Standard Working Time Research Articles

К вопросу о национальном стандарте рабочего времени

This article discusses the issue of the national working time standard and its significance in Russian legal reality. The consolidation of the national working time standard in international, domestic and foreign labor law is shown. Attention is drawn to the need to introduce the category of national working time standard into scientific circulation. It is proposed to consolidate the national measure of working time (normal hours) as a national standard of working time. Inaccuracies have been identified in the rules on the rights and obligations of the employee and employer in the field of working time. In order to eliminate them, it is necessary to modernize certain working time standards.

Repetitive assembly basic action detection and standard work measurement based on deep learning

ABSTRACT Researchers extensively use deep learning for assembly task action recognition due to its superior feature representation. However, current methods fail to integrate assembly actions with basic human movements, resulting in poor generalization. Moreover, most research focuses on estimating operation times without computing standard work times. To address this issue, this study uses a deep learning method to detect basic repetitive assembly actions and compute their normalized time. This paper uses the TadTR model to determine each assembly operation’s average observation time and operation category. MS-G3D was then used to recognize the MOD action pairs and obtain the basic MOD actions and PTS times for each operation. The synthetic evaluation method was subsequently employed to obtain the evaluation coefficient, ultimately determining standard working hours.This study shows that the accuracy of the left and right MS-G3D models is 0.8804 and 0.7957, respectively, and the deviation of observation hours is less than 10%. Supplementary experiments further validated the proposed method’s flexibility, showing an observation time deviation of less than 5%. Thus, the standard work time measurement method proposed in this study provides finer-grained recognition of assembly actions and a more objective measure of standard working hours.

Work Standardization in Lean Manufacturing for Improvement of Production Line Performance in SME

Lean manufacturing is a management philosophy and production system that provides all humanly conceived soft technology to remove waste in any production line. One of the requirements of lean is work standardization. Work standards impose a 'rule of law' in a production line by restricting operators to how long they should work on a single unit. The standards consist of the standard workflow, standard work time, and standard quantity that must be adhered to to meet the customers' demands. The main objectives of this study were to improve the performance of a production line, say SW660 x 600, in terms of weekly output, lead time, and work-in-process (WIP). By applying certain lean elements to the production line, this work indeed improved the performance of the production line. In this work, 5S, PDCA cycle, SPC, and VSM tools were used together to solve the production line problems systematically. It was noticed that the low weekly output and long cycle time at each workstation resulted in delays in the delivery of products to customers. The study managed to increase the weekly output from 61.75 per week to 128.75, an improvement of more than 108.50 percent. Next, in terms of lead time, with the help of a simulation exercise, this work also managed to reduce the lead time from 5 to 1 hour, a reduction of 80 percent. Lastly, the WIP also recorded a reduction from an average of 17 to 9 units weekly, which was an improvement of 47 percent on the weekly WIP. Therefore, this work showed that with the introduction of work standards on the production line, the organization could meet the customers' demands and deliver on time as promised. The study can also be used in other production lines of this and other organizations to help improve their production line performance in the long run.

The Right to be Offline: Notes on the Background of the Existing and Proposed Regulations. Part I: Solutions in Selected European Countries

Statutory acts introducing working time standards and the control of their observance were among the first pieces of labour legislation enacted in European countries. In recent years, changes in the organisation of work caused by new technologies have been increasingly pointed out in international, European and national contexts, resulting in a blurring of the boundaries between working time and rest time. The need for regulation in this area has been recognised in various European legislations. It is therefore worth considering whether, and if so, any of them may serve as a model for a future regulation of this issue under the Polish law. The first part of the article presents a few selected solutions adopted in European countries such as France, Spain, Belgium, Portugal and Italy.

EFFECT OF ANXIETY AND WORK FATIGUE ON JOB BURNOUT, DISTRESS, HEALTH EATING INDEX AND BLOOD PRESSURE THROUGH COPING MECHANISM IN OIL AND GAS COMPANY

Introduction: Workers in oil and gas companies are one of several groups of workers who have a heavy workload, both physically and psychologically, owing to the heavy work responsibilities related to the duration of work, which is not in accordance with the standard working time specified in Indonesia. Based on research conducted in similar industries, 69% of workers in critical jobs experience both acute and chronic fatigue. If not managed properly, it will result in occupational burnout. Aims: of this research was to determine whether there is a relationship between coping style, eating habits, work stress, fatigue and occupational burnout Method: Design study of cross-sectional manner with the research respondents being permanent workers in oil and gas companies in Bojonegoro, East Java. The total sample comprised of 102 respondents. The data obtained will then be statistically processed using IBM SPSS software with multiple regression tests. Result: The level of work fatigue experienced by oil and gas company employees had a significant indirect effect on the healthy eating index through the copying mechanism variable, and the anxiety experienced by oil and gas company employees had a significant indirect effect on the healthy eating index and blood pressure, both systolic and systole, and diastole via the copying mechanism variable. Conclusion: Anxiety experienced by workers influences the healthy eating index and systolic blood pressure with coping mechanisms as an intervening variable. Work fatigue experienced by workers influences the healthy eating index, with coping mechanisms as an intervening variable.

Standard Time Measurement Of Erection & Dismantling Of Tubular Scaffold Vs Modular Scaffold To Design Work Method

The large demand for the use of scaffolding is a problem for contractors, especially for profitability and work productivity. If the selection of the type of scaffolding is not in accordance with expectations both in terms of working time and wage costs for scaffolding workers, as well as safety factors which are also important in the selection of the type of scaffolding will cause cost overruns. One of the efforts made is to replace conventional methods to be more scientific, namely measuring the standard time in the installation and dismantling of scaffolding, so that the standard work time is obtained as a reference for the work method used. Measurements were made of two types of installation and dismantling, namely tubular scaffolding and modular scaffolding. Setting standard time using performance rating and allowances that were adjusted to workplace conditions.Based on the measurements, it was found that the standard time for installation and dismantling of tubular type scaffolding they were 2 hours 7 minutes and 39 minutes respectively, while for modular scaffolding they were 25 minutes and 8 minutes respectively.

International standards of legal regulation of working hours

This article is devoted to the consideration and study of international standards of legal regulation of working hours, the significance of international labor acts on the labor legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the relationship of international labor standards with national legislation. As a result of comparative legal research, working time is considered as an institution of labor law, which is a separate set of legal norms regulating this area of social relations within the branch of labor law. Centralized and contractual methods of legal regulation of working time are considered, the ratio of which provides greater flexibility and dynamism of labor relations under modern economic conditions. As a result of comparative legal research, the features of establishing various types of working time both in the Republic of Uzbekistan and in certain foreign countries are considered, the distinctive features of normal working hours are considered, the features of establishing reduced and part-time working time are identified. The article considers the widespread use of non-standard working time modes in foreign countries, in addition to standard working time modes, on the basis of which proposals aimed at improving the labor legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan on working time have been developed and formulated.

Free days for future? Longitudinal effects of working time reductions on individual well-being and environmental behaviour

Working time reductions (WTR) are a promising strategy to foster both environmental behaviour and individual well-being. It is unclear, however, whether these possible effects are more likely due to reduced income or to more discretionary time. Moreover, prior studies have only tested the environmental effects of WTR cross-sectionally, and have only tested the well-being effects of WTR including wage compensations. We conducted a longitudinal three-wave study with Swiss employees, including one group who voluntarily reduced their working hours following the first questionnaire. Between-subject analysis suggested that decreased working time is associated with decreased GHG-related behaviours, and increased individual well-being. While the improved GHG-related behaviour is mainly due to reduced income, the well-being effects arise despite lower income. Analyses over time revealed that after reducing their working hours, participants reported increased well-being, more intent-related pro-environmental behaviour, less car commuting, and decreased clothing expenditures. However, no improvement was found regarding other GHG-related behaviours, which are strongly linked to income levels. Thus, reducing standard working time, and simultaneously reducing income, may be a promising strategy. However, voluntarily working a day less per week will probably not reach the full ecological potential of a societal-level WTR.

The Impact of Working Time Modes on the Stability of the Financial Situation of Workers' Households

The article presents the results of a study of the influence of working time modes on the stability of the financial situation of households of Russian employees of organizations, taking into account differences in the level of qualification of employees. There are five variants of working time modes identified based on the length of the working day, working week and the number of working days per week. It was found that the most common employment model is with a standard working time mode - five days a week with a 40-hour working week and an 8-hour working day. It was revealed that the standard mode of working time compared with non-standard working time with employment of 4 or less days a week is associated with lower risks of unstable financial situation of workers' households. It is shown that the opportunities to ensure a stable financial situation of workers' households also differ depending on the level of qualification of employees: a higher level of qualification increases the chances of workers to bring their households out of poverty and low income. It is revealed that the presence of children practically deprives employees of the chances to ensure a stable financial situation in households, regardless of the mode of working time and the level of qualification of employees. When assessing employment opportunities to ensure the financial situation of households, an assessment of the depth of instability determined by the deficit of actual wages relative to its normative boundary was carried out. It is established that the standard mode of working time less often determines the depth of instability of the financial situation of workers' households associated with the risks of monetary poverty.

Working during non-standard work time undermines intrinsic motivation

How do people’s perceptions about when they work affect their intrinsic motivation? We find that working during non-standard work time (weekends/holidays) versus standard work time (Monday-Friday, 9-to-5) undermines people’s intrinsic motivation for their professional and academic pursuits. Working during non-standard work time decreases intrinsic motivation by causing people to consider better uses of their time. That is, people generate more upward counterfactual thoughts, which mediates the effect of work time on reduced intrinsic motivation. As a causal test of this process, increasing consideration of upward counterfactuals during standard work time reduces intrinsic motivation, whereas decreasing consideration of upward counterfactuals during non-standard work time helps employees and students maintain intrinsic motivation for their professional and academic pursuits. Overall, we identify a novel determinant of intrinsic motivation and address a real challenge many people face: How changing work schedules affect interest and enjoyment of work, with important consequences for work outcomes.

Standard Time Analysis on The Cutting and Packaging Section of Porridge Sticky Rice “JELITA”

The research aims to determine the standard working time on the cutting and packaging of glutinous jenang "JELITA". The cutting and packaging part is the part of the production process that determines the amount of production produced. The determination of standard time is done through the analysis of working methods and working time in those parts. The method used is the calculation of the standard time in the determination of operating process chart, left right handed chart, and flow diagrams. The results showed that improvements in working methods based on work maps were obtained based on proposed improvements. The proposed improvement results in the effectiveness and efficiency of the operating process time up to the layout on the work system, while in the determination of the default time produces 52 seconds of the standard time of the cutting process and 226 seconds of the raw time of the packaging process.

Solution of Multi-Crew Depots Railway Crew Scheduling Problems: The Chinese High-Speed Railway Case

This paper presents a novel mathematical formulation in crew scheduling, considering real challenges most railway companies face such as roundtrip policy for crew members joining from different crew depots and stricter working time standards under a sustainable development strategy. In China, the crew scheduling is manually compiled by railway companies respectively, and the plan quality varies from person to person. An improved genetic algorithm is proposed to solve this large-scale combinatorial optimization problem. It repairs the infeasible gene fragments to optimize the search scope of the solution space and enhance the efficiency of GA. To investigate the algorithm’s efficiency, a real case study was employed. Results show that the proposed model and algorithm lead to considerable improvement compared to the original planning: (i) Compared with the classical metaheuristic algorithms (GA, PSO, TS), the improved genetic algorithm can reduce the objective value by 4.47%; and (ii) the optimized crew scheduling plan reduces three crew units and increases the average utilization of crew unit working time by 6.20% compared with the original plan.

Sistem Informasi Manajemen Penentuan Standar Waktu Kerja Metode Time Study Berbasis Web (Studi Kasus PT Eka Sandang Duta Prima)

Determination of the number of workers, costs, and working time into a standard measure of the working time of a product. Time efficiency and production reports become complex issues of the importance of production timeliness. The purpose of this study is to provide a design of an information system for determining working time standards that can be accessed integrated into a more efficient report form. Methods used with research and development where data collected from observations, interviews from case studies in the field. Determination of uptime standards using time study methods developed into web-based information systems using PHP programming languages with MySQL databases. The results of the design of this study, first contribute to obtain information that can help the management in determining management policy decisions. Second, fast and accurate determination of working time standards can provide customers with answers about price and fast uptime. Third, calculating the standard time of completion of work helps to choose the best alternative working method with the principles and techniques of work measurement at PT Eka Sandang Duta Prima.

The improvement of line balancing in the plastic sack production using theory of constraints

This research was conducted in a plastic sack production that is used to package rice or fertilizer. Problems faced by the company are the built-up of work in process and the imbalance of the production line. The research objective is to increase line efficiency of the production process. The stopwatch time study method is used in measuring the time of each element of the task to get the standard working time. Then backward and forward scheduling and line balancing are performed. On the existing line, there are 11 work centres with 11 workers, a smoothing index of 27,813.68 and a line efficiency of 19.42%. The results of balancing the production line using the theory of constraints obtained the best alternative for 11 workers is to form 7 work centres with a smoothing index value of 4,205.41 and a line efficiency of 55.08%. If it is possible to only employ 10 people, the line efficiency can be increased to 64.26% with a smoothness index of 3,142.94.

A novel model and solution algorithm to improve crew scheduling in railway transportation: A real world case study

This paper presents a novel mathematical formulation in railway crew scheduling, considering real challenges most European passenger railway companies face like roundtrip policy for crew members joining from different cities and stricter working time standards. To solve the problem in large scales of data (consistent with the real case size of the planning problems solved by rail transport companies), a solution algorithm is proposed. The algorithm includes two steps: I. Duty generation: pre-calculations to obtain all duties meeting the related constraints; II. Duty assignment: running the optimization model to select an optimal set of duties while satisfying other constraints. To investigate the algorithm’s efficiency, numerical test instances and a real case study have been employed. In addition, the savings that an implementation of the proposed approach allows to achieve instead of the manually prepared plans still applied in a lot of transportation companies are demonstrated. Results show that the proposed model and algorithm lead to considerable improvement compared to the original planning.

Вплив поширення дистанційних форм навчання в період пандемії COVID-19 на якість трудового життя науково-педагогічних працівників

The article is aimed at identifying the impact of remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of labor life of scientific-pedagogical employees. The article examines changes in the norms of working time for certain types of labor of teachers in both the mixed and remote modes compared to the norms of working time in the traditional (classroom) mode of teaching. A survey of scientific-pedagogical staff on the empirical dimension of the change in the time spent on the implementation of types of work in the pandemic period was carried out. The analysis of the study findings showed that the norms of working time for certain types of labor performed by scientific-pedagogical employees under the conditions of remote learning need to be increased taking into account the working peculiarities and conditions. Additional types of labor of scientific-pedagogical employees, which appeared as a result of the introduction of mixed form of training, are identified, these are associated mainly with the organization of various forms of remote learning. Based on the results of the research, the conclusions about the impact of the pandemic on the quality of labor life of scientific-pedagogical employees are formulated and the main ways to increase this quality are determined. The need for significantly new forms of labor organization in the conditions of a remote format of training is determined. New challenges that can lead to professional burnout and stress of scientific-pedagogical staff in the absence of timely correction of working time standards are outlined. It is substantiated that bringing the norms of working time in line with the new realities of the pandemic period through the rational use of working time will improve the working conditions of scientific-pedagogical employees, and, accordingly, the quality of their labor life.

Working time limits at sea, a hundred-year construction

In a view to protect workers from extended work periods as well as to comply with the Versailles Peace Treaty requirements, the International Labour Organization (ILO) regulated hours of work from 1919 using ‘8-hour workday and 48-h workweek’ as yardsticks. However, a historical perspective demonstrates the ILO's difficulties in integrating such standards for sea workers. From 1920 to 1958, the ILO endeavoured to anchor the 8-hour workday principle in maritime conventions on working time and to ensure compliance by quantifying manning levels. Facing sectoral opposition and the obstacle of the minimum tonnage requirement, none of the conventions adopted during the first period entered into force. A second regulatory wave (1995–2007) initiated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) orientated working time towards fatigue management and adopted the 14-hour workday. Absorbed by the ILO from 1996, this threshold facilitated the implementation of working time standards for sea workers. The existence of autonomous maritime governance at the ILO and the IMO complemented by the incorporation of the tonnage clause in maritime convention allowed the acceptance of the 14-hour workday system in spite of breaching the universal principles established a century ago. The departure between maritime and land standards show that sectoral interests prevail over labour rights. More decisively, current standards detached labour rights from workers' human nature and attached them directly to sectoral interests.

PENGUKURAN WAKTU KERJA DENGAN METODE STOP WATCH TIME STUDY

Measurement of work time with the stopwatch time study method is a measurement to observe the activities carried out repeatedly. The work measurement results can be used to obtain standard time and standard output which can later be used to carry out production planning. The purpose of this study was to determine the operating time of each unit of product worked at Pondok Neubel and to determine the standard working time of production processes at Pondok Neubel. Results of the study The total cycle time value of all activities in the neubel cottage was 2400 seconds and the normal time for each activity with a performance rating of 10 was 24000 seconds. The conclusion of this study, factors that influence the performance of workers in neubel huts are fatigue factors.

ANALISA KESEIMBANGAN LINTASAN PRODUKSI PADA PEMBUATAN RADIATOR MITSUBISHI PS 220 DENGAN METODE RANKED POSITIONAL WEIGHT (RPW)

Increasing demand for Mitsubishi Fuso FN 527 220 PS trucks will demand increased production of Mitsubishi PS 220 radiators at PT. Anugerah Aneka Industri. In making tank components through 2 processes, namely the press tank and tank assy. Making core components through 3 processes namely core assy, oven and end plate installing. Making end plate components through 1 process, namely the press end plate. Making side plate components through 4 processes, namely punch, shering, bending and spot. Then the components are assembled through 5 processes, namely tanks installing, installing side plates, leaks, painting, and packaging.The purpose of this research is to get a standard working time and line balancing to provide additional information on the process of making Mitsubishi PS 220 radiator products so that it is easy to determine production work against consumer demand. Standard time is measured using the stop hour method, while line balancing uses the Ranked Positional Weight (RPW) method. Standard time and line balancing data is processed using Microsoft Excel 2016 software.Finally from the results processing of standard time data and line balancing obtained the number of efficient workstations is 8 workstations, idle time 10.8 minutes, balance free time (balance delay) 12.36%, efficiency of production lines (line efficiency) 87.64%.Key words : Workstation, Waktu Baku, Jam Henti, Line Balancing, Ranked Positional Weight (RPW).

Truck driver - hazard analysis

The task of the truck driver to transport cargo is subject to the regula-tions and safety rules. Activities performed by the driver are connect-ed with the risk of injury, complications or even death. Taking into account employee safety, one of the most important aspects is to define safe working time standards that minimize the risk of fatigue during driving. The purpose of this article is to identify hazards and determine the occupational risk at the truck driver's workplace.