XIII Century Research Articles

Ancient Rus Cemetery at the Kopyrev Kinets

The article is devoted to archaeological research of the ancient Rus cemetery at the Kopyrev kinets in Kyiv, which functioned from the second half of X to the first half of XIII centuries. In recent years, during its research, at Kudriavska, 24-A and Artema, 12 streets, among numerous archaeological objects, a significant number of burials of different chronological periods were discovered. The largest number of burials was discovered in 1989 and 2016—2018 at Kudriavska st., 24-A. It was also established that this cemetery functioned during several chronological periods. From the second half of X c. there was a burial ground with inhumations, sometimes with accompanying equipment, which disappears with the appearance at this place in the XI — beginning of XII c. of industrial and residential facilities, and in XII — the first half of XIII c. here again appears a burial ground with burials according to the Christian rite. Perhaps the burial of the second chronological period is associated with the functioning of the XII—XIII c. church, which was nearby. It is likely that the restoration of graves at the cemetery after the decline of the housing and crafts district is associated with the expansion of the churchyard. During the excavation of the cemetery from 1989 to 2018, 134 burials were investigated, 11 of which had accompanying inventory. The grave pits had a rectangular shape, almost all were elongated along the west-east axis (most with a slight deviation to the south), and the deceased in them laid with the heads to the west. The general position of the skeletons, the position of the skull and hands were typical for the traditional postures of the dead buried at the orthodox cemetery. Also, during the research, a small number of empty burial pits were found, which may have been dug in advance and not used for their intended purpose. As for those found at Artema st., 12, three burials, judging by the distance between them, perhaps had burial mounds. After analyzing the location of the grave pits and their contents, it was determined that the cemetery had from six to eight rows of burials, and its total area was approximately 2.88 ha.

THE ANCIENT MOSQUES OF BAKU

The architecture of Baku’s mosques occupies a special place in the overall development of the cult architecture of Azerbaijan. Ancient mosques such as Mohammed Mosque-Synyk-Qala(1078-1079), Khidir Mosque (XIII century), Gilek Mosque (1309) and others are preserved in Icheri Sheher of Baku. Most of the quarter mosques did not single out from the habitable buildings. In addition, it can be said that many of them were built on the foundations of pre-Islamic shrines. The Baku mosques consisted of single-section small buildings with an asymmetrical composition and attached minaret. Exteriors and interior were modest. Later, they began to focus on decorating of the portals with stalactites and the Mihrab decoration.

Hołd lenny Mściwoja I złożony Danii w 1210 r. Próba rekonstrukcji epizodu z dziejów panowania pierwszych Sobiesławiców

The homage of Mściwoj I made in 1210 to Waldemar II, the king of Denmark, is still one of the unexplained episodes of the history of medieval Pomerania. In the current scientific literature historians almost unanimously accepted that the inclusion of Eastern Pomerania by the influence of Denmark resulted from the armed expansion of the Danes, who forced Mściwoj I to pay them homage. However, the analysis of sources gives us reasons to suppose that events could actually follow a completely different path. The manner of recording the events in „Annales Waldemariani”, as well as political relations between the papacy, Denmark and Germany at the beginning of XIII century, seem to indicate that the feudal homage of the Eastern Pomeranian ruler was made voluntarily. Moreover, we can suppose that the initiative of such a political union came from Mściwoj I himself.
 At the turn of XII and XIII century Eastern Pomerania was being in immediate danger of Danish expansion. The possessive intent of Waldemar II toward the Sobiesławice estate became apparent with the occupation of Słupsk by Denmark between 1202 and 1206. Couldn’t counting on support of the Polish princes, involved in conflicts with each other for supremacy, Sobiesławice probably decided to enter into agreement with Denmark. In exchange for recognition of the princes rights in Eastern Pomerania (Sobiesławice didn’t have a position equal to the rest of the Polish or even West Pomeranian rulers) Mściwoj I voluntarily accepted Danish supremacy in 1210. It is possible that it was also connected with his willingness to participate in the Danish conquest of the Prussian lands. Against this background, however, it came to some friction, because the head of the Prussian mission, Christian, probably cooperating with Denmark, blocked the actions of Mściwoj I aimed at subordinating Prussian neophytes to him, witch chilled the Danish‑Pomeranian relations. Christian’s monopol on actions among Prussians was also against the will of Polish princes, witch is why there was rapprochement between them and the ruler of East Pomerania. At the rally in Mąkolno in 1212 Mściwoj I involved himself into Polish plans of taking actions in Prussia ted by Denmark in 1210. Because of the source shortages, we are unable to determine whether after 1212 Mściwoj returned under authority of Poland. It is impossible to explicitly exclude such course of events. However, it is possible thet the Eastern Pomeranian ruler after 1212 could still remaind in a fief relation with Denmark, which was broken just after his death by imposing the Polish superiority on Świętopełk by Leszek the White. In such arrangement likely moment of the breakdown of Danish‑Eastern Pomeranian partnership is year 1220, when Mściwoj I died and Waldemar II was in Estonia on crusade.

WRITTEN SOURCES OF RESEARCH ON THE ACTIVITIES OF CATHOLIC RELIGIOUS ORDERS IN THE TERRITORY OF NORTH-EASTERN HUNGARY IN THE MIDDLE AGES AND THE EARLY MODERN TIMES

Північно-східні комітати Угорського королівства як зона фронтиру стали об’єктом розселення монахів різних католицьких орденів у ХІІІ ст., які серед багатьох інших завдань виконували місіонерську роботу, поширювали католицьку віру серед схизматів, поганців тощо. У XVI – початку XVIІІ ст. ця територія стала ареною гострого політичного та конфесійного протистояння між угорською елітою. У багатогранні конфесійні відносини з різною інтенсивністю включилися католицькі релігійні ордени – францисканці, пауліни, єзуїти та ін. Метою статті є охарактеризувати доступну джерельну базу з проблематики діяльності католицьких релігійних орденів на теренах Північно-Східної Угорщини та визначити перспективи майбутніх пошуків. Діяльність католицьких релігійних орденів на території північно-східних комітатів Угорщини представлена достатньою джерельною базою для проведення ґрунтовного дослідження. Однак, джерела різних періодів збереглися не однаково. Через загальний хаос і агресивну секуляризацію середини XVI ст. значна частина монастирських архівів була знищена або розпорошена. Слабко відображена в джерелах діяльність перших місіонерів ордену св. Франциска кінця XVI – перших років XVIІ ст. Втім, саме у цей час до процесу католицького оновлення долучаються отці Товариства Ісуса і це залишило помітний слід в джерелах. Із 1622 року, із утворенням Конгрегації поширення віри, з Риму до місіонерів в Угорщині надходило десятки інструкцій, призначень, а звідти відповідно – звіти. Цей пласт джерел мабуть найкраще відображає успіхи та невдачі місіонерства. Враховуючи, що значна частина архівних та опублікованих документальних матеріалів впродовж ХІХ – початку ХХІ ст. опрацьована вченими не у повній мірі, автор констатує, що тематика історії католицьких релігійних орденів доби Середньовіччя та раннього нового часу має хороші перспективи подальшого дослідження.

The hobby-horse as a national and cultural component of the concept “horse” in the English linguoculture

The article dealt with a certain fragment of the linguistic world view, which is significant to be studied to provide a number of ways of describing of the national and cultural component of the concept “horse” in the English linguoculture. The article provides the description of a number of costume calendar customs prevalent in different parts of Great Britain after XIII century, with a central element the hobby-horse, which according to a number of authors (Lamb, Pikli), subsequently became a symbol of mass culture. The article considers the functioning of the studied fragment of the linguistic world view in the English phraseology and literary texts. The presented ethnographic material indicates to different functions, features and associative links of the hobby-horse, which is a central element of the described customs. The phraseological representation reflects the studied fragment of the linguistic world view in a partial way and indicates apparently to its later development. In its turn, the analysis of literary texts supported by ethnographic material, allowed to track the dynamics of new meanings emergence of the lexeme hobby-horse and its old meanings disappearance that were widespread in certain historic periods. The article concludes that the considered examples of the hobby-horse in literary texts though convey different meanings with either positive or negative connotation, however come from the common source (‘prancing hobby-horse of the morris dance’).

National memory as a weapon in the information war

National memory as a weapon in the information war

ОБРАЗ МИРУ В НАРОДНОПОЕТИЧНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ (НА МАТЕРІАЛІ НІМЕЦЬКОЇ ЕПІЧНОЇ ПОЕМИ «KUDRUN»)

The results of the study of the nature of the verbal image of the world of folk poetical discourse in the field of a new branch of philological science – cognitive poetics are presented in the article. Cognitive poetics studies artistic semantics through linguistic cognitive strategies for the formation and elaboration of knowledge about the outside world (real or quasi-real), embodied in poetic texts. Using the method of cognitive perspective analysis of verbal poetic image (L.I. Belekhova), the content and meaning of pre-conceptual, conceptual and verbal sides of the object of the study were revealed. An attempt was made to reconstruct the etymology of the word vride for the most ancient period of Indo-European speech, to outline the linguistic-cognitive mechanisms of the creation of German-speaking verbal poetic images of the 13th century, to trace the dynamics and development of their semantic content. In the process of juxtaposition of modern and medieval concepts of “peace” it is found out that the general conception of the phenomenon has changed in the direction: “whole”/“part”. Nomen vride is a *prita- form with the meaning of “size” and occurs in other Indo-European (Sanskrit, Latin) and Nostratic (Uralic, Altaic, Semitic-Hamitic, Dravidian, Kartvelian) languages. It is established that the verbal poetic image of the world of the XIII century was crystallized in the bowels of basic (archetypal), conventional (stereotype) and individual knowledge of ethnicity, the degree of its novelty depends on the type of linguistic-cognitive mechanism underlying the internal form of this image. The inner form shows that the world is a dynamic mental formation, which synthesizes sensory-evaluative and object-cognitive activity of the medial person, which correlates with the types of poetic thinking (associative, analogue and paradoxical). The type of cognitive mechanism is determined through the analysis of cognitive operations of formation of verbal poetic image in the analyzed epic poem. It is proved that the mechanisms of creation of verbal poetic images of the world are based on cognitive operations of mapping, deployment, specialization and modification, which include cognitive procedures of generalization, concretization, compression, combinations, extensions. The cognitive mechanism of creating a verbal image is the archetypal conceptual concept of WORLD IS MERCY. Highlight prototypovu conceptual scheme peace is harmony, which led to the emergence of two stereotypical conceptual schemes peace is interpersonal relationships and PEACE is friendship, which became the conceptual basis of verbal poetic images peace is positive / negative experiences, peace is life, peace is negative artifacts peace is violence, PEACE IS A BILATERAL AGREEMENT, PEACE IS A CHOICE, PEACE IS A NEGATIVE EMOTION, PEACE IS A PROPERTY, PEACE IS A SECRET, PEACE IS A TABLE, A PEACE IS A EVALUATION, A PEACE IS AN EVALUATION, A PEACE IS A ESTIMATE.

Пра адну разнавіднасць манетападобных падвесак

The article is devoted to the consideration of the symbolism and sacred content of a special kind of coin-shaped pendants, which are made of non-ferrous metals, decorated with twelve convex dots around the perimeter, and in the center have a hemispherical projection or hexagonal figure. Collection of such pendants is small and consists of single finds, mostly found in barrows and settlements of Early Middle Ages. For the first time, issue of interpretation of coin-shaped pendants was raised more than twenty years ago, after which the number of materials increased substantially due to the finds not only from the lands of Belarus but also from adjacent countries. Territory of their distribution includes southern and central Belarus and northwestern regions of Ukraine. Separate finds have also been made in Polish Podlasze, Eastern Lithuania and Southern Latvia. This area does not coincide with the lands of any particular union of East Slavic tribes, but pendants of this type are often found on sites, materials of which include characteristic temporal jewelry of Dregovichi type, decorated with granulation. Based on nature of associated finds, pendants of this type were in use in XII –first half of XIII century. Therefore, they appeared probably in XI century. Little number of pendants mentioned above for a relatively large area may indicate that these products were aimed for a quantitatively small population. These pendants occurred both in relatively rich burials and in feudal estates, which confirms the high status of their owners. Chronology of pendants is coincides with bi-religion period, and there is no clear evidence of Christian affiliation of persons buried with them. Sites on which pendants were found are examined, if it is possible, ethno-deterministic decorations found there are also emphasized, and the area of distribution of the pendants of mentioned type is outlined at the publication. Find of such pendant in one of the burials in Lithuania, along with coin of the late XIV century is essential for determining of the chronology of the use of these products. The analogies among finds of pre-Christian era are indicated, that witnesses thee origins of mentioned symbolism among the pagan antiquities. Semantics of both number “12” and the hexagon in the center of the pendant are analyzed, and on this basis conclusion is made about astronomical-calendar symbolism of the identified objects. Sites on which pendants were found are examined, if it is possible, ethno-deterministic decorations found there are also emphasized, and the area of distribution of the pendants of mentioned type is outlined at the publication. Find of such pendant in one of the burials in Lithuania, along with coin of the late XIV century is essential for determining of the chronology of the use of these products. The analogies among finds of pre-Christian era are indicated, that witnesses thee origins of mentioned symbolism among the pagan antiquities. Semantics of both number “12” and the hexagon in the center of the pendant are analyzed, and on this basis conclusion is made about astronomical-calendar symbolism of the identified objects. Key words: coin-shaped pendants, Dregovichi type granulated beads, sacral number 12, hexagon symbols.

ИСТОРИОГРАФИЯ ГЕНУЭЗСКИХ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫХ ОБОРОНИТЕЛЬНЫХ СООРУЖЕНИЙ АЗОВО-ЧЕРНОМОРСКОГО БАССЕЙНА

The art of defensive construction of the XI–XVII centuries is adequately represented in the history of architecture. Numerous historical and archaeological materials show that the overall picture of the formation of this type of architecture has obvious disadvantages in the study. As a result, inaccurate determination of the belonging of the fortifications to a particular state arose. XIII-XV centuries-this is the beginning of international trade of the Venetian and Genoese republics, which created extensive trading posts around the world. The Azov-Black Sea basin has become one of the important regions of the intersection of trade routes of the West and the East. This led to the active construction of fortified structures of various types. This article discusses the history of the Genoese colonies in the waters of the Azov-Black sea basin in the period from the XIII century and before taking control of the entire Black Sea coast by the Ottoman Empire in the XV century. In the presented material presumably locations of fortress constructions are specified, an attempt to establish belonging to the certain state is made. The paper describes some defensive fortifications and their characteristics.

Visual culture in the sacred spaces figurative representation. The Duccio di Buoninsegna’s Majesty cycle of stories

Starting from the XIII century the figurative arts underwent a profound transformation. In fact, we can note the gradual passage of the use of mosaic to the pictorial representation on the table and then on the wall, initially used for the altar paintings and then in all the sacred works. The figurative arts begin to break away from a predominantly symbolic conception to arrive to a narrative communication. Therefore, one of the first elements of representative experimentation begins to be the architectural space (interior and/or exterior) where to set up scenes of a sacred nature. The present contribution offers the graphic analysis of the cycle of stories present on the back of the large table depicting the Majesty of Duccio di Buoninsegna (1255-1318) which constitutes the triumphal epilogue of the Siena artist itinerary.The ‘putting into shape’ of any iconographic apparatus (pictorial, engraved or graphical) depends fundamentally on the point of view from which one chooses to represent it. The determination of the latter is a function of distance from the representation framework; the direction of observation of the observer's height with respect to the station plan. With respect to this assumption, the present paper examines both the similarities and the differences that distinguish themselves in the use of different geometrical representation modalities for the staging of different spatial configurations that extract or immerse the observer in the context. Furthermore, graphic artifices designed to resolve points of incongruity obtained by the incorrect application of such codified methodologies which only in the following centuries are identified.The research has currently obtained the graphic analysis and the identification of the different methods of geometric representation.

Metaphysics, Elemental Transformation, Medicine

Abstract The present article brings to the scholarly attention the Avicennian manuscript San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Madrid), Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, 621, by conveying a basic description of its codicological features and by locating it in the wider context of the connection metaphysics-medicine that the transmission of Avicenna’s magnum opus Kitāb al-Šifāʾ (Book of the Cure/Healing) displays. The manuscript at stake is the only extant, though incomplete, codex of the Ilāhiyyāt (Science of Divine Things) of Avicenna’s Šifāʾ presently known in the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), and one of the few codices of the Šifāʾ housed there. In its present state, it cumulates metaphysics and medicine, since it joins some excerpts of the Ilāhiyyāt with fragments of the commentaries on Avicenna’s Al-Qānūn fī l-ṭibb (Canon of Medicine) by Ibn al-Nafīs al-Qurašī (d. 687 H/1288) and by Quṭb al-Dīn al-Šīrāzī (634–719 H/1236–1311). The part of the commentary on Avicenna’s Canon by Ibn al-Nafīs al-Qurašī preserved in this manuscript contains a revealing critical quotation of a medical tenet which Avicenna discusses in the Šifāʾ; this criticism very likely represents an instance of the ‘rectification’ of Avicenna’s philosophical encyclopedia of which Ibn al-Nafīs is credited in historical sources. The example of the revision of Avicenna’s philosophy by Ibn al-Nafīs analyzed on the basis of this manuscript makes clear that physicians in the XIII century did not limit their familiarity with Avicenna’s works to the Canon of Medicine and the other medical works of Avicenna, but adopted some kind of all-encompassing approach to Avicenna’s oeuvre, which did not eschewed tackling critically also the Šifāʾ on the basis of a profound and extensive knowledge of the Šayḫ al-raʾīs’s philosophical masterpiece.

МЕЖДУ ПРОШЛЫМ И НАСТОЯЩИМ: ОСОБЕННОСТИ РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИИ КАТЕГОРИИ ВРЕМЕНИ В ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЯХ ГОНСАЛО ДЕ БЕРСЕО

The article examines the works of the medieval Spanish poet Gonzalo de Berceo in the context of changes in the perception of the time category in the European culture of the XIII century. These changes involved abandoning the conception of absolute past and appealing to modern reality. The opposition of temporal planes of past and present plays an essential role in the organization of Berceo’s poetical texts. Contrasting but interacting temporal planes allow two-dimensional human-centred interpretation of Berceo’s texts. It’s a manifestation of a relevant for that epoch tendency to focus on present, on the surrounding world and, consequently, on a human being.

NEW EPIGRAPHIC FIND OF KYIV RUS’ TIME FROM THE OUTSKIRTS OF KYIV

This article deals with the interpretation of new epigraphic find on the amphora fragment, from settlement Feofaniya (Kyiv, Ukraine) that was found during the excavations of the Architectural-Archaeological Expedition in 2016. Amphoras — is one of the most mass categories of imported products that came to the territory of Kyiv Rus’ from Byzantium and the Black Sea during the X—XIII centuries. They provide a sufficiently clear chronological indicator, as well as provide information on trade relations, social and property stratification of society.
 The fragment (14 Ч 16 cm) clearly shows the scribbled inscription «ТЄШЄ». On the basis of the analysis, it is likely that graffiti points to the name of the owner of the amphora (perhaps named Těx or Těšen), and not to its contents (it is however plausible that the latter was wine). This part of the amphora plays an important role in the study of external relations and confirms the high status of the inhabitants of this settlement.

Mongols social systems The seventh and eighth centuries, hejree XIII and XIV century , AD(

Mongols social systems The seventh and eighth centuries, hejree XIII and XIV century , AD(

БИТВА ПРИ КАДЕШЕ: ПАЛЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАМЕТКИ К ПАПИРУСУ ПЕНТАУРЕТА

Цель. «Битва при Кадеше», литературно-историческое произведение об одном из эпизодов войн Рамсеса II (XIII-й век до н.э), известна из нескольких источников. Статья посвящена одному из них: иератическому папирусу Пентаурета. Сложившаяся практика переводов произведения на все современные языки не учитывает особенности изложения материала и варианты высказываний в различных редакциях. При этом почерк писца Пентаурета во многих местах разобран предыдущими издателями папируса недостаточно тщательно. Критика ошибок в общепризнанных публикациях должна показать необходимость его переиздания и подготовки отдельного перевода этой рукописи.Методология. Источниковедческая часть исследования основана на работе с подлинными документами, составленными на новоегипетском языке, а именно: иератическими рукописями и иероглифическими надписями, изданными в виде фотографий, факсимиле и прорисовок. Для сопоставительного палеографического анализа привлечены папирусы из нескольких архивов, и имеющие общее место происхождения.Результаты. Папирус Пентаурета является в этой группе источников единственным документом с зафиксированной датой записи. Для подтверждения датировки временем правления Меринптаха раскрывается причина случайного употребления эпитета «великий» в звании правителя врагов Рамсеса II. Палеографический анализ заключительного отрывка, устранил ошибки в ранее сделанных иероглифических транскрипциях зарубежных издателей, в результате колофон папируса переиздан в авторской иероглифической транскрипции, сопровождающейся переводом на русский язык.Область применения результатов. Статья адресована специалистам по политической истории и источниковедению древнего мира.

The Bargiolina, a Striking Historical Stone from Monte Bracco (Piedmont, NW Italy) and a Possible Source of Industrial Minerals

The Bargiolina quartzite from Monte Bracco (western Alps, northern Italy) represents one of the most important historical ornamental stones of the Piedmont region. Known and used since the prehistoric age as substituting material for chert, it was celebrated by Leonardo da Vinci, and exploited at least since the XIII century, peaking in the XX century. It was extensively used in the construction of basilicas and noble palaces by famous architects of Piedmontese Baroque, for internal and external stone cladding. There are four main commercial and chromatic varieties, and the main technical feature is the regular schistosity, to obtain very thin natural split slabs. The different varieties have a homogeneous mineralogical composition and microstructure: A fine and homeoblastic grain size, and a granular—lepidoblastic texture, with regularly spaced schistose domains. The main rock-forming minerals are quartz, phengite, small amounts of K-feldspar and traces of plagioclase and chlorite. The yield rate of quarries is about 20%, and the poor exploitation planning of the past led to only partly exploited quarry benches, with a very poor residual yield. The large amount of quartz-rich quarry waste and the presence of kaolin-rich gneisses suggests the potential for novel applications in the field of industrial minerals.

Do gold particles from the Turin Shroud indicate its presence in the Middle East during the Byzantine Empire?

Abstract The following question arose from analysis of dust vacuumed from the Shroud: do these particles show any connection with the gold that could have polluted the linen fabric in past centuries? To find an answer, the composition of gold alloy micro-particles vacuumed at various times from the Turin Shroud are compared with that of gold Byzantine coins minted during the VII–XIII century. The weight percentages of the micro-particles are determined via Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence analysis. The results are arranged in groups to show the similarity in composition between the micro-particles and coins. This process indicated a connection between the micro-particles and the Byzantine coins. In particular, many samples of gold-silver alloy possibly containing copper residual similar to the famous Byzantine Electrum have been detected. It is well known that the Electrum gold-silver alloy is not frequent in the gold coinage of ancient time. The presence of this alloy can be considered typical of the Byzantine Empire, if we exclude the Lydian coins of 6th century B.C. and few other rare cases not applicable for possible correlation with the Shroud. Evaluation of these results, therefore, is compatible with the Shroud's presence in the Byzantine Empire in the period up to 1204 A.D., as many historical clues indicate.

A imagem historiográfica de Hugo de Cluny em leão (séc. XI-XII)

A presença de Cluny na Península Ibérica adquiriu uma importância extraordinária entre os séculos XI e XII, na medida em que sua marca identitária transcendeu aquilo que hoje classificaríamos como domínio religioso, para alcançar o cerne da política. Especialmente no reino de Leão, o cenário cluniacense conta com atores políticos, cujos nomes são amplamente conhecidos e de grande envergadura. Embora em cada reinado a relação com Cluny se caracterize politicamente com nuances específicas, para a historiografia, é durante o governo de Alfonso VI que a presença cluniacense assume conotações políticas mais pronunciadas, por meio, principalmente do abade Hugo de Semur. Para a historiografia em geral existem três momentos emblemáticos que evidenciariam a força política que o abade Hugo alcançou no reinado de Alfonso VI: a) o casamento do monarca com Constança da Borgonha, e das infantas Urraca e Teresa com Raimundo e Henrique da Borgonha; b) o pacto sucessório firmado por Raimundo e Henrique da Borgonha; c) o pagamento do censo a Cluny. Tentaremos, a seguir, apresentar algumas considerações que nos permitam delinear a problemática que do ponto de vista historiográfico configura as bases que sustentam a síntese narrativa sobre esses três momentos, que foram transformados em fatos históricos.

Impacts of fluvial processes on medieval settlement Lukovskoe (Tatarstan, Russia)

Abstract. This work is continuation of the research aimed at developing of a system for analysing of risks of destruction of archaeological objects of Volga-Bulgaria period (X–XIII centuries AD) on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. Most of the Volga-Bulgaria settlements located on the small rivers banks. This fact is determining the risk of their destruction by natural processes. In order to identify the risk of transformation of archaeological sites by fluvial processes bank erosion dynamics at Lukovskoe fortified settlement evaluated. Modern field survey with use of UAV and GNSS methods applied to study the relief of monument territory. The measured data were analysed using the Geographical Information System (GIS) to evaluate intensity of bank erosion. Historical maps, archival remote sensing data and actual orthophotoplans compared to get quantitative characteristics of monument territory damage. The main factors that influence bank erosion at Lukovskoe fortified settlement placement are the meandering of the Kubnya riverbed, bank height and the ground that forms it. This study shows that remote sensing and 3-D-modelling on the base of UAV survey is very important in study of fluvial processes dynamics as a factor of archaeological objects destruction. The results of research will help to identify trends in monuments state and to quantify the risks of their destruction.

Comunidade cristã, comunidade política.

En el presente trabajo se analizan algunas de las crónicas más representativas de la historiografía castellana bajo medieval con la finalidad estudiar la manera en que a lo largo de los siglos XIII, XIV y XV se transformó la identidad colectiva de aquel reino a partir de su confrontación permanente con los musulmanes. Si durante la primera mitad del siglo XIII puede constatarse la existencia de una identidad colectiva basada casi exclusivamente en el sentimiento de pertenencia a una comunidad religiosa, a partir del siglo XIV se abre paso de forma gradual una nueva identidad signada por el sentido de pertenencia a una comunidad política conformada por el rey, el territorio y sus súbditos en la que el discurso histórico tuvo un papel central como aglutinador de estos elementos.