Man's World Research Articles

Experience and Management of Fear in Men's World Cup Alpine Ski Racing.

Alpine ski racers, specifically in the discipline of downhill, may experience fear competing in such a high-risk environment. The purpose of this study was to explore Canadian national team men's experience and management of fear in World Cup alpine ski racing. This study uses an interpretive phenomenological analysis, conducted with five male members of the Canadian national ski team. Three themes emerged: contextual influences, preparation and process, and risk vs. reward. The findings indicate one's experience and management of fear may be influenced by contextual factors (e.g., weather, course profile) and confidence, and that confidence is influenced by the same situational factors that influence fear as well as athlete preparation. There currently exists a discrepancy between the athletes' approaches to training and racing, making it difficult to master fear management strategies. As a result of the discrepancy created between training and racing, there are several implications for how the national team environment and training is structured, and we present recommendations for how these findings can be applied to training.

Transforming Gender and Emotion: The Butterfly Lovers Story in China and Korea

Transforming Gender and Emotion: The Butterfly Lovers Story in China and Korea

Within-Match Performance Dynamics – Momentary Strength in Handball

Handball is an Olympic team sport characterized by changes of ball possession, where teams either play on offense or defense. In this paper, we model momentary strength in handball as scoring probabilities based on a double moving average. In this cross-sectional observational study, the aim was to describe the dynamics of momentary strength in handball from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Momentary strength can be used to further characterize the nuances of the sport by identifying different phases in a match. The momentary strength model was applied to the 2019 International Handball Federation (IHF) Men's World Championship. Ninety-six games were analyzed. The results showed that momentary strength could be used to better understand the dynamic interaction process between two teams. The Spearman correlation between the teams' median momentary strength and their final ranks at the Championship was -0.830. Virtually each team faced phases in its matches with a momentary scoring probability lower than 0.10 and with 4 exceptions also higher than 0.90. Twelve out of the 24 teams showed phases with a momentary scoring probability of exactly 0 as well as exactly 1

Gender apartheid: The challenges of breaking into “man's world”

AbstractDrawing on feminist/gender theory and the notion that women self‐allocate to occupations with which they identify, this study examines the challenges confronted by women working in male‐dominated occupations in a highly patriarchal setting. The findings reveal that women working in “male‐typed” occupations in Nigeria are “lone wolves” in a marginal revolution. They experience social ostracism, impaired spousal relationships, and a lack of support from friends and family. Furthermore, the entrenchment of patriarchal culture, the requirement of physical strength, and the lack of trust on the part of clients pose significant barriers to their success in male‐dominated professions. These problems further breed and reinforce occupational gender segregation. The prospects of reducing occupational gender segregation and the underrepresentation of women in “male‐typed” occupations appear slim due to cultural beliefs and the patriarchal orientation in the study context.

Performing Islam on the International Pitch: Stretching Space and Turning Time in Men's World Football

ABSTRACT How do performances of Islam in men's football affect the beautiful game's spatiotemporality? This article argues that football is a performative act in conversation with Islam and other social forces. It investigates two examples of spatiotemporal transformations that dislocate viewers' and fans' assumptions of watching football. First, forward Mohamed Salah performs sujood (prostration) after scoring a goal for his club team. Second, Tunisian national goalkeeper Mouez Hassan faked injuries in two pre–World Cup friendlies in May 2018 during Ramadan, stopping play and the referee's watch so Hassan's teammates could break their fast. In both cases, Islam and football intersect performatively, altering the preexisting structure of contemporary football to reveal the sport's spatiotemporal structures as porous, semipermeable, and performative in reference to surrounding social contexts and religious practices.

Maping gendered social closure mechanisms through examination of seven male‐dominated occupations

AbstractUsing the concept of gendered social closure mechanisms, we aim at identifying the social practices and agents involved in the limited access to what we call men's worlds. To do so, we study the ways that women have to access to seven highly male‐dominated occupations in Spain through the analysis of qualitative data based on in‐depth interviews. We propose an analytical model that integrates the structural approach with the microsociological approach and considers that the social closure mechanisms happen at three levels (structural level, occupational/professional level, and organizational level). We state that the time frame of closure mechanisms (pre‐existing, prior to, or threshold of access) is key to understand the impact of such closure mechanisms. The results enable us to show how the mechanisms are cumulative in character rather than exclusive, and to propose a categorization of occupations according to their closure mechanisms. We conclude that any analysis that aims to understand segregation by sex in each profession or occupation must involve a mapping of the gendered social closure mechanisms, as only through a detailed knowledge of the mechanisms and their specific dynamics can we propose changes in practices and policies addressed to improve women's access to male‐dominated occupations

The Changing Facets of Marketing: Exploring the Social Media Effect on Tourist

Social media has taken over almost every sphere of a man's world; ranging from socialisation, to business, to networking, to marketing and the like. No industry has remained untouched by the influence of social media. In today's fast pacing world, tourism offers recluse to the modern man looking for relaxation and unwinding stress. Tourism which has been an ever-dynamic industry has witnessed transformation by the advent of social media due to the very nature of it being 'information intensive'. In the present time and era, people are tech savvy and well informed, social media offers great opportunities to both tourists and travel firms for a meaningful exchange. Comparatively cheaper, interactive and less complex mechanisms of social media marketing have made it a favourite amongst the tourism sector. This paper aims to explore how an Indian tourist feels about social media marketing activities taken by the various Tourism and Hospitality players in terms of engagement and building a relationship with the Tourism brands, the paper seeks theoretical support of the Social Exchange Theory in building a conceptual framework and testing it amongst Indian tourists. With cut throat competition from well-established travel firms to newer start-ups, marketing has become a vital component for survival, keeping consumers engaged is the best way to thrive.

Recent Improvements in Marathon Run Times Are Likely Technological, Not Physiological.

Every women’s and men’s world records from 5 km to the marathon has been broken since the introduction of carbon fibre plate (CFP) shoes in 2016. This step-wise increase in performance coincides with recent advancements in shoe technology that increase the elastic properties of the shoe thereby reducing the energy cost of running. The latest CFP shoes are acknowledged to increase running economy by more than 4%, corresponding to a greater than 2% improvement in performance/run time. The recently modified rules governing competition shoes for elite athletes, announced by World Athletics, that includes sole thickness must not exceed 40 mm and must not contain more than one rigid embedded plate, appear contrary to the true essence and credibility of sport as access to this performance-defining technology becomes the primary differentiator of sporting performance in elite athletes. This is a particular problem in sports such as athletics where the primary sponsor of the athlete is very often a footwear manufacturing company. The postponement of the 2020 Summer Olympics provides a unique opportunity for reflection by the world of sport and time to commission an independent review to evaluate the impact of technology on the integrity of sporting competition. A potential solution to solve this issue can involve the reduction of the stack height of a shoe to 20 mm. This simple and practical solution would prevent shoe technology from having too large an impact on the energy cost of running and, therefore, determining the performance outcome.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s40279-020-01420-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The Essential Nonessentialized Brown Girl

The Essential Nonessentialized Brown Girl Christine Imperial (bio) Letters to a Young Brown Girl Barbara Jane Reyes BOA Editions LTD www.boaeditions.org/products/letters-to-a-young-brown-girl 72 Pages; Print, $17.00 "Brown Girl Fields Many Questions," the first poem of Barbara Jane Reyes's sixth full-length collection of poetry Letters to a Brown Girl, confronts the reader with the brutal reality of Filipino brownness. It begins: If you want to know what we are whose body parts are scattered to the winds, dispersed as heirloom seeds into the beaks, stomachs, and dropping of migratory birds, broken through our clear film of rage to leaf and fruit, no matter what territory or terrain. Reyes does not allow this eloquently rendered lyric to dissolve into a universal reading that allows anyone to take on the persona of the poem. She immediately deconstructs her own lyric to expose the ways in which the New Critical mode of close reading widely used to understand a poem devalues the subjectivity the poem is birthed from. "iii. In which English 'we' is crude lacking in the specific exclusive and inclusive distinctions of the Tagalog 'tayo' and 'kami'" stands out for it illustrates the persona's awareness of what English lacks as a means of expressing the specificity of the Filipinx identity. Reyes recognizes that the brown girl must work harder when writing in English for what can be in one word in Tagalog must be stretched out and re-articulated. What follows after this deconstruction of language is a decompression of the opening lyric through a long list of images and experiences that exposes the conditions surrounding the brown girl's subjectivity: what it's like when they ask whether your mother was a green card hunting whore,a nudie dancer near the military base, a drug addict, a welfare cheatwhat it's like when they say you are an illegal, when they say fucking monkey, when they ask why you eat dog, when they call you a dirty Filipino.What it's like when they tell you you should be grateful. Here we see that the brown girl cannot be a blank slate. She cannot be a universal figure. Her lyric is not everyone's lyric. Knowing her poems are going to be read by a white audience, Reyes exhausts the reader by showing the ugly reality of oppression against brown bodies. Instead of allowing the white reader to feel sympathy and passively consume, she forces them to confront the ways in which their privilege has come at the cost of bodies of color. By listing down these experiences, Reyes lays the framework for the brown girl's reclamation of her identity. Throughout the collection, Reyes's language is direct and unflinching as it rallies against disguising language in the figurative. In "Brown Girl Manifesto: #AllPinayEverything," Reyes writes, "Because so much depends upon vacuous speech" she is reminding the reader of the power of voice. She asserts her writing is not metaphor. It is not a tropical fantasy nor is it wholly an experience of laborious subservience. It is who the brown girl is, and the brown girl is not afraid to scream. The brown girl who must tell her own story, because nobody else can. As Reyes writes in "Track: 'You're the One,' Fanny (1971)," "Hell yeah, let this Brown Girl be, ruby rock and roll gypsy in a big man's dirty world. I make ovaries of stone. I make the hottest blood. I'm the one. I'm my own thing." Throughout the collection, the poems take on the form of lists that name the collective experience of brown girlhood. The list simultaneously accumulates and de-accumulates experience. It allows for the reader to process each item both as individual experience and part of a larger one. This is significant for it reflects the text's tension of trying to illustrate the collective experience of the brown girl while also recognizing the individual character and narrative of every brown girl. The text's final poem "Dear Brown Girl" is a massive list where this tension is most palpable. She writes: 37...

Existential Crisis, Sexuality and Immutable Plight of Women in the Plays 'Sakharam Binder' and ‘Silence the Court is in Session'

“It's a men's world women are here only to assist, serve and please men. It’s the way the world has always been.”
 In the world there is only one supreme culture prevailing universally in all the societies is the men-centric culture, which is all powerful and all pervasive. This patriarchal culture and its norms are so deeply engrained in the soul of people that they relegate women into fringe or secondary position.
 Women's rights talk about equality in each aspects of life but in India where patriarchy has solid roots in society, it appears to be extremely hard to acquire concordance and equality in power structures. Patriarchy has clasped Indian middle class society in its stereotyped shackles and its hold on society is unbending and heavy which adversely affects the lives of women. The torture born by women is the result of brutal dominating tendency of males and Tendulkar in general, spotlights on the patriarchal society in both of his plays. He indicated how a men centric society and women's liberation are interconnected and how male domination transforms into maltreatment of women. All the power in Indian society is in the hands of the males which at last prompts the pathetic state of females. Power, when gets discordant, without a doubt results into persecution and domination whether it is mastery of man over women or the other way around. Indian middle class has the same imbalanced power structure and consequently male domination exists because of male dominated society. The ruling idea of males tosses women into a well of persecution of each sort. Such state of females is exhibited by Tendulkar in ‘Sakharam Binder' and in ‘Silence the Court is in Session' caused by the patriarchal system of culture wherein the women have to struggle hard and pass through severe plight to establish their place in society. As we see in case of these three women Miss Benare, Laxmi and Champa. All these three are discarded women who strive hard for their existence in society and have to pass through so many inextricable difficulties. But the plight goes immutable, and unending.

Substancialidade a'uwê no espelho waradzu: Escutar o corpo indígena Xavante em contexto de trânsito espacial e cultural

Para os Xavante, um melhor entendimento do mundo dos brancos e a capacidade de trazer melhorias para seu povo mediante estadias fora de seu território é habilidade crucial na competência de um líder. Em meados do século XX, o cacique Apöena, da Terra Indígena de Pimentel Barbosa, estabeleceu vínculos com um grupo de brancos de Ribeirão Preto, SP, e determinou a migração de oito de seus netos, todos do sexo masculino, para a cidade de origem do grupo. O presente artigo tem como enfoque a história de alguns protagonistas atuais desse intercâmbio. Objetivou-se perscrutar, mediante inclusive a sua expressão em práticas corporais, as suas perspectivas de si e de futuro e os seus efeitos na construção e transformação identitária. Para esse efeito, foram realizadas análises de entrevistas não estruturadas, realizadas com os jovens e suas famílias brancas, sob o enfoque metodológico da etnopsicanálise. Elucidou-se que esse encontro engendrou formas ativas e singulares de construção identitária e de ressignificação da tradição e memória Xavante por parte desses jovens, tanto no atinente às suas respectivas biografias quanto no entendimento dessas como uma forma de resposta à missão que lhes foi confiada pelo seu povo. Evidencia-se, nessa perspectiva, a importância de se ultrapassar concepções atidas à aculturação de indivíduos indígenas em contato com o meio urbano, levando em conta suas sociocosmologias particulares.

Skin color and investment performance in South Africa's mutual funds industry

PurposeUsing data for the period 1965–2016, we investigate whether there are systematic differences between the investment performance of Black fund managers and those of other races in South Africa and whether investors recognize these differences. The two-tailed test results show that there is no significant difference between the two means considering the 12 months yield return at a hypothesized mean difference of zero. There is no statistical difference at 5% level of significance implying that the performance of Black fund managers is as equally as that of managers of other races. Our results also show that the percentage of Black fund managers in South Africa is still too low even as the workforce gets diverse. There's no single explanation for what is happening in this industry. The findings cannot be explained by differences in fund characteristics such as age, total assets under management or expenses or from the performance lenses. The results seem hard to reconcile with an explanation of differences in portfolio characteristics such as return volatility or market, size, value and momentum exposures.Design/methodology/approachWe test the glass cliff hypothesis by employing conditional logistic regression (CLR). The approach enables the use of case/control style of analysis where White/majority fund managers are the control population and professional minorities are the case group. The selection of these as fund managers is our event or outcome variable. To test savior effect hypothesis, we employ analysis of variance (ANOVA). The technique enables us to compare variances between the groups: when a White male fund manager replaces a professional minority, when a White male fund manager replaces a White male fund manager and when a professional minority replaces a professional minority.FindingsOur analyses so far have documented a woeful underrepresentation of Black fund managers in South Africa's mutual funds industry. We explore potential explanations for these trends. Our analysis is meant to be suggestive. Are Blacks, women, people of color and ethnic minorities finding success in the investment industry? Are they having rewarding and fulfilling careers? Or is the industry still homogenous (just a White man's world) with a thin veneer of diversity layered on for public relations effect? The percentage of Black fund managers in South Africa is still too low even as the workforce gets diverse. There is no single explanation for what is happening in this industry. The findings cannot be explained by differences in fund characteristics such as age, total assets under management or expenses or from the performance lenses. Also, the results seem hard to reconcile with an explanation of differences in portfolio characteristics such as return volatility or market, size, value and momentum exposures.Research limitations/implicationsThe two-tailed test results show that there is no significant difference between the two means considering the 12 months yield return at a hypothesized mean difference of zero. There is no statistical difference at 5% level of significance. Our results so far establish that, ceteris paribus, the performance of Black fund managers is as equally as that of managers of other races.Practical implicationsThe two-tailed test results show that there is no significant difference between the two means considering the 12 months yield return at a hypothesized mean difference of zero. There is no statistical difference at 5% level of significance. Our results so far establish that, ceteris paribus, the performance of Black fund managers is as equally important as that of managers of other races.Social implicationsThe two-tailed test results show that there is no significant difference between the two means considering the 12 months yield return at a hypothesized mean difference of zero. There is no statistical difference at 5% level of significance. Our results so far establish that, ceteris paribus, the performance of Black fund managers is as equally important as that of managers of other races.Originality/valueThis paper investigates whether there are systematic differences between the investment performance of Black fund managers and those of other races in South Africa and whether investors recognize these differences. Our hypothesis is that due to Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) laws in the country and possibly, due to a perception of discrimination in the market, it is only Black fund managers with superior fund management skills that enter the profession. As such, we expect to find superior performance among Black fund managers. We also conjecture that investors recognize this phenomenon and reward Black fund managers with more fund flows and more investment mandates than others.

How did three consecutive matches with extra time affect physical performance? A case study of the 2018 football Men's World Cup.

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effect of playing three consecutive matches with extra time (ET) on the physical performance of selected Croatian players in their subsequent match, the final of the 2018 Men’s World Cup in Russia. The case study consisted of 4 players on the Croatian national team (16 observations) who had played in all three matches up to 120 min. The consecutive full time matches (90 minutes) and extra time (30 minutes) were compared. The analysis was conducted using data collected by an advanced motion analysis system known as STATS and from interviews with the strength and conditioning coach of the Croatian national team. The recorded variables used were: total distance covered [m], distances covered [m] at intensity ranges of 20–25 km/h and above 25 km/h, and number of sprints performed. All the studied parameters systematically increased in each match up to 90 minutes of play, reached their maximum values in the semi-final and then decreased in the final match. Compared to the first extra time period, in the third extra time period the players covered twice as much distance with an intensity of 20–25 km/h and above 25 km/h, and recorded twice as many sprints. This investigation shows that players in central positions on the pitch are able to maintain or even increase high and very high intensity activity in three consecutive matches with extra time. These data complement the developing body of literature relating to the influence of accumulation of match play with extra time periods on high level players.

Is it a Man's World? Senior-Level Executive Women at Work in the 21st Century

The last several years have witnessed calls for changes and inclusive processes for women in organizations. Both the #MeToo movement and McDormand’s call for an 'inclusive rider' highlight the problem of gender inequality even in senior positions. Indeed, some countries have shown evidence of an ever-growing increase in demands to raise quotas and legislate further regulations encouraging women’s inclusion in companies' boards (Huse, 2005; Seierstad, Warner-Søderholm, Torchia & Huse, 2015). However, despite this rising awareness, women still face significant struggles, biases, and difficulties as they move up the ladder into senior positions. Acker (2006) argues that social and economic inequality in the United States and other industrial countries is embedded in organizations, and is evident in the daily activities of working in an organization (2006, p. 441). However, while workers in lower-level, non-management positions are more aware of this inequality, it is less prevalent in management, leadership, and supervisory roles. In the current symposium, we will discuss the difficulties women face as they advance to senior positions. The papers presented in the symposium indicate the multiple barriers and biases concerning women working in male dominated or even neutral-gender occupations. We also deliberate about the connection between women serving as board members and organizational performance, and highlight the differences in the usage of social capital between senior women and their male counterparts. Focusing on the difficulties facing women in senior professional positions, this symposium offers rich insights into the challenges women face as they move up the hierarchical corporate ladder. Gender Bias and Attractiveness during the Evaluation of Unethical Accountants' Work Behaviors Presenter: Galit Klein; Department of Economics and Business Administration, Ariel U. Presenter: Zeev Shtudiner; Department of Economics and Business Administration, Ariel U. Overcoming Career Barriers for Executive Women in the Resources Sector of Western Australia Presenter: Tracy Hopkins; Curtin Business School The Impact of Female Senior Manager Work Practices on the Stock Market: The Case of Enron Presenter: Batia Ben Hador; Ariel U. Department of Economics and Business Administration, Israel Presenter: Eyal Eckhaus; Department of Economics and Business Administration, Ariel U. How Female and Male Directors Differentially Influence Firm Performance Presenter: Luz Elena Orozco; U. de los Andes, Colombia Presenter: VICTOR BALDRICH; School of Management, U. de los Andes Do Men and Women in Traditionally Male-Dominated Occupations Experience Asymmetric Career Effects? Presenter: Romila Singh; U. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Presenter: Nadya Fouad; U. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Presenter: Xiaoxia Zhu; U. of Milwaukee-Wisconsin Presenter: MICHAEL KOZLOWSKI; School of Education, U. of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Presenter: STEPHEN WESTER; School of Education U. of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Presenter: Megha Yadav; U. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Presenter: Lu Yu; U. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

Feminismos y género en los Estudios Internacionales

En las últimas décadas, el rol específico de las mujeres en las relaciones internacionales ha recibido más atención y las teorías feministas han ganado terreno en el debate intelectual, lo que ha contribuido a una sensibilización general hacia la incorporación del análisis de la categoría de género en la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales. De hecho, uno de los rasgos característicos de la disciplina había sido la invisibilización de las estructuras de género que impactan a hombres y mujeres de forma distinta. Sin embargo, con la irrupción del llamado “cuarto debate” se abrió una nueva oportunidad para pensar lo internacional desde miradas más críticas e inclusivas. El impacto de los estudios feministas tuvo lugar a finales de la década de 1980 con una publicación especial sobre género en la revista académica Millennium: Journal of International Studies. De gran relevancia en la actualidad son las teorías producidas fuera de los centros hegemónicos y que cuestionan tanto las teorías clásicas como el sistema de género occidental por encubrir un proyecto etnocéntrico. En efecto, las teóricas post y decoloniales pretenden desestabilizar los discursos hegemónicos sobre una supuesta experiencia universal de las mujeres. En este sentido, el objetivo central del presente artículo es realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre las principales escuelas feministas, así como sistematizar la pluralidad de teorías y de prácticas feministas que han tenido lugar en el devenir de los estudios internacionales. De esta forma, tras una breve introducción sobre el surgimiento de los enfoques feministas en la disciplina, el presente estudio realiza un análisis de las aportaciones de las principales escuelas feministas: el feminismo liberal, el feminismo del punto de vista, el feminismo constructivista, el feminismo posmodernista, el feminismo postcolonial, el feminismo decolonial, la teoría queer y el enfoque sobre las masculinidades. A través del examen de estas diferentes corrientes teóricas, se analizará su impacto en la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales, evidenciando los cambios epistemológicos, metodológicos y ontológicos presentes en las diferentes escuelas. Las teorías feministas en las Relaciones Internacionales deben ser abordadas, pues, de manera multidimensional, en el sentido de reconocer las diferencias y elementos comunes respecto a las experiencias de las mujeres, hombres y disidentes sexuales desde diferentes latitudes.

Timeline, Scores and Results Prediction in Professional Men's Soccer FIFA World Cups (1930-2018)

Professional men's soccer FIFA World Cup (FWC) takes place every four years, so it is an excellent opportunity to follow evolution in this modality. Hence, three objectives were set: a) to verify the trend of the average goals scored and score frequency; b) to analyze the association between first-half results and final results of matches; and c) to identify if half times results could predict matches outcomes. Thus, we analyzed all 900 FWC matches between years 1930 and 2018. Data were organized in goals scored and against in the first half and at the end of matches, first-half and matches outcome (win, draw or lose). Descriptive and trend analysis were carried out for the evolution of goals in FWC editions. A cross table was used to verify the final scores of matches, followed by an analysis of the association between partial results (first half) and final matches outcome, and a multinomial logistic regression to identify the match win odds ratio. It concludes that goals average in FWC has an undulatory trend; scores up to three goals were prevalent; first half win is associated to final win matches, and first half lose or draw increases odds to lose at the end of matches.

It's a man's world: carnal spectatorship and dissonant masculinities in Islamic State videos

Abstract Islamic State videos have often been associated with savage violence and beheadings. An in-depth scrutiny however reveals another striking feature: that female bodies are absent, blurred or mute. Examining a few Islamic State videos in depth, the article suggests that the invisibility of women in tandem with the ostentatious visibility of male bodies enable gendered and embodied spectators to indulge in homoerotic as well as heterosexual imaginaries. In contrast to studies on visual security and online radicalization which assert that images affect an audience, this article focuses on the interaction between video and audience and argues that spectators are not only rational and emotional but embodied and gendered as well. Islamic State videos do not only attract western foreign fighters through religious–ideological rhetoric or emotional impact but also through gendered forms of pleasure and desire that enable carnal imagination and identification. The article probes the analytical purchase of carnal aesthetics and spectatorship.

İhsan Oktay Anar'ın Romanlarında Erkekler ve Erkeklikler

In this study, which focuses on the discipline of literary sociology, men and masculinities in the novels of Ihsan Oktay Anar were examined from a sociological perspective. Literary works are social products and it is essential to make sociological inferences by focusing on a literary genre in the studies carried out in the name of literature sociology. Literary texts are meant to convey meaning, not information. The main reason for choosing the novel genre for the study is that this genre is an important carrier of the meanings imposed on social life. Roma are important sources for understanding people's inner world. Novels for studying the images of masculinity built are favorable in that the men's world is a world that is not described and is not spoken too much. The world of the novel, designed by Ihsan Oktay Anar, is the world of men. The absence of female characters in their narratives, the fact that they have very faint roles even if they lead us to call this world men's world. Understanding and analyzing what kind of features the male characters in the novels of the author are constructed is valuable in terms of giving an idea for the identity of masculinity built in society. In this article, four novels of Ihsan Oktay Anar, published between 1995-2007; Puslu Kitalar Atlasi, Kitab-ul Hiyel, Amat and Suskunlar are considered as a tool to understand men's inner world. In the article, the identity of masculinity as a building process is revealed through feminist critical discourse analysis. The fact that men hide the contradiction in their lives with the anxiety of being “men”, and creating a world that is not spoken, is due to the fact that the acquired masculinity is on a slippery ground that can be lost at any time. With this concern, personal feelings can be hidden by most men, thus increasing the impact of hegemonic masculinity on identity building. Thus, the novels provide convenient sources for masculinity studies in order to shed light on the world of men. The fact that all of the main characters the author has edited in his novels have turned his texts into texts describing men's worlds.

Playing Across the ‘Halfway Line’ on the Fields of International Relations: The Journey fromGlobalising Sportto Sport Diplomacy

On the still divided Joseon peninsula, a united Korean women's ice hockey team competed at the Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics. Only a few months later, the French, Croatian and Russian heads of state quite literally invited themselves on to the winners’ podium at the 2018 FIFA men's World Cup in Moscow. Such conspicuous examples are emblematic of the role of modern sport in the realm of international relations.

The Black Swan of elite football: the case of Iceland

ABSTRACT Icelandic football has recently attracted widespread international attention. Iceland – with a population of 340.000 – is by far the smallest nation to have qualified for major international men's and women's football championships such as the European Championship Finals and the men's World Cup. In this paper, I argue that Iceland can be identified as ‘a Black Swan’ (something which is highly improbable and unexpected but carries extreme impact) in modern elite sports. Firstly, because it has produced extraordinary results against prestigious football nations. Secondly, because Iceland’s recent success is produced from a ‘none-elite’ sport system, which is built on different ideologies than is customary in the conventional youth sport academies of most nations. And thirdly, because Iceland’s recent success has highlighted weaknesses in the customary international sports model, which larger football nations are currently trying to restore more in line with the Icelandic way of organizing and playing sports.