingly similar to the latter is the fragmented find from Kniazha Hora (with a similar figure of the by-standing Mother of the God also from Vladimir). Due to the absence of the handle it was attributed to the lecterns/octal/altar crosses or parts of the repository of the holy gifts and has the analogies in the funds of the State Historical Museum in Moscow and in the private collection of items from the Old Riazan.The characteristics of the items associated with orthodoxy in the unfortified settlements of different regions of Rus in combination with the above described piece convincingly demonstrate the already mentioned non-ordinary nature of the studied settlement and the inexhaustibility of the information capabilities of this category of monuments.

Transformation of East Slavic Messianism from the philosophy of Rus’ to the early Slavophiles

The emergence of the historiosophical concept of the Messianism of the Eastern Slavs in the works of Illarion, Nestor, as well as the subsequent transformation by the Orthodox clergy of the Moscow principality, and later by the Russian Slavophiles, is investigated. The study found that thinkers of Kievan Rus’ created a universal concept of «Holy Rus’» for integration into the historical tradition of Christian states. The historiosophical concepts of Illarion and Nestor were created to unite the society of Kievan Rus’, providing a universal alternative to tribal identity. On the other hand, at the international level, it integrated Rus’ into the community of Christian states. The transformation of the messianism of Kievan Rus’ in the Moscow principality was studied. Due to the conquest of the territory of Kievan Rus by the Mongol-Tatars in the middle of the XIII century, Kiev lost the significance of the geopolitical center of Russia. Moscow principality, on the contrary, being on the outskirts, is preserved, and after the collapse of the Golden Horde it becomes a new geopolitical center. Moscow needed its own ideology. The Moscow Orthodox clergy created the concept of «Moscow is the third Rome», which has lost its universality and integrativeness, becoming the historiosophical cause of Moscow’s civilizational mission as a defender of Orthodoxy. It is shown that during the time of Peter the Great, the church concept «Moscow is the third Rome» becomes the foundation of the state ideology of the Russian Empire. Therefore, the universal concept of «Rus’» is replaced by the narrow concept of «Russia». Thus, the transformation of the historiosophical concepts of Kievan Rus’ makes the Russian empire the heir of all of Rus’, its culture, history, mythology and ideology. Although before that, the Moscow principality was the periphery of Ancient Rus’. The transformation of the historiosophy of Kievan Rus’ removed the Ukrainians and Belarusians, who are territorially and culturally descendants of Rus’. Demonstrated as Slavophiles I. Kireevsky, A. Khomyakov, K. Aksakov developed the idea of historical peculiarities of Moscow and Russia. They created a complex and holistic concept - the «Russian idea» and rejected universalism and integrativity. Later, the Slavophilic historiosophy became the basis for the myths of the «elder brother», Rus’ as the «cradle of three fraternal peoples», opposing Great Russia and Little Russia. These distortions of history and historiosophy need to be analyzed and corrected in order to create the ideology of modern Ukraine.

La violence, les villes et l’Église : quelques cas méridionaux (XIe -XIIIe s.)

Violence, towns and the Church : some southern French cases (XIIth - XIIth centuries) The spreading of the consulates and the claiming of liberties by the urban societies of the south of France is part of a more general movement of rejection of traditional powers, well known from the end of the XIth century. Inside cities, the use of violence in political conflicts is characteristic, visible in time and with different modalities in a large number of cities. But, with a violence characteristic of the communal world, which reveals the existence of internal divisions and which feeds on economic or social disparities, come to be added other types of violence, exacerbated in the south of France by the crusade, by the hardening of the pontifical theocracy, by the affirmation of princely and royal powers, by the explosion of politico-religious dissent and by the setting up of the Inquisition. It is proposed here to observe several cases of violence involving towns in Languedoc and Provence from the point of view of the urban elites, and not through the prism of the inquisitor, heretics or crusaders, as has already been done. This approach allows the observation of a milieu whose interests, strategies, and points of view lead one to confront the geopolitical movements beyond urban frontiers, whether local or regional. It allows one equally to reconstitute the totality of the complexity of the episodes of conflict, often interpreted in an excessively linear manner, such as the antagonisms setting the citizens of a town against the prelates, or, more generally, the clergy. It would in effect be to diminish consideration of the world of southern French towns as a homogeneous whole, opposed, from the XIIIth century, to the ecclesiastical or central powers. The urban elites, on the contrary, experience strong internal tensions which explode at the same time as a more general competition bursts out between universal powers.

Sur les violences de la croisade. Réflexions à propos de la prise de Béziers

Concerning the violence of the crusade. Reflections on the taking of Béziers. The crusade against the Albigensians begins with the burning of Béziers and the massacre of a large part of its inhabitants. This violence was celebrated by the clergy at the time as a victory for Christianity, and as the effect of Christ’s vengeance against the infidel. It is part of an advanced spirit of crusade which evolves and is maintained through the XIIth century, and is transferred against the heretics, enemies within, as a consequence of repeated failures of expeditions to the Holy Land and of the moral and religious reform movement, brought in particularly by the Cistercians. The massacre of Béziers is embedded in the logic of the time, and does not belong to the accidents of history.

Образ Рахулы в японских ритуальных текстах косики

The main field of this study is the image of Rahula (Jp. Raun or Ragora), the son and disciple of Buddha Shakyamuni in the Japanese ritual Buddhist text “Raun koshiki” (XIII century), compiled by the Buddhist priest Yuixin. The main purpose of the koshiki texts was to strengthen the karmic connection between the adepts and the object of worship to whom this koshiki was dedicated – Buddha, bodhisattva, arhat or Buddhist patriarch. Therefore, the main content of the koshiki was: the history of the main character, the significance of his role to the Buddhist devotees, praise to his virtues and merit, and, most importantly, mention of those benefits which would gain the believers, taking part in the koshiki ritual. In this context, the creation of “Raun koshiki” and its identification as a special ritual text, which has the same sacred potential, shows the new movement in medieval Japanese Buddhism. It is characterized by the desire to return to the precepts of the original Indian Buddhism, formed in the circles of Nara Buddhism. This movement was a kind of response to the formation of the Japanese Amidaism and the spreading of Chinese Chan Buddhism in Japan

The System of State Power and the Formation of Armed Forces of Russian Principalities in the X–XIII Centuries

The article deals with the problems of the system of state power and the basis of the formation of armed forces in the principalities of Ancient Russia. The role of cities in the formation of the armed forces and their relationship with the princely power is studied. The differences in the legal and political status of different categories of city-states in the Russian principalities are studied. The article deals with the problems of real rights to land in the aspect of the formation of the armed forces and the formation of the feudal elite of the old Russian principalities. The legal status of soldiers in comparison with other categories of the population is studied. The questions of common interests of the ruling princely dynasty and the population of Ancient Russia, as well as the contradictions arising between them in the aspect of the formation of the army as the most important coercive force of the state are studied. The analysis of documentary sources on the history of ancient law, chronicles, norms of Russian Truth, the diplomatic correspondence of the Russian princes with the Byzantine emperors, etc. Conducted a comparative analysis of the formation of feudal elites in the armed forces in the state of the Franks and in Ancient Russia. The differences in the formation of the Lena army in the countries of Medieval Europe and the Prince's squads in the Russian principalities are revealed. The interrelation of construction of system of the state power, tax system, the social device and completing of armed forces is studied.

Мораль та релігія як чинники впливу на структуризацію масової свідомості населення сучасного Приазовʼя

The article examines the influences of ethno cultures and ethno-denominations of the region on the formation of values and attitudes of the population of the modern Ukrainian Azov. Already from the XIII century. this region has become quite active. In the southwest of Mariupol county, Bulgarian villages appeared near the Greek villages. In the Azov region settled Georgians who spoke Tatar. Compact settlements were owned by Albanians, dispersed in the region were Czechs, Byelorussians, Gypsies, Poles, and later by Germans. Among the foreign colonists were Jews. All of them had their own religions, languages and traditions, which could not but affect the structuring of the mass consciousness of the modern population. Morality and religion are interrelated, because the level of morality depends on the person's religious beliefs and values, from his or her parents, the social environment, the country's image, geographical location, the influence of neighboring countries and many other factors. These factors not only shape a person, but also influence his or her worldview and the outlook of his or her environment, which cannot but affect the structuring of the mass consciousness of any community, and therefore the population of the modern Azov. Modernity always begins with the past, as they say, "... you want to know yourself - try to find your beginning." Therefore, let us try to consider historically the factors that influenced the modern Ukrainian Azov. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to determine the factors that influenced the structuring of the mass consciousness of the population of a given region, since it is present and future depends on the structuring of the mass consciousness of the population. So, let's try to investigate the factors that influenced the formation of values and attitudes of the population of the modern Ukrainian Azov. For this: 1. to examine the ethno-national and ethno-confessional composition of the population of the Ukrainian Azov region in historical aspect; 2. identify patterns of interaction of people of different nationalities and religions in the modern Ukrainian Azov region, which influence the formation of values and attitudes of the population of the region. It should be noted that this problem was investigated by many well-known scientists, both foreign and domestic. Among them are M. Aragioni, D. Bagalei, Y. Habermas, A. Gedio, A. Dinges, Y. Ivanova, R. Inglehart, G. Klepalova, V. Naumko, M. Naumova, I. Ponomareva, A. Ruchka, J. Shashkevich and others. They studied both the history of the settlement of the region and the specifics of the formation of ethno-national and ethno-denominational relations, proving that the region forms a rather complex socio-cultural space, which reflects on everything from the existence of social relations to professional orientation, from valuable cultural and cultural orientations. Exploring the history of the region, it should be noted that from the eighteenth century. This region began to become quite active.Mass resettlement was the beginning of the elimination of domestic isolation of certain ethnic groups (linguistic, psychological, denominationaland socio-economic), which accelerated the processes of intercultural exchange, influenced the changes in value orientations and attitudes. These processes were further exacerbated in the Soviet era when, as a result of the so-called orgnabors, representatives of different peoples, primarily Russians, moved into the industrial centers of the industrial Azov region. This can be considered the beginning of the period of assimilation and hybridization. In addition, the formation of human values are influenced by various components, such as: political, economic, legal, religious, analytical, managerial, linguistic, ethical, technical, geographical, historical, etc. They imply an understanding of the materiality and mechanisms of historical processes, the ability to analyze events in this context. All this is connected with the process of modern structuring of the mass consciousness, which is happening now in the society.

La violence des clercs méridionaux pendant la première croisade

The Violence of the southern French Clergy during the First Crusade. In the XIth century the movement for church reform provoked a storm of new ideas which forced European elites to make ideological choices. Bishops, as leaders of the faithful, found that from this intellectual ferment holy men could emerge. These new ideas of reform inspired the First Crusade, and during it the tensions between holy men and bishops emerged. Later in the XIIth and XIIIth centuries these tensions gave rise to the great heretical movements.

Les évêques du Midi capétien et le service militaire au roi (1229-1304)

The bishops of Capetian south of France and military service to the king (1229-1304) Well established in “Royal France”, military service by the bishops was regularly performed in the XIIth and XIIIth centuries. When the Capetians established a foothold in the south of France, especially from about 1229, their representatives tried to impose a similar obligation, but they met resistance from the prelates. At the time of the siege of Quéribus (1255), the seneschal of Carcassonne tried to bring together the bishops, and developed his arguments in a long report sent to St. Louis, mingling the summonses of previous years, from the time of Simon de Montfort, and invocations of Roman law. Several years later, at the time of the “host of Foix” (1272), Phillippe III undertook to put in prime of place the military obligations of his vassals, throughout the whole of his domain, including the sénéchaussées of the south of France. Once again, the bishops protest, particularly that of Agde, whose case drags on for a long time before the Parlement of Paris. In reality, the arguments deployed barely allow one to question the military obligation of the bishops of southern France with regard to the king, but one can suppose that, beyond the question of right, the real matter at stake was the question of royal sovereignty ; by bringing their cause before the Parlement, the bishops of the south of France were led to recognise this fully.

Les dissidents et la chair, selon leurs adversaires

Dissenters and the flesh, according to their adversaries. The clergy in the XIIth and XIIIth centuries portrayed the religious dissenters of Occitania as sexually depraved, and devoted to practices which violated social and religious norms. The rejection by the southern French elites of the ecclesiastical framework of marriage is perhaps at the origin of these recurrent accusations. However, these latter are, above all, part of a tradition that harks back to Antiquity, upon which is grafted an attribution of devilishness, in order to discredit the dissenters. Such assertions lack all real foundation, like the dualism attributed to the bons hommes. This makes it evident that the pronouncements of the clergy must, in their totality, be considered as an arbitrary construction, hardly worthy of belief, so that the history of the bons hommes and of the Waldensians needs to be revisited.

Rapports de la ponctuation avec la construction grammaticale

Antiquity it was treated sometimes in generic terms (for distinctio is a grammatical operation), sometimes and more often in a rhetorical context. During the Middle Ages, more and more theorists appeal to grammar and use syntactic terminology to explain their own conception of punctuation. From the XIIth century onwards, difficulties in combining stylistics with grammatical analysis led these theorists to rely more on syntax to understand punctuation terms and to structure the texts. Conversely, in stylistics, defining punctuation pauses as marks of dependance, sufficiency and finitude leads to codify the rules of dictamen according to principles that are almost as grammatical as they are stylistic, with a dominant threefold rhythm in agreement with the triads of punctuation.