Work Breakdown Structure Research Articles

Generating Requirement Dependency Graph Based on Class Dependency

Requirements association depicts inter-relation between two or more requirements within a software project. It provides necessary information for developers during decision-making processes, such as change management, development milestones, bug prediction, cost estimation, and work breakdown structure generation. Modeling association between requirements became a focus of software requirements researchers. Previous studies indicate that requirements association was pre-defined by requirements engineer based on their expert judgments. The judgments require knowledge on requirements and their class realizations. This paper introduces a method to generate a mapping between a set of requirement statements and a set of classes of a given project that realized the respected requirements. The method also generates associations among requirements based on information on associations between classes and the class-requirement mapping. The method utilizes element of relational information resided in a class diagram of respected project. A semantic similarity method was used to define the requirements with their realization classes. A class is considered realizing a requirement if and only if their semantic similarity is higher than a certain threshold. A set of experimentation on four different projects was conducted. The result of the approach was compared with the output produced by human annotators using kappa statistics. The approach is considered as having a fair agreement level (i.e. with kappa value 0.37) with the human annotators to identify and model requirement associations.

Identify The Operational Risk Of The Port By The Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS) Method

The risk arises from the uncertainty that comes from internal and external factors. Risk is quite complex in the port will affect the sustainability of the company’s business, especially related to port operations. Operational risk is a risk arising from the implementation of the business functions of the company namely; systems, processes, people, as well as external events. Successful measurement of operational risk will be greatly influenced by the reliability and effectiveness of risk measurement methods. The Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS) method adopted from the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) will be able to define and group risk-based risks for each level in detail so that the measurement of operational risk provides a structured overview of all risks facing the firm. The scope of port activities studied in this study is related to the flow of goods categorized into 4 parts namely; ship service, goods service, loading and unloading service, and container terminal service. From the identification result, there are 9 operational risks in which each group is divided into operational risk category.

Influence of Works Definition on Performance of Government Construction Projects in Kenya

The significant emphasis bestowed on infrastructural development as a catalyst of economic growth and regional integration by the Kenyan government seems to continue for the foreseeable future. Development of comprehensive project's scopes facilitate the alleviation of scope creep and hence promote sound management of project finances and deliverables. The objective of the study was to assess the influence of works definition on performance of government construction projects in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design and used simple random sampling to select a sample from the registered Architects/projects managers practicing in Nairobi Kenya and involved with government projects. The unit of analysis therefore was government construction projects while unit of observation was 728 Registered Architects/projects managers within Nairobi. A sample size of 251 was used. The study generated both qualitative and quantitative data. Data was collected using questionnaires and analysed using SPSS. The findings of the study showed a significant and positive relationship between works definition and performance of government construction projects in Kenya. The study concluded that comprehensive work definition and development of corresponding work breakdown structures, enables project managers to assign duties and plan for allocation of resources and efficiently monitor progress. This greatly enhances the performance of government construction projects in Kenya.

Development of Risk-Based Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Standard to Improve Scheduling Planning of Airport Construction Work

The airport development project is included in the list of National Strategic Projects of Indonesia stipulated in Presidential Regulation no.58/2017. The Government is committed to realize the economic independence by increase infrastructure development and one of them by moving the economic sector that must be supported by one of which is the construction of the airport in areas that can spur economic impact. However in practice, there is often a delay in the process of implementing airport construction that negatively impacts stakeholders related to the project. So it takes good and correct airport project management to eliminate this phenomenon. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a project activities decomposition of which are broken down into several work elements based on the hierarchy. WBS makes project management better so that risks to time performance weakness can be anticipated and managed at the resources level. This study aims to develop risk-based WBS standards to improve airport project construction time performance. The results of this study are WBS standards, implementation methods, activities, potential hazard risks, scheduling planning using risk-based WBS standards, WBS dictionaries and WBS checklists on airport construction work, as an effort in preventing, reducing or eliminating the potential events resuting in delays.

Development of Standardized Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Based on Risk for Cost Estimate at Dam Project

Dam construction project especially earthfill dam can be successful if the scope of works is defined in accordance with the requirement. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) divides tasks into smaller items which makes them easier to be controlled. WBS standardization has critical impact on the cost of project. The purpose of this research is to develop WBS of dam construction project. The methodology used to develop the WBS of dam is based on the regulation and guidelines related to the implementation of dam construction such as The General Specification of Earthfill Dam, Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing Indonesia (2004) and bill of quantity from earthfill dam projects in Indonesia. The research is conducted by making a questionnaire survey for dam project contractors. The output of this study is WBS standard which comprises of 6 levels by analyzing dominant risk variables that may affect project cost control and WBS standard development with risk responses recommendation. As a result, this research will propose a risk-based WBS standard for earthfill dam projects that can improve the cost estimate of the project.

Development of Risk-Based Standardized Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) to Improve Quality Planning of Drainage Construction Work

The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is commonly used in current project process management, particularly for infrastructure projects. This is because of the benefits that are obtained with the use of WBS. Infrastructure projects tend to experience constraints if their process planning management is not WBS-based and project outputs, especially irrigation projects that tend to produce higher defects. With the development of WBS standards, project process management could get double benefits in terms of time and cost. This paper aimed to develop the WBS Standard and tried to analyze possible risks to project implementation in terms of quality planning. Risks were calculated in view from the perspective of the contractor as the project implementer. The project in this study was limited to the work of irrigation projects. Data was gathered using questionnaire survey from contractors who have built irrigation project. As a result, this research proposed a risk-based WBS standard for irrigation projects that can improve the quality plan of the project.

Development of WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) Risk Based Standard for Planning Cost Estimation at Port Project

The planning of a Work Breakdown Structure project is inevitable, because WBS is the initial stage of project management that divides the activities into small work packages making it easy to manage. While the nature of a project is unique, it basically has elements of construction work that are relatively similar for the same project, so standardizing of the work is possible. The existence of standardization will speed up the project planning process and will reduce costs during the project planning period. This research has a goal of developing WBS standardization on port projects and identifies risks that may occur during project implementation and consider them in the cost estimation process. Risks are obtained from the perspective of the contractor as the project implementer. The study is limited to port construction projects. The data collected came from a questionnaire survey to experienced contractors on a port construction project. The results of this study are expected to help the contractor on the estimated costs to be able to know and anticipate the risks that may occur during the implementation of the port construction.

Implementation of standardized wbs (work breakdown structure) for time and cost performance. (study case: building project PT. X, Kuala Tanjung, Sumatera Utara)

The WBS standard is a tool in project management. This WBS standard is used as a basis for developing information systems in construction projects so that projects can be easily managed. By implementing WBS standards to manage construction projects, in this study we will assess the effectiveness of using WBS standards in building projects with case studies on PT. X Kuala Tanjung, North Sumatra. In this study will assess the cost and time performance of the project and the factors that influence it. This study uses a qualitative and quantitative approach. The method used in assessing cost and time performance in this study is with Earned Value Method (EVM). Collecting data by survey uses questionnaires to project managers. The results of this study show that the use of the WBS standard greatly influences the cost and time performance of the project. From observations for 3 months of work progress, the results of the work can be obtained on budget and schedule ahead. Factors that influence cost and time performance include: work items becoming clearer, the volume of material and budget becoming more planned, making purchasing orders (PO) more controlled.

Suggestion of Risk Assessment Methodology for Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Plant

The decommissioning of nuclear power plants should be prepared by quantitative and qualitative risk assessment. Radiological and nonradiological hazards arising during decommissioning activities must be assessed to ensure the safety of decommissioning workers and the public. Decommissioning experiences by U.S. operators have mainly focused on deterministic risk assessment, which is standardized by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory commission (NRC) and focuses only on the consequences of risk. However, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has suggested an alternative to the deterministic approach, called the risk matrix technique. The risk matrix technique considers both the consequence and likelihood of risk. In this study, decommissioning stages, processes, and activities are organized under a work breakdown structure. Potential accidents in the decommissioning process of NPPs are analyzed using the composite risk matrix to assess both radiological and non-radiological hazards. The levels of risk for all potential accidents considered by U.S. NPP operators who have performed decommissioning were estimated based on their consequences and likelihood of events.

A digital construction framework integrating building information modeling and reverse engineering technologies for renovation projects

Abstract This study proposes a digital construction framework that integrates building information modeling (BIM) and reverse engineering (RE) to improve information utilization in different phases and thus reduce mistakes and reworks in renovation projects during urban renewal. Three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning is used to enable the RE process. This framework also incorporates supporting technologies (virtual reality, 3D printing, and prefabrication) for a better understanding of design and construction as well as tools (work breakdown structure and model breakdown structure) for enhanced organization and management quality. Implementing this proposed framework in a renovated shopping center in Hainan, China optimized efficiency of the renovation process by 15%, eliminated design changes by 30% and reworks by 25%, and finally saved two months and 7.41% of cost regarding the steel structure canopy. Thus, this framework can proactively reduce occurrences of mistakes and reworks during the renovation process, greatly improving the effectiveness of urban renewal.

Development of work breakdown structure (WBS) dictionary for the construction works of lower structure steel bridge

The lower structure of a steel bridge is one of the essential elements of a whole steel bridge structure. The construction works of this structure are complex and extensive. In the process of planning the construction works for this element, thorough and well-designed plan is vital in order to avoid construction failures or defects that could lead to project failure. Therefore, in the construction planning process for the lower structure steel bridge, a detailed construction process and activities, including its resources are needed for guiding the process effectively and comply with the project requirements. The decomposition of the construction works into work packages is important to minimize mistakes, which is by using a definitive work breakdown structure (WBS) and its detailed dictionary for each work packages. The objective of this study is to develop the WBS dictionary based on the defined WBS, for each construction work elements in the lower structure steel bridge. The study used Delphi method and expert validation as its methodology. The result provides the WBS dictionary that specifies the construction works of lower structure steel bridge into four (4) levels of WBS and two (2) supplementary levels of detailed activities and resources.

Evaluating combined project management models: strategies for agile and plan-driven integration

The combination of agile and traditional practices is important for greater innovation in New Product Development (NPD). This paper analyzes ten combination proposals found in the literature, using the systematic bibliographical review method. Four of them did not show features associated with the combination. Four proposals recommend using agile project management associated with NPD process. Two proposals recommend using a general project plan, prepared through Work Breakdown Structure, scheduling, and integrated with agile iteration planning. The evaluation of these proposals indicated a shortage of recommendations and revealed two classes of combination strategies, namely bottom up and top down.

Work Package Sizing and Project Performance

In organizing a project’s tasks into manageable work packages (i.e., forming a work breakdown structure), trade-offs arise. Defining smaller work packages increases project complexity and workload, and reduces economies of scale, whereas defining larger work packages reduces concurrent processing and adversely affects cash flow. In “Work Package Sizing and Project Performance,” C.-L. Li and N.G. Hall study this trade-off by developing and analyzing an optimization model for work package formation. The model minimizes total project cost, subject to a deadline constraint on project makespan. From a study of this model, the authors demonstrate the value of deliberately varying work package sizes within a project, in contrast with typical project management practice. This research enables more precise planning of work packages to improve performance, documents the value of integrating the planning of work packages and schedules, and provides insights that guide resource allocation decisions.

Work breakdown structure application for man-hours calculation in hull construction shipbuilding in Malaysia

In Malaysia, the majority of oil & gas platform construction use fixed type substructure such as jacket type platform. To date, only one Semi-FPS has been constructed in Malaysia involving complex ...

Influence of the contractor’s payment method on the economic effectiveness of the construction project from the contractor’s point of view

Abstract The scope of the paper is the problem of the economic effectiveness of the construction project from the contractor’s point of view. The two main construction contract types are taken under consideration: the unit price contract based on the bill of quantities and the lump sum contract. The net present value (NPV) is adopted in this paper as the basic economic efficiency criterion of the construction project. The NPV of the project for the contractor is calculated here as the sum of all future monthly contractor’s cash flows (both incoming and outgoing) discounted by using the monthly cost of contractor’s capital invested into the project. For the cash flow calculations, two basic payment methods are considered, depending on the type of the contract: the monthly payments in the case of the unit price contract and the payments for the WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) billing elements in the case of the lump sum contract. The contractor’s monthly cash flow analysis also makes it possible to determine the monthly cash requirements for the contractor to finance the works each month and the total cash requirement to finance the project as the whole. This allows the contractor to correctly plan the financing of the project depending on the type of contract and the payment method. Moreover, using the optimization techniques known in the scheduling theory, for example based on the priority rules as in the case of the RCSP, one may try to improve the economic effectiveness of the project or to lower the cash requirement for the project.However, as shown by the authors, it does not have bring the expected results in the case of the lump sum contract.

Development of Execution Guidelines For Maintenance, Reparation, and Material Specification Determination of Green Building Landscape Component Work in Government Building Based on Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

In designing a construction project, it is early important to consider the purpose and benefit of it uses. Maintenance and reparation work are activities to maintain the function of the building to remain in accordance with the original purpose of the development. The purpose of this research is to establish an execution guidelines for landscape component based on Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). Execution guidelines is a parameter that become the basis rules that should be fulfilled by the designer. The research methodology covers several stages: literature studies and delphi techniques through expert. The results of this study are expected to create implementation guidelines for managing the maintenance and reparation work that can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of building maintenance. Keywords: Project Management, Work Breakdown Structure, Maintenance, Reparation, Specification Determination, Government Building, Green Building

Improving the Work Breakdown Structure of the Plant Installation - Case: Asphalt Plant

The improvement of the project management forced the industrial organizations to focus on using the project management techniques in their industry, to plan and control the workflow to achieve their targets, further to increase the satisfaction of their customers. One of the most common project management tools are used is the work breakdown structure (WBS), which provide a framework for the implementation of the project scope including project planning, scheduling, monitoring, control, and estimation. Depending on the top-down approach the project activities will be broken into smaller parts that can be measured and controlled during the project implementation. The well-defined construction of the structure contributes to making the project more realistic and visual. However, the misunderstanding of the project WBS among the project team creates deflection and misinterpretation of the project scope. The main issue of this research is to improve the WBS of the installation plan and develop a standard WBS for plant installation. The research was limited to Asphalt plant installation WBS as a case study to identify the weaknesses of the current WBS at the case company which leads to extra installation time and cost. The research is offering a template WBS based on the company logic, defining the frequent risks that affect the plant installation based on the WBS and suggesting a suitable response strategy by recommending a control framework to monitor and control the WBS schedule throughout all installation phases.

Improving the Work Breakdown Structure of the Plant Installation - Case: Asphalt Plant

The improvement of the project management forced the industrial organizations to focus on using the project management techniques in their industry, to plan and control the workflow to achieve their targets, further to increase the satisfaction of their customers. One of the most common project management tools are used is the work breakdown structure (WBS), which provide a framework for the implementation of the project scope including project planning, scheduling, monitoring, control, and estimation. Depending on the top-down approach the project activities will be broken into smaller parts that can be measured and controlled during the project implementation. The well-defined construction of the structure contributes to making the project more realistic and visual. However, the misunderstanding of the project WBS among the project team creates deflection and misinterpretation of the project scope. The main issue of this research is to improve the WBS of the installation plan and develop a standard WBS for plant installation. The research was limited to Asphalt plant installation WBS as a case study to identify the weaknesses of the current WBS at the case company which leads to extra installation time and cost. The research is offering a template WBS based on the company logic, defining the frequent risks that affect the plant installation based on the WBS and suggesting a suitable response strategy by recommending a control framework to monitor and control the WBS schedule throughout all installation phases.

Development of Maintenance-Reparation Guidance, and Material Specification for Green Building’s Electrical Component in Government Building Based on Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

Initial quality of building depands on quality of design and construction phase of the building, while maintenance and spare part quality keep the decline of the quality during operational phase of building within level of service needed. Electrical aspect of building has an impact of the building’s purpose, safety, and comfort. Several finding in operation phase have been found regarding lack of quality of electrical maintenance process and spare part material such as fire incident, waste of electricity and exesive stock of spare part. Thus, it’s important to not only develop maintenance and reparation guidelines of electrical work but also it’s material specification to keep the required level of service. The purpose of this study is to use work breakdown structure (WBS) methods as a proven method in decomposition to develop maintenance and reparation guidelines, as well as the material specifications in green building. The research methodology covers several stages: literature studies, information from previous projects, and delphi techniques through expert validation in green building electrical components. The results of this study are expected to create applicable guidelines for maintenance and reparation work of electrical component and it’s material specification to eliminate or decrease finding of electrical issues in building operational.

Development of work breakdown structure (WBS) dictionary for road construction works

In the construction project plan, a description of the project work that will be used as a reference for the implementation of the construction project is required. In fact, there are many construction projects, especially road projects that are not in accordance with the plan in terms of time and cost. For that, we need WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) and its dictionary as a project implementation reference in order to define project activities to the resources. The development of these documents will be discussed in this research so that the implementation of the project is expected to be in accordance with the plan. The results of this study describe the details of the road construction projects to their resources in the form of WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) dictionary.