Work Breakdown Structure Research Articles

Coding structure of highway engineering information model

Model identification code is the key to the data integration and effective transmission of highway engineering information model from the early stage of design to project construction and operation management, so as to form structured data for integrated management and analysis. By studying the existing information model classification and coding system, this paper analyzes the application and existing problems of various information model identification and code breakdown structures such as engineering system breakdown structure coding, space and classification coding, and work breakdown structure coding, comprehensively considers the different needs of construction management, measurement and payment, file management and big data utilization, and puts forward a "five-grade" highway engineering information model with location and version based on ISO 12006-2 framework, covering projects, construction sites, components, classification and coding framework. This model has been applied in the actual engineering construction management information system. The association and data transmission between construction management information and models are effectively realized through the application of model identification coding, which provides a basis for data sharing and exchange between information systems.

Research on Lean Shipbuilding and Its Manufacturing Execution System

Abstract Based on the work breakdown structure theory, the lean shipbuilding method guided by intermediate products is proposed in this article. The hull segment task package is divided according to the content of the shipbuilding operation. Considering the constraints of resources and personnel at the production site, the scheduling strategy of the task package is formulated. Moreover, a virtual flow production system of the shipbuilding workshop is established. On this basis, a lean shipbuilding manufacturing execution system for small and medium-sized shipbuilding enterprises is developed to achieve lean production in a shipbuilding workshop. The application results indicate that implementation of the lean shipbuilding method and manufacturing execution system can significantly reduce the ship production cycle and the number of operators, as well as improve the production efficiency. Introduction In recent years, to resist strong international competition, manufacturers are under great pressure to develop products more efficiently and economically (Nam et al. 2016). The ship manufacturing industry, which faces fierce market competition, helps many nations’ economic systems (Rahman & Karim 2015). For example, the shipbuilding industry contributed over $37 billion of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to the U.S. economy in 2013 (MARAD 2015). Currently, China’s shipbuilding industry is in a downturn. If the shipbuilding enterprises want to survive and improve their competitiveness, they must reduce labor costs and shorten the production cycle. Lean production is a type of management philosophy born in Toyota Motors. One of the lean thinking goals is to eliminate waste, which can increase work satisfaction and turn waste into value. It should be emphasized that lean thinking must go beyond the company. In other words, lean thinking has to be employed from the product design to the set of activities delivered to the end customer (Barbosa 2014). Lean manufacturing technology focuses on eliminating all types of waste in the manufacturing process and reducing the lead time (Zhu et al. 2019).

DEVELOPING THE WBS-BASED STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE OF HIGHRISE BUILDING’S ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS

The maintenance of the building should have clear and planned standards. In compiling standard operating procedures for maintenance and care, people can use the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) to make it easier to understand by grouping each component of the building and being oriented towards overall activities. The purpose of this study is to find out the variables in developing SOPs for maintenance and care of architectural components in office buildings. The method used is literature study and expert validation. The research strategy was archival analysis in the form of previous project documents and government regulations related to maintenance and care as well as surveys to experts to validate variables. The research instrument used is a Questionnaire. Furthermore, the questionnaire data were analyzed using descriptive statistics which then produced SOP development variables. The results of the study are expected to be a reference SOP for building managers in carrying out building maintenance and care.

MULTIPLE IMPACT ANALYSIS OF PILING WORK ON HIGH WAY PROJECTS USING THE EVM METHOD


 
 
 
 A toll road is one of the economic growth facilities of a country, Indonesia in the last seven years has succeeded in building 1900 km and one of them is Trans-Java. The Gempol-Pasuruan section-2 toll road project is a densely populated route and there are many intersections in the form of roads and rivers so there are many overpass or underpass structures in the project. Although the bridge structure is a sub-project of the main road, if the productivity does not perform well, it will have a significant impact on the overall progress. Therefore, this study wants to analyze the multiple impacts of one of the critical works of the bridge project, such as the pilling work on the total toll road progress through the earn value management (EVM) method. EVM is a technique that is quite popular both among practitioners and academics; however, analysis of complex projects (main projects-sub projects) has never been carried out in-depth and it will be a unique challenge in this study. There are four steps in this research, the first step is project scheduling in which the engineer can use the previous database to prepare the work breakdown structure (WBS), work sequences, and project duration. The second step is the critical path process, at this stage, a slack analysis is carried out for each activity, and setting a network diagram to generate critical paths for the toll-bridge project. Resource management is the third step that involves a lot of documents from the market and internal databases, starting with assigning resources, inputting quantity and unit prices, and doing the leveling process so that the supply chain runs well. The last step is the earn value process, at this stage, the engineer only needs to input the project progress, set the baseline, and finally get the earn value project and project performance index consisting of SPI (schedule) and CPI (cost). Finally, after going through several stages of research, it has been proven that the pilling work is on a critical path and several scenarios must be carried out to maintain its productivity. Then, the average SPI value is 0.94 < 1, while the SPI value is 1 which means that the Gempol-Pasuruan section-2 toll road project is experiencing delays and is within the project budget. In conclusion, the application of the EVM method on MS. Project 2013 is able to evaluate complex projects well and several potential technologies can also be considered in further study to improve the performance.
 
 
 
 

Analyzing the Level of Detail of Construction Schedule for Enabling Site Logistics Planning (SLP) in the Building Information Modeling (BIM) Environment

As Building Information Modeling (BIM) becomes the predominant technology in the construction industry, contractors, amongst other activities, need to conduct Site Logistics Planning (SLP) in the BIM environment during different project phases. 4D BIM modelling is an important step towards developing BIM models ready for the construction execution phase. However, in developing such models, currently no standard exist which would guide contractors towards a thorough analyses of site logistics. Moreover, there is a scarcity of studies and research on level of detail of construction schedules, which makes SLP hard to implement in a BIM environment. We addressed this problem by employing a case-study method for understanding how 4D BIM models should be designed to enable effective SLP and dynamic site layout creation. The results show that the following input data for SLP in the BIM environment is needed: hierarchically structured 3D BIM model, Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), detail schedule, resources constraints, and defined onsite temporary facilities. Additionally, we have found that the activities should be further divided into work operations to enable SLP. Our results enable contractors to create a dynamic site layout according to the BIM principles. Moreover, the findings are an initial step for the further standardization of the BIM model for the SLP in the BIM environment.

Multi-Technology Driven R&D Cost Improvement Scheme and Application Utility of EESP in Energy-Intensive Manufacturing Industry

Facing the sustainable use of electric power resources, many countries in the world focus on the R&D investment and application of electrochemical energy storage projects (i.e., EESP). However, the high R&D cost of EESP has been hindering large-scale industrial promotion in the energy-intensive manufacturing industry represented by the tobacco industry. Reducing and controlling the R&D cost has become an urgent problem to be solved. In this context, this paper innovatively proposes a multi-technology driven R&D cost improvement scheme, which integrates WBS (i.e., Work Breakdown Structure), EVM (i.e., Earned Value Method), BD (i.e., Big Data), and ML (i.e., Machine Learning) methods. Especially, the influence of R&D cost improvement on EESP application performance is discussed through mathematical model analysis. The research indicates that reducing EESP R&D costs can significantly improve the stability of EESP power supply, and ultimately improve the application value of EESP in energy-intensive manufacturing industries. The R&D cost management scheme and technical method proposed in this paper have important theoretical guiding values and practical significance for accelerating the large-scale application of EESP.

Structural Equation Model (SEM) Correlation Between Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), Work Method and Risk Towards Cost Of Safety On Low-Cost Apartments Project

Cost of safety is a fundamental aspect that is inevitable to be considered during the construction cost planning phase. The cost of safety estimation is determined based on several factors, including WBS (work breakdown structure), work method, risk and other contributing factors. This estimation is critical in construction, specifically for high rise building constructions. In a case where there is a lack of a suitable methodology in estimating the cost of safety, may incur inaccuracy and uncertainty in determining the actual cost of safety. Besides the mentioned factors, this study will use Structural Equation Model – Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) in determining the construct model cost of safety, for the case of the build of low-cost apartment building (Rusunawa).

Project Management for Corporate Events: A Set of Tools to Manage Risk and Increase Quality Outcomes

The events industry is a project-based industry where sustainable development has been of ever-increasing interest over the last decade. In this regard, the importance of managing risks and delivering quality outcomes in corporate events and the events industry in general cannot be overstated. This paper aims to contribute to the enhancement of project management processes and quality of corporate events, with a focus on risk management. For this purpose, a set of semi-structured interviews with event managers was conducted and thematic analysis was used to qualitatively analyse the research data gathered. Data analysis resulted in the development of a set of tools and methods that have the potential to assist corporate event managers in the project risk management process. This set comprises of a work breakdown structure (WBS) template, a risk breakdown structure (RBS), and a set of risk treatment and mitigation strategies for corporate events. These tools are innovative in the sense that they are based on and correspond to the phases of the event life-cycle rather than individual management domains, have not been developed in unison before, and can be utilized collectively for greater benefits realization.

Development of Work Breakdown Structure for Stadium Work as Project Guideline and Standard

A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a key visual project tool functioning as an obligation in managing construction projects, due to playing a crucial role from planning to execution. However, there are still several problems related to the implementation of WBS, such as miscommunication and poor development, where all involved execution parties do not accurately understand the scopes and objectives. This ultimately leads to project losses, based on cost, time, and quality, where standardization is not observed within the WBS preparation and development. Therefore, this study aims to develop a standard stadium WBS, for all involved execution parties to understand and achieve work information consistency. This was performed by mapping the Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Bill of Quantities (BQ) data of previous stadium projects with experts in their respective fields. The results showed the development of a standard WBS containing levels 1-6, including design alternatives, implementation requirements, and material specifications. During application, this tool helped to compile the entire scope of results-oriented projects as related guidelines and standards, with each hierarchical level from the top to the lower components. The obtained results also considered the consultants, contractors, and auditors at the planning, implementation, and monitoring stages, respectively.

System-theoretical Approach to Fundamental Limits of Controllability in Complex Organization Networks

Organisation is fundamentally based on elaborating the equilibrium of two contradicting forces. An increasing degree of separation of work leads to specialisation and therefore significant increase of productivity in terms of time and cost. This advantage is compensated for by the therewith rising effort required to define, shape and delegate the subtasks to the different players and have them well-informed, coordinated and motivated to successfully contribute to the overall project. The well-known and common approaches to optimize division of work are mainly based on strict hierarchical structures like work breakdown structures in order to perfectly identify work-packages and their respective interfaces. Control loops are then established maintaining the certainty to achieve the previously defined results of the subtasks so that they will perfectly fit and will be ready to flawlessly form the total product. However, this traditional approach presupposes perfectly defined stable and separable systems as well as perfectly operating controlling mechanisms. As soon as some imperfection of either of these is given, which can be safely assumed in reality, the method is bound to fail principally. With this paper, we propose a system-theoretical framework modelling in particular a local imperfect however controlled situation and providing the principal limits on a mathematical basis as well as allowing for means for a practical approach. Organisations are represented by slightly contradicting systems while interactions as well as controlling mechanisms are given by first and second order differential equations according to the Theory of Systems. The resulting long-term behavior of the model, optimally avoiding oscillating and probably escalating development, indicates the principal limits of controllability. We find that the concepts of Lean Construction mainly address exactly these requirements and therefore find their formal justification including some quantitative framework.

Sustainability assessment of PFAS adsorbents for groundwater remediation

Per-polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) are man-made, environmentally persistent organic chemicals with a long half-life and high solubility in water. The exacerbated concentration of PFAS in water resources causes bioaccumulation and toxicity in drinking water. Although PFAS remediation techniques have been frequently studied, assessing these methods' environmental, social, and economic impacts has rarely been considered. This study presents a sustainability assessment of two commonly used adsorbents, ion exchange resin (IX resin) and granular activated carbon (GAC), in removing long-chained PFAS from contaminated groundwater. The triple bottom line framework is used to quantify the environmental, economic, and social impacts for both IX resin and GAC. Environmental impacts are assessed with a life cycle assessment (LCA) using SimaPro. Economic sustainability is evaluated by considering direct and indirect costs and social costs of carbon using the work breakdown structure (WBS) model. Social impacts are assessed using a designed questionnaire targeting stakeholders and a social sustainability evaluation matrix (SSEM). Integrated Value Model for Sustainability Assessment (MIVES model) integrates results obtained from environmental, economic, and social sustainability assessment. The MIVES results indicated that the remediation using the IX resin unit is more sustainable compared to that using GAC.

Risk Assessment of EPB Shield Construction Based on the Nonlinear FAHP Method

There are many risk factors in EPB shield construction. The traditional fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) method usually uses a linear analysis method to determine the risk level, but there are often some risk factors with prominent influence, which will reduce the accuracy of the evaluation results. In this paper, a new risk assessment model of Earth pressure balance (EPB) shield construction based on a nonlinear FAHP method is established by introducing nonlinear factors into the comprehensive calculation of the traditional FAHP. First, the new model establishes the framework of EPB shield construction risk analysis based on the work breakdown structure (WBS) and risk breakdown structure (RBS) methods. Then, it constructs an EPB shield construction risk index system by coupling the units of the WBS and RBS. The model constructs a fuzzy consistent judgment matrix, which replaces the 1∼9 scale. Finally, the nonlinear operator is introduced into the FAHP comprehensive calculation, considering the influence of some prominent risk factors, which improves the accuracy of the risk assessment. By applying the new model to the risk analysis of the EPB shield construction section of a tunnel project in Hangzhou, the effectiveness of the model is further verified.

A Methodical Approach to Job Analysis in A Typical Indian Manufacturing Organization

Job analysis is an important process that can help organizations to improve a variety function that are performed. The method that can be adopted for job analysis varies from simple qualitative technique to detailed quantitative one. Whereas theoretical concepts provide inputs on all these techniques, in practice, many of the detailed methods are either not adopted or used only remotely in most of the organizations. The paper deals with a practical case of an electronic equipment manufacturing organization depicting the process of job analysis through work break-down structure and ranking of the job elements.

Research and Implementation of Lean Production Mode in Shipbuilding

This paper studies the production process of a shipbuilding enterprise. The company suffers from long manufacturing cycle, low utilization rate of personnel and an unbalanced production line. To solve these problems, the lean shipbuilding mode, mainly divided into shipbuilding work breakdown, production plan and virtual flow operation in this paper, is put forward, which combines the lean production and modern information management technology with shipbuilding. Supported by the theory of work breakdown structure and task package scheduling, the shipbuilding task package is reasonably divided. The priority of task package manufacturing is determined by calculating the task package manufacturing sequence coefficient, and a reasonable number of operators is calculated to ensure the continuity of segmented manufacturing. After determining the manufacturing priority of the task pack and the number of allocable personnel, the corresponding work can be scheduled. Production planning drives all production activities of the shipbuilding enterprise, and just-in-time production is achieved through the reasonable arrangement of these production plans, thus reducing the waste of personnel and time. Then, the virtual flow operation is carried out, which can achieve high efficiency of flow production and high flexibility of fixed workstation production during the production process of large-scale and heavy-duty products. The virtual assembly production system of the workshop is established according to the characteristics of shipbuilding operation and the actual production situation. On this basis, a lean shipbuilding manufacturing execution system for small and medium-sized shipbuilding enterprises is developed to achieve lean production in a shipbuilding workshop. Through the implementation of the lean shipbuilding mode based on task package scheduling and its manufacturing execution system, compared with the original data, the ship production cycle is reduced to 76.7%, the number of workers is reduced by 16.7% and the production balance rate is up to 81%.

Development Standard Operational Procedure of Safety Architecture Work in University of Indonesia Project Based on Work Breakdown Structure to Reduce Work Accidents

The construction industry is one of the most dangerous industries in the world, due to its very high accident and death rate. As a high-risk construction industry, in addition to cost, time and quality, work safety will have a major impact on the success of a project. With the procedure safety properly, it is expected that work accidents will be reduced due to integrated work breakdown structure. The method used in this study is qualitative method, with research strategy in the form of archival analysis, case study, and expert validation. Data collection was conducted by interview method with questionnaires with professional experts who have long worked in the field of Safety, which then resulted in the conclusion that Standard Operational Procedures on Architectural work can reduce work accident.

A novel construction scheduling framework for a mixed construction process of precast components and cast-in-place parts in prefabricated buildings

The mixing of precast components and cast-in-place parts is a major feature of prefabricated buildings , but the existing pattern-based scheduling methods lack consideration of it. The main objective of this paper is to describe the mixing construction process of precast building faithfully, and schedule the process in a single BIM environment. This study presents a novel scheduling framework for prefabricated buildings. By using IFC, flexible work break-down structure (WBS) and constraints based simulation (CBS) method, this framework integrates scheduling information in a single BIM model, and organizes construction process in a flexible WBS structure to consistent with the mixing construction of precast and cast-in-place, and finally generate valid schedule to meet various constraints by using CBS. A case study is conducted to verify the framework, and a comparison with the traditional method is carried out. The result shows that this scheduling framework can faithfully scheduling the mixed construction process at different scale in a single BIM environment, and the comparison with traditional way shows it reduces the scheduling burden, improve the resources usage efficiency. This study contributes to solving the knowledge gap of the inapplicability of the process pattern-based method in describing the mixed construction process, and the heterogeneous and scattered information sources in scheduling. This methodology can conveniently organize large amount of mesoscale tasks into mixed scale task network, and facilitate the reuse of scheduling-related knowledge, improve the resource usage efficiency, help managers understand the construction process at different scales, improve the BIM-based information collaboration in scheduling. In the future, a faithful construction process description at the activity level can digitalize the actual construction process, pave the way to apply the activity data obtained by ICT. ● The existing scheduling method cannot truly reflect the actual construction process of the fabricated components and cast-in-place parts hybrid building. ● This paper presents a novel scheduling framework that schedule the mixed construction process at different scales in a single BIM environment. ● Organized in flexible WBS structure, the generated schedule could be detailed to the activity level while conform to the large-scale tasks at the same time. ● The results show that this methodology could reduce the scheduling burden, improve the resources usage efficiency; and facilitate the reuse of scheduling-related knowledge.

A Case Study on BIM Object-Based Earned Value and Process Management in Highway Construction

The detailed data including spatial concept is not transmitted in the detailed data including the spatial concept in the statement of internal construction sites, and the integrated management of cost and process is not carried out because the construction is carried out on the site with cost-oriented details. so doing a double task of generating the necessary work breakdown structure (WBS) and spatial concept detailed data. In order to solve these problems, in this paper, the classification of information using building information model (BIM) object-based properties, 3D object creation standards, cost, and process information are presented centering on the case of highway construction sites. In the future, BIM-based cost-process integration proposes an efficient construction management practice through management.

Development of NPP decommissioning cost estimation algorithm based on the CANDU structure

As of March 2021, 9 CANDU reactors have been shut down worldwide. Wolsong unit 1, the first CANDU in Korea, has been shut down and is about to be decommissioned. In this study, the established NPP decommissioning cost estimation program and Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) used in Korea and other countries were analysed. The analysed programs were REDCAP (REsearch reactor Decommissioning Cost Assessment Program), DES (Decommissioning Engineering system), DeCAT (Decommissioning Cost Assessment Tool), CERREX (Cost Estimation for Research Reactors in Excel), and POWERTool (Planning, Optimization, Waste, Estimating, Resourcing Tool). A new algorithm was developed by applying WBS based on the structure of CANDU. In addition, a method of estimating the cost from decommissioning of CANDU to waste treatment is presented through the method of applying the unit wage in Korea and the method of applying standard quantity-per-unit part.

MANAJEMEN PROJEK TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI PENGEMBANGAN WEBSITE UMKM PMAM BALI

Website based online store is one of the Information Technology which is a business strategy platform for selecting and maintaining customers, can optimize long-term value, can store customer philosophy and culture to support the effectiveness of marketing, sales and service processes. Building a good online store must follow the correct project procedure, which is preceded by making a proposal to outline all the requirements that will be implemented in making the intended application. At this writing, the author prepared a website-based online shop proposal for Umkm PMAM Bali which described in detail the scope of the platform to be built (Scope), the functions to be made which are described by the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), the implementation schedule (Schedule). Resources (Resources), cost plans (Cost), risk analysis (Risk Analysis) and forms of change management (Change Management) when the application is ready to operate. This proposal is expected to be able to provide input for building the website platform and will be proposed to Umkm PMAM Bali to be used and implemented.

Role of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Sub-Contractor Management

Construction industry being an excellent example of supply chain has various key components which are interlinked and interdependent on each other. The whole chain is glued on communication among each other. Any lack in the flawlessness of this communication breaks the chain and the whole system gets affected. The work breakdown structure of this industry is structured in a hierarchical manner and works on decentralization of the authority. The most common lack of communication has been observed between the Contractor and Sub-contractors which causes multiple issues during delivery. Thus, this study has established a workflow through which BIM (Building Information Modelling) can be employed to improve communication between the Contractor and Sub-contractor of a project. This document gives formatting instructions for authors preparing papers for publication in the Proceedings of an IEEE conference. The authors must follow the instructions given in the document for the papers to be published. You can use this document as both an instruction set and as a template into which you can type your own text.