XIII Century Research Articles

НУМІЗМАТИЧНІ СВІДЧЕННЯ ТОРГОВЕЛЬНИХ ТА ВІЙСЬКОВИХ ЗВ'ЯЗКІВ РУСЬКИХ ЗЕМЕЛЬ ВЕЛИКОГО КНЯЗІВСТВА ЛИТОВСЬКОГО З ДЕРЖАВОЮ ТЕВТОНСЬКОГО ОРДЕНУ У ПРУССІЇ

The relations of the Ukrainian medieval lands with the state of the Teutonic Order in Prussia left the relics in the documentary sources of the second half of the XIII century – beginning of the XVI century. However, the relations of the Ukrainian medieval lands with the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia should have been left not only in written sources. Similar relations, even if they were occasional, left a sufficient number of numismatic sources in the cultural layers of the settlements. In this case, we have the Teutonic coins, lost by their owners.

ІСТОРИЧНІ СТУДІЇ ВОЛОДИМИРА ГРИГОРОВИЧА ЛЯСКОРОНСЬКОГО (20.04.1858 – 21.05.1920)

The article is devoted to the coverage of the life path and the scientific and professional activities of the scientist-medieval Vladimir Lyaskoronsky (1858-1920). On the basis of archival materials, the main milestones of the biography of the scientist, his teaching work are determined. The scientific works of V. Lyaskoronsky «Ethnography for Adam Bremen» and «Philippe August and its relation to the cities» are analyzed. The views of the medieval on the essence of the medieval city, its evolution, and the main features that characterized the wide movement of the urban population for gaining the right to self-government were established. The socio-economic and political foundations that influenced the support of the French King Philippe August communes and gave them a special status were identified. The connection between the development of cities and the obtaining of privileges with the process of the establishment of royal power in France, the expansion of the domain, the struggle with influential feudal lords (Plantagenets, graphs of Flanders), strengthening the military power of France in the late XII - early XIII century. The relationship between Philip Augustus and the clergy and ways of resolving conflicts between the city's population and representatives of the church are considered.

Pressing Questions of Historiography of Rus’-Hungarian Relations of the First Third of the XIII Century

The paper analyzes the interpretation of pressing questions of Rus’-Hungarian relations at the time of the prince Danylo Romanovich and the king Andriy II in historiography. Debatable aspects of the policy of Hungarian royal power concerning Galich-Volyn Rus’, the peculiarities of the interstate relations of Rus’, Hungary and Poland have been considered. The circumstances of the struggle of the Romanoviches for the farther heredity, the significance of a Hungarian factor in the activity of political rivals and opponents of Danylo Romanovich have been clarified. The conclusions about the role of Rus’-Hungarian relations in the history of Galich and Volyn lands during 1205–1235 have been drawn.

Vlad Vornic, Sergiu Matveev, Archaeological research at Lipoveni II – La Nisipărie site (2013-2016)

The archaeological rescue investigations carried out in the years 2013-2016 within the limits of the Lipoveni II-La Nisipărie site allowed the identification of several cultural-chronological horizons: the Usatovo group from the late Eneolithic period (IV mil. BC), the Chişinău-Corlăteni culture from the early period of the Iron Age (XII-X centuries BC), the Thracian-Getic culture of the VI-III century BC, the Sântana de Mureş-Černjachov culture from the Gothic migration period (III-IV centuries AD) and remains of habitation from the medieval times (VIII-IX, XIII and XVI-XVIII centuries). The most intense habitation in the researched area corresponds to the archaeological cultures of the early and late Iron Age and the Sântana de Mureş-Černjachov cultural complex from the Gothic migration period (III-IV centuries BC).

Destroyed Places and Ancient Wars. Digital Tools for the Montecastrese Fortress

In the XX century, after being forgotten for centuries, a series of archaeological excavations have brought to light the settlement, named “Montecastrese”, a system of Medieval fortifications organized on the top of a hill near the town of Camaiore, on the Tirreno sea. The archaeologists brought back to light the traces of the fortress and of the village, exploring the monumental ruins of the northern tower, still in place and tumbled down in two main large parts. In the first half of the XIII century, the castle of Montecastrese was conquered and destroyed by the army of Lucca. At the time of its major development the small fortress was organized around two main towers, with walls and various houses. A quite extended village was placed on the southern side of the hill. In 2015 the municipality of Camaiore commissioned a complete digital survey to the Dipartimento di Architettura in Florence. The general survey plan has seen the use of aerial photogrammetric survey, 3D laser scanner survey and terrestrial photogrammetry. The use of 3D modeling of all the lost parts, from the houses to the defense walls, to the system of towers was one of the focal point in this work, using the modeling process from the survey and supporting the reconstruction hypothesis with previous archaeological data, while matching the missing parts with similar architectures and the needs of the medieval defense/attack techniques. For the northern tower a specific operation based on the use of 3D printed models was brought on to bring to an end the debate about the sequence of the fall of the tower, quite important to the digital reconstruction of this building, the direct manipulation of a scaled model turned out to be a fundamental step for the completion of this part of the research.

AKULTURASI ISLAM DALAM BUDAYA LOKAL

The subject matter raised in this paper is how acculturation of Islam and local culture in Indonesia. Using historical text studies. In this paper suggests the success of Islam that came from Arabs managed to dialogue and accepted in the local cultural landscape that has long been rooted in the archipelago. The findings are that Islam is able to understand the existing local cultural setting and internalize the cultural setting so that its existence can be accepted by the community. This success is inseparable from the cultural approach adopted by Islamic preachers of the XIII century who acculturate Islamic and local culture so that it becomes an inseparable unity.

Medical and neuropsychiatric phenomena depicted in two Spanish medieval texts of Marian miracles.

In the history of Christianity, veneration of the Virgin Mary reached its greatest intensity in the XIII century. Her perceived impact on daily life was tremendous and not surprisingly this extended to the spheres of disease and healing. The purpose of this study is to compare the medical and neuropsychiatric findings in two XIII century Spanish texts of Marian miracles, both examples of the popular Catholicism (vs. official catholic doctrine). We analyzed the medical and neuropsychiatric events in the Cantigas de Santa Maria (Canticles of St. Mary, CSM), composed at the court of Alfonso X and the Milagros de Nuestra Señora (The Miracles of Our Lady, MNS), written by Gonzalo de Berceo. Among the 25 miracles reported in the MNS, medically relevant facts were addressed in 19 miracles with a total of 23 recorded events (including resurrection or escape from death in five) and demonic possession in three (one with witchcraft/deicide). The most common medical subjects were ergotism, obstetric-gynecological, sudden death, intellectual disability/illiteracy, encephalopathy/alcohol intoxication, suicide (with self-mutilation/castration), infanticide, infections, and absence of body decomposition after death. The 427 canticles in the CSM contain 270 medically relevant facts. Neuropsychiatric conditions were alluded to in 98 songs. Blindness and dystonia/weakness/deformities were the most common phenomena. Illuminations detailed many of the medical facts in the CSM, but not in the MNS. Medically relevant facts were described in both texts, but with more details in the CSM. Neurological conditions were more often described in the CSM, psychiatric conditions in the MNS.

KIPCHAKS IN THE BATTLES AGAINST THE TATARS

In the XIII century the Kipchks seems to have been twice the determing factor in the
 defeat of the coalitions they took part: The first time in the battle at the Darial pass (Alans and
 Kipchaks / Mongols) and the second one in the battle at the Kalka river (Russians and Kipchaks
 / Mongols). The sources in both cases are external. Tha aim of this article is to examine whether
 the Kipchaks are really responsible for these defeats against the Mongols or if they are just a
 scapegoat to hide the Russian internal rivalries that led to a heavy defeat. 

THE XII CENTURY TOWERS, A BENCHMARK OF THE ROME COUNTRYSIDE ALMOST CANCELLED: THE SAFEGUARD PLAN BY LOW COST UAV AND TERRESTRIAL DSM PHOTOGRAMMETRY SURVEYING AND 3D WEB GIS APPLICATIONS

Abstract. “Giving a bird-fly look at the Rome countryside, throughout the Middle Age central period, it would show as if the multiple city towers has been widely spread around the territory” on a radial range of maximum thirty kilometers far from the Capitol Hill center (Carocci and Vendittelli, 2004). This is the consequence of the phenomenon identified with the “Incasalamento” neologism, described in depth in the following paper, intended as the general process of expansion of the urban society interests outside the downtown limits, started from the half of the XII and developed through all the XIII century, slowing down and ending in the following years. From the XIX century till today the architectural finds of this reality have raised the interest of many national and international scientists, which aimed to study and catalog them all to create a complete framework that, cause of its extension, didn’t allow yet attempting any element by element detailed analysis. From the described situation has started our plan of intervention, we will apply integrated survey methods and technologies of terrestrial and UAV near stereo-photogrammetry, by the use of low cost drones, more than action cameras and reflex on extensible rods, integrated and referenced with GPS and topographic survey. In the final project we intend to produce some 3D scaled and textured surface models of any artifact (almost two hundreds were firstly observed still standing), to singularly study the dimensions and structure, to analyze the building materials and details and to formulate an hypothesis about any function, based even on the position along the territory. These models, successively georeferenced, will be imported into a 2D and 3D WebGIS and organized in layers made visible on basemaps of reference, as much as on historical maps.

SAFETY AND ACCESSIBILITY OF FUNDS OF MANUSCRIPTS AND RARE BOOKS OF THE ACADEMIC LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA

The Academic Library of theUniversityofLatviacontains the largest collection of Latvian literature in the world – the Misins Library and unique rare books and manuscripts (dating back to XIII century). Visitors have access to newspapers, maps, posters, photography and pictures. In order to ensure the long-term accessibility and safety of the materials, that are important for Latvian cultural history, the digitization of the materials was started in 1996. Since 2006 the Academic Library participates in the project Latvian National Digital Library.

SACRED AREAS OF SOUTHEAST OF KYIV-PODIL (XI–XIII CENTURIES)

The article is devoted to sacred areas located in the south-eastern part of Old-Rus Podil district. This area has remained poorly investigated for a long time compared to other areas of this OldKyiv region. Archaeological researches of period 2007–2015 greatly expanded our understanding of the south-eastern part of old Podil. In this paper, we tried to reconstruct the sacred loci of this territory.In the tenth century, Kyiv consisted of a populated town – a large coastal area – Podil and of small sacral-administrative part – Detinets on Zamkova Hill and the necropolis on the Old Kyiv Hill. Due to active development of a new city in the days of the reign of Vladimir son of Svyatoslav and his son Yaroslav the Wise, inhabitants of Podil, now Christians, have had to look for another place to bury their dead. They were forced to look for areas in the territory without mass urban development.Henceforth cemeteries are beginning to play a significant role in shaping the structure of the medieval town of Kyiv-Podil. Several cemeteries were located at the extreme points of the settlement area, which, due to waterlogging and flood threats were unsuitable for life. It was proposed to use the term to define such cemeteries in the structure of ancient Podil – “outlying cemeteries”. Three of these cemeteries and one single burial excavated in the south-eastern part of ancient Podil. Cemeteries found on the Naberezhno-Khreschatytska, 1-а str. and Naberezhno-Khreschatytska, 9 str. belong to the earliest Podol burial grounds, their active functioning on the XI century.The cemetery opened in 2015 at the Postal Square and burial of women (Petra Sagaydachnogo str., 6-в ) belong to another chronological period. They date back to the XII – the first half of the XIII century. Recent studies have shown that a sufficiently large area in the south-eastern outskirts of Old-Rus Podil were unsuitable for settlement and so they are often used for a cemetery.

Energy Efficiency, Heritage Conservation, and Landscape Integration: the Case Study of the San Martino Castle in Parella (Turin, Italy)

This paper presents the restoration, functional upgrading and plant design carried out at the San Martino Castle, located in Parella. The castle was built in the XIII Century and had undergone extensions and transformations up until the XX Century. It has been recently refurbished with the introduction of new functions. The criteria that drove the plant design were: to give new life to the environment, to achieve adequate comfort levels and air quality; to respect the existing structures, minimizing or integrating terminals and distribution systems; and to install energy efficiency systems, as well as to minimize emissions and running costs.

MEMORIAL ABBASIYAH RA PANEN ILMU PENGETAHUA

History proves the Arabs ever gave birth to a great country in the world that is the Abbasid Bani Dynasty. The greatness of this kingdom lasted between the VIII century until the middle of the XIII century AD In addition to the vastness of its territory, this kingdom is also famous for the greatness of the development of science. Various fields of science and the characters are born at this time. As in the science of religion: tafseer, qira'at, hadith, fiqh, qalam, tasauf, and language. In general science: mathematics, science falaq, art, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, anstronomy, optics, history, philosophy and other sciences. The great figures of the time were al-Farabi, al-Kindy, ibn Rushd, ibn Sina, ibn Thufail, ibn Bajah, al-Ghazali, ibn Haiyam and other figures. The rapid development of science shows the great progress achieved by the Abbasids. It seems that for now the splendor of the past will be a mere history, hope for the sake of hope does not come true because it is always less competitive with other nations.

Планомерность как всеобщая форма и исходная категория экономической системы

The article prepared for the 75-th anniversary of the Faculty of Economics of the Moscow State Lomonosov University shows one of the periods of scientific & pedagogical activities of the oldest Faculty’s departments — Department of Political Economy, which sources are somewhere in XIII century. As autonomous unit of the Faculty of Economics it was established in 1953 on the 12-th year of the Faculty’s existence at the Moscow University in connection with opening of the University’s new building on the Lenin Hills. «The Moscow University Review, Series Economy, 6» has devoted special issue N 4, 2016 to Faculty’s jubilee, where there were published several articles representing University’s scientific heritage in economic branch, among them there are some works by the Faculty’s scientists. The article been proposed here proceeds that very series of publications. In this case the author speaks about the history of working at one of the fundamental categories of political economy of Socialism — planned nature of development of socialist economy realized by the staff of Department of Political Economy lead by Doctor of Science (Econ.), Professor, Merited Science Worker of the RSFSR N.A.Tsagolov in the 2-volume University «Course of Political Economy» (1–3 editions). The author of the article is one of direct participants of working at this category and redaction of both volumes of the «Course».

WORD ORDER IN SIMPLE NARRATIVE SENTENCES IN THE OLD SPANISH LANGUAGE (BY THE EXAMPLE OF FORMAL LETTERS)

There are different classifications of sentences. Structurally-typological approach to the classification of sentences is based on a comparison of the word order, i.e. the position of main and secondary components in a simple sentence. Such an approach follows from the theory of language typology elaborated by the American linguist J. Greenberg. In the theoretical part the report provides the main thesis of the classical Greenberg’s theory, which is based on the order of the basic components of a simple sentence: subject (S), verb (V) and object (O). According to this theory any language admits different configurations of the elements: SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS, OSV or OVS, but the dominant order can be only one. Greenberg took into account only sentences with nominal subject and nominal object. As a rule the most frequent orders are SVO, SOV and VSO. The other three orders VOS, OSV, OVS are very rare and hardly reach the dominant status. Spanish is traditionally considered SVO-language. Nevertheless there are contemporary linguistic investigations that give new information according to which the Spanish language is not only the type SVO but also the type VSO. As for the old Spanish language there are different opinions: some linguists consider that the type VSO is an intermediate one between the Latin order SOV and modern Spanish order SVO, others refer the old Spanish language to the type SVO. Thus, the aim of the report is to analyze the types of simple narrative sentences in the language of formal letters written in old Spanish of the XIII century. Based on the theory of J. Greenberg the author examines models of simple sentences with so called full syntactic frame, i.e. models where subject and object are expressed by separate word. In models SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS, OSV, OVS the author distinguishes pronominal, nominal and pronominal-nominal ways of the subject expression, as well as the nominative object and pronominal object-clitic. The examples from formal letters dated by the XIII century show that the old Spanish language refers to the type SVO.

The Main Signs of the Mongol Empire Formation in the XIII Century

The article is devoted to the study of the key features of the Empire with a comparative analysis of the Mongolian Empire. The authors of the article conclude that nomadic peoples of Central Asia in the 13th century managed to form the Mongolian Empire with all its characteristics. This fact is very important in terms of the history of the state and law, the theory of the State and law; scholars, historians and anthropologists have not examined the emergence of the Mongolian Empire on the basis of characteristics inherent to the European empires. But the Mongolian empire had its own characteristic, which we must take into account, namely, the Mongolian and Tatar tribes were mobile. The hallmark of the Mongolian Empire's mobility distinguishes this state from other empires that existed in the Middle Ages.

Concerning the acts of bequeathing in Serbian medieval law

In this article we aimed to present the idea of bequeathing in the old Serbian law. Serbs, just as the other Slavic tribes, had a particular way of life, and customs that included the phenomenon of zadruga, extended family which was formed by several families who shared property. In that reality, it was not possible to divide estate, nor to dispose it individually. Therefore, writing a will or establishing some likewise division by the words of last will orally, probably was something that was not done, or at least was limited only to chattel. However, researching on the oldest mentions of Serbs, one can notice that its medieval rulers, and sometimes noblemen, had the right to determine their successors and to bequeath to them a certain part of their estate. That was usually done by a father - a king, to his sons. That is the model that is present in the history of early medieval era in various Slavic tribes. On the other side, will as a private legal deed is for the first time mentioned in the legal code of XIII century, Zakonopravilo of Saint Sabba, following the Byzantine legal provisions. Wills must have been used if not earlier than the XIII century, then certainly in this time, around the second decade of the XIII century. Nevertheless, nature of the Serbian Medieval wills (or the other acts of bequeathing, such as gifts ad pias causas) might be a subject of deeper analysis where they could be compared to the other medieval Slavic wills, originated from the scope of medieval Croatia, Russia, Great Moravia, Bohemia, and Poland. We tried to list the oldest known Serbian wills and make some remarks in relation to their common characteristics.

STORIES ABOUT SUFI DEVOTEES IN THE CONTEXT OF PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS OF FARID AL-DIN ‘ATTAR

The article deals with investigation of a number of stories about the conversations between Rabi‘ a al-‘Adawiya and Hasan al-Basri, representatives of the early mystical and ascetic trend in Islam. These stories are gathered in poems of the major Persian poet and Sufi thinker of XII — XIII centuries Farid ad-Din ‘Attar (“The Language of the Birds”, “The Divine Book”) and anthology “Memorial of God’s Friends”). The article shows, that Rabi‘a was consistently developing the idea, that it is impossible to the Sufi to attain higher moral qualities or true knowledge, if he tries to build a relationship with God striving for his own posthumous felicity and award. That is why in his poems and anthology, ‘Attar affi rms that Rabi‘a’s highest spiritual qualities and divine knowledge are fruit of her pure love to God, and not of her desire for the happy afterlife. The conversations between Rabi‘a al-‘Adawiya and Hasan al-Basri represent a very rare occurrence in Islamic culture, when a woman, (because of her righteousness and full concentration on love to God), could become a spiritual guide for great Sufi men at that time. Later her life was considered by the Sufi traditionas an example to be followed for those who had chosen the Sufi path of God’s knowledge. The article examines the most important aspects of Rabi‘ a’s teachings in the context of the philosophical views of ‘Attar. The certain aspects of Rabi‘a’s Sufi conversation are discussion of Sufi virtues, of intuitive knowledge and human love for God. In Rabi‘a’s teachings the love of God and recognition of His unity and uniqueness (tawhid) appears as the unique way to the reaching the inner spiritual integrity.

BLESSED AUGUSTINE’S THEOCRATIC IDEAS AND THEIR MEDIEVAL IMPLEMENTATIONS

In the article it is illustrated by theocratic ideas of St. Augustine that the political thought in the Middle Ages was closely connected with theology. According to Augustine the course of human history is determined by Divine Providence and is a struggle between Good and Evil. Deity is just a source of goodness, the evil emerges of free will of a human. In accordance with the struggle between Good and Evil the World History is divided into two directions: God ’s believers build the City of God, Satan’s followers build secular terrestrial State. In his teachings of two Cities Augustine comes out of the theory of the unity of the human being. He explains that the main principle of the political thought of the Middle Ages which has been reflected in the XIII century is theocracy, superiority of supreme value – God – over the ideas of government and identity embraced as values. Augustine emphasized that all kingdoms on Earth are under the authority of God. Augustine tried to distinguish between the running of the country from the point of view of Christian governor and usual terrestrial lords. In terms of the City of God the happiness of the lords consists in that they rule for a long while, die a natural death transferring power to sons, to conquer the enemy countries, to placate or avoid rebellions. Another matter is mission and responsibilities of the Christian emperors which belong to the Kingdom of God. Augustine said we call them happy if they rule fair, fear and worship God, use the power to widespread respect for God and serving His Majesty.It is noted that Augustine attributed to the Christian rulers such qualities as modesty in the manner, a desire to rule over bad inclinations rather than the heathen, offering sacrifices of humility for the sins to God, repentance and prayer. Augustine sure that those people who are truly pious and lead a Christian life, should master the art of managing nations. If by the grace of God they get power, it would be the best for mankind. It is proved, that the theocratic principle, that was, in its own way, formulated and justified in the teachings of Augustine, was being gradually approved in practical life, along with the strengthening of the church. Was analyzed the condition of papal power in the Middle Ages. During this period in a sense in the medieval Holy Roman Empire embodied theologically understandable state model of Augustine. This is a Christian nation that is at the same time a secular state. Inevitable inconsistencies of secular and Christian elements of this kind of state led to difficulties, namely, to the constant struggle between the Emperor and the Pope, that took place with varying success. Widespread in the Middle Ages got another image, that is known as the theory of two swords. The sword symbolized power. The theory of two swords is known in different interpretations. In the interpretation of the church, Christ gives to spiritual (church) leader two swords as symbols of spiritual and secular power. And the spiritual lord himself, gives one of the swords to the secular ruler and therefore has superiority over him.

Conflicto jurisdiccional y competencia escrituraria entre la catedral de León y el monasterio de Sahagún: la elaboración de Becerros en el siglo XIII

Este artículo analiza las implicaciones derivadas de la producción del Becerro de Presentaciones por parte del scriptorium de la catedral de León y del Becerro Segundo por parte del monasterio de Sahagún en el desarrollo de la etapa final de largo pleito sostenido entre ambas instituciones a causa de la delimitación de sus respectivas jurisdicciones. La producción de estos dos códices no sólo permite comprender la competencia escrituraria existente entre ambos centros como resultado de su controvertida relación sino que también nos informa del surgimiento de una nueva dinámica social en relación a la función asignada a la escritura durante el siglo XIII.