Winter Triticale Research Articles

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF WINTER TRITICALE AT DIFFERENT LEVEL OF INTENSITY

The aim of the study was to compare production and economic outcomes of using different production technologies of winter triticale grown in crop rotation. The research was based on the results of field experiments carried out in the years of 2008-2010. The effect of the research was to determine the indicators of economic efficiency of winter triticale depending on the production technology used. It was found that the level of technology intensity, determined by the costs incurred for the means of production, influenced the structure of direct costs and the profitability of triticale production. The cheapest technology was the economical one which involved using growth retardants, but limited fungicidal protection and low levels of mineral fertilization. It was significantly more profitable than integrated and intensive technologies, but compared to them, it was worse in terms of grain yields

The ploidy level of triticale plant regenerants, obtained by in vitro selection for resistance to abiotic stresses

Aim. To analyze the ploidy level of plant regenerants of winter triticale, obtained by in vitro selection for resistance to osmotic and salt stresses. Methods. By cytological analysis and flow cytometry methods there was determined the ploidy level in the plant regenerants of winter triticale obtained by in vitro selection for resistance to abiotic stresses. Results. The somaclonal variability of plant regenerants of winter triticale resistant to osmotic and salt stresses by ploidy level was observed. The cytological instability of resistant’s regenerants was revealed that was due in appearance of aneuploidy plants. Plants with aneuploid chromosome set (38–41) were characterized by reduced viability and abnormal generative organs resulting they are not formed normal ears and not received seeds. Conclusions. Among the obtained regenerants euploids were in most cases indicating a selective advantage of hexaploid cells in ability to morphogenesis. Keywords: Triticale, plant regenerants, cytological analysis, aneuploids, abiotic stresses.

Correlations at the interspecific and intraspecific hybrids of winter triticale

The main abiotic factor affecting the yield of triticale is the  GTK for the vegetation period (r = 0.93 ± ** 0.0193). Positive influence is ensured by precipitation before sowing (r = 0,37 ... 0,71 **). Partial death of plants during the sowing period (r = -0.37 ± 0.1233) and at the beginning of vegetation (r = -0.51 ± * 0.1057) occurs from excess moisture during these periods. During the growing season, high temperatures (r = -0.39 ... -0.71 **) and excess moisture (r = -0.32 ... -0.63 *) reduce yields. Presence in samples of telocentric chromosomes of wheat and rye, splitting testify to the continuing formative process. In the third generation, the process of splitting hybrids into morphotypes continues. There are hybrid plants with pyramidal and fusiform spike, awned and semi-awned, high and low. Compared with first-generation hybrids, the number of significant relationships in second-and third-generation hybrids is much higher. The explanation for this is that F2 and F3 hybrids have a wider range of genotypic and phenotypic variability. Splitting in F2 and subsequent generations is extremely diverse, since the parent varieties differed among themselves for a very large number of characters. The process of stabilization of F3 hybrids is not complete, in addition to the recombination of genes, the process of stabilizing the level of ploidy has not been completed. The obtained hybrid material is of interest as a theoretical one - for further genetic research, as well as practical - for selective use. Increasing the sensitivity of the hybrid to favorable and unfavorable conditions shows an increase in the phenotypic plasticity expressed by the bi regression coefficient. The reason of such as lies in the genetic determination of the norm of reaction, the phenotypic manifestation of which depends on the action of environment factors and their tension. The purpose of this study was to study the correlation relationships of hybrids F1, F2 and F3 obtained in different ways, plasticity and stability. Identify the likelihood of cytogenetic balanced forms in F3 and the ability to conduct selections in this generation.

Comparative response of spring and winter triticale productivity and bioethanol yield to fertilisation intensity

ABSTRACTGrains of triticale are one of the feedstocks suitable for bioethanol production because they are characterised by high starch and low protein contents. In the present study, spring and winter triticale were comparatively studied to evaluate the influence of N fertilisation intensity on the productivity and bioethanol yield, as well as to assess the relationship between the meteorological factors and ethanol yield. Six treatments of N – 0, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 kg ha−1 were compared in spring triticale and in winter triticale crops. The analysis of variance showed that nitrogen level (factor A), year (factor B) and their interaction (A × B) significantly (P ≤ .01) influenced grain yield, starch yield and bioethanol yield of both spring and winter triticale. Fertilisation was the main factor explaining 47.6% and 41.0% of the total variability of bioethanol yield of spring and winter triticale, respectively. Nitrogen fertiliser rates 120–180 kg ha−1 resulted in maximum bioethanol yield of spring triticale (2417–2480 l ha−1) and winter triticale (4311–4420 l ha−1). Bioethanol conversion efficiency of nitrogen-fertilised spring and winter triticale was similar 492 l t−1 and 508 l −1, respectively. Meteorological factors had a greater impact on grain productivity and bioethanol yield for winter triticale than for spring triticale. Both seasonal types of triticale could be good feedstocks for bioethanol production in the areas with congenial weather conditions for their cultivation.

Effects of growth stage and growing degree day accumulations on triticale forages: 2. In vitro disappearance of neutral detergent fiber

The use of winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) in dairy-cropping systems has expanded greatly in recent years, partly because of its value as a forage crop but also to improve land stewardship by providing winter ground cover. Our objectives were to use 2-pool and 3-pool nonlinear models to characterize in vitro disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and then describe the relationship between estimated parameters from those models with plant growth stage or growing degree days (GDD) >5°C for winter triticale forages harvested during 2016 and 2017 in Marshfield, Wisconsin. Forages were harvested from replicated field plots each year at growth stages ranging from stem elongation to soft dough. All NDF analyses included use of sodium sulfite and heat-stable α-amylase with residual fiber corrected for contaminant ash (asNDFom). Nonlinear 3-pool models for in vitro disappearance of asNDFom that included fast (Bfast) and slow (Bslow) disappearance pools as well as an associated disappearance rate for each (Kdfast and Kdslow, respectively) were easily fitted provided that a single discrete lag time was applied to both Bfast and Bslow pools to reduce the number of parameters to be estimated. An unresolved issue related to fitting 3-pool decay models was the incomplete recovery of asNDFom from immature triticale forages at 0 h, which was partially resolved with 2 approaches that produced similar estimates of Kdfast and Kdslow. Most parameters obtained from 2- and 3-pool decay models for asNDFom could be related to growth stage or GDD using polynomial regression techniques, often with high coefficients of determination (R2). For 3-pool models of asNDFom disappearance, Bslow increased with plant maturity, but the associated Kdslow ranged narrowly from 0.011 to 0.015/h and could not be related to growth stage or GDD by quartic, cubic, quadratic, or linear regression models. Despite different cultivars coupled with substantial differences in precipitation across years, single endpoint estimates of in vitro disappearance of asNDFom after 24, 30, or 48 h of incubation were closely related (R2 ≥ 0.906) to growth stage and GDD by linear or quadratic regression models that were generally similar across production years. Typical recommendations for harvesting triticale at boot stage to facilitate the planting of a double crop are strongly supported by the extensive 30-h in vitro disappearance of asNDFom at that growth stage, which was 63.1 and 64.8% of asNDFom during 2016 and 2017, respectively.

Критерії оцінки накопичення сухої речовини рослинами озимих культур в Лісостепу Правобережному

The purpose. To determine dependence of seeding rates and level of fertilizing on formation of dry matter by phytocenoses of triticale and Hungarian vetch. Methods. Field, laboratory, mathematic-statistical, comparative-calculation. Researches were carried out in the Institute of fodder crops and an agriculture of Podillia of NAAS. In experiments they seeded winter triticale of middle-early grade Polianske and middle-ripening grade Polovetske, Hungarian vetch of grades Orlan. Seeding rate of gramineous ingredient in one-way sowings was 5 million grains/hectare, of leguminous one — 3 million grains/hectare of viable seeds. In combined sowings the ratio was the following (%): 50:50, 75:75, 50:75 and 75:50. Results. It is determined that for winter triticale and Hungarian vetch the content and exit of dry matter in one-way and combined sowings were stipulated by seeding rates, level of mineral nutrition and weather environment. The greatest indexes were gained for mixture of winter triticale of grade Polianske with Hungarian vetch, which made 8,77 tons/hectare at importation of fertilizers in dose of N45P45K45 and mixture ratio 75:50%. Main share in gross yield of dry matter in leguminous-gramineous phytocenose had gramineous ingredient — 5,87 tons/hectare, or 66,9%. Binary mixture with winter triticale Polovetske ensured exit of dry matter of 7,39 tons/hectare, that was on 15,3% below than in the previous mixture. Conclusions. Productivity of binary mixtures of winter triticale with Hungarian vetch is justified, that is regulated by optimum seeding rates and level of mineral nutrition. Dependence of accumulation of dry matter on weather environment is fixed by the framed models of phytocenoses which are regulated by results plural regression analysis.

Water consumption of seed crops of winter triticale varieties depending on microfertilizers on irrigated land of the South of Ukraine

Water consumption of seed crops of winter triticale varieties depending on microfertilizers on irrigated land of the South of Ukraine

THE INTERPHASE PERIOD OF SHOOTS – EARING OF SPRING TRITICALE

The work presents the results of the study of forms and hybrids of spring triticale by the trait specifi ed as the number of days from shooting to earing carried out in 2012, 2014 and 2017 under the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Novosibirsk region. From the world collection of The N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, there were selected 5 sources of early maturity with an average duration of the interphase period of shoots-ears 35-37 days, which are recommended for use in further breeding work to create early varieties of wheat-rye amphiploids in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. The results of the study demonstrated that in 2012, 2014 and 2017 the samples Presto/ /2*Tesmo 1 (к-3883), IRA-M2A (к-688), Skory (к-3745), Fahad 8-2*2//PTR... (k-3878) and POP-WG (к-3882) had the shortest interphase period. Among new samples there were marked Trl-216-78-01 (к-3991), LT-F6-540-4 (к-3992), LT-F6-544-4 (к-3993), LT-F6-544-6 (к-3994), LT-F6-546-2 (к-3995) and LT-F6-546-3 (к-3996), whose period from shooting to earing was 36-38 days in 2017. In the hybrid populations of the third generation of winter triticale, variety Sirs 57, and two spring collection samples, IRA-M2A (к-688) and Arsenal (к-3874), plants reaching the duration of the shoots-earing interphase period of the spring parental forms were not found. Spring triticale obtained in the offspring of spontaneous mutant spring plants isolated from populations of winter forms of amphiploids were characterized by a longer interphase period of shoots-earing (51-56 days) than the studied spring hexaploid samples. Four families of octaploid triticale had the longest period (62-72 days).

SEASONAL LIFE HISTORY PLASTICITY OF THE GROUP OF WINTER WHEAT AND TRITICALE ACCESSIONS

The application of “spring analogs” to explore winterhardiness of wheat gives the possibility to obtain cultivars with higher hardiness. Seasonal life history plasticity of winter cultivars gives the possibility to obtain such “analogs”. Winterhardiness of 34 winter wheat and triticale accessions from Krasnodar was tested in West Siberia environment. Their ofsprings were sown early in the spring near Novosibirsk to study their plasticity and to obtain “spring analogs”. In the fall the percentage of fertile plants was equal to 0 in the case of 5 accessions and to not more than 59.3 in other 29 accessions partly because of the presence of sterile plants. The progeny of this sowing was sown next year late in the spring. As a result, in the fall fer tile plants were observed in the progeny of only 15 winter accessions. Also plants at the stage of tillering were observed in the progeny of 28 accessions at the beginning of winter. Some of them survived and developed seeds next year earlier than winter cultivars. Variability in performance was observed between these plants in spite of sandy soil (low humidity content) and May-June strong drought. So, such “winter-spring” plants can be used for breeding wheat and triticale accessions suitable for sowing late in the spring or early in the summer and harvesting next year earlier than winter cultivars. They can be developed in accordance with sustainable agriculture, because “winter-spring” plants were generated in an extremely unfavourable environment: sandy acid soil (pH 4.9–5.3) with low fertility (nitrogen content in the upper 40-cm layer was below 25 kg/ha) without fertilizer application. There is a theoretical posibility to breed “winter-spring” plants in simultaneous sowings with spring cultivars.

Triticale-oat bread as a new product rich in bioactive and nutrient components

Nowadays non-bread cereals, including oats, due to their healthy properties are increasingly used as additives in bread production. The aim of the present study was to evaluate new healthy triticale-oat bread by replacement as much as possible of triticale flour by high fibre oat concentrate (COF), without decreasing technological quality of bread. The flours obtained from 4 winter triticale varieties were enriched with 2.5%, 5% and 10% of COF. An increasing COF level resulted in significantly increased nutritional parameters content as well as dietary fibre (up to 11.5%), including six-fold increase in β-glucan content (from 0.3% for control breads to 1.0% and 1.8% for 5% and 10% COF, respectively) and as a consequence even two-fold increase in viscosity of water extracts (WEV). Obtained results were compared to popular, available in bakery wheat and wheat-rye breads. All obtained triticale-oat breads can be included as food products high in fibre (over 6 g per 100 g). The dough properties and bread parameters, especially bread volume, shape and crumb texture decreased with the addition of COF. Results show that triticale flour replaced by up to 5% of COF makes it possible to prepare new kind of healthy bread.

DEVELOPMENT OF SPRING TRITICALE VARIETY MODEL

The model of spring triticale variety adapted to the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia was developed based on empirical data obtained during breeding. The work was carried out using the results of the analysis of the relationships between the indexes of plant grains mass and morphobiological characteristics of the plant. According to the results of breeding studies of spring triticale in 2009–2016, there was created computer database containing information on productivity, product quality, resistance to diseases, pests and other characteristics. The materials for breeding were intervarietal hybrids of hexaploid spring triticale obtained by diallel crossings of four spring triticale varieties from the world collection of the N.I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry (Sokol Kharkovskiy, Ukro, Gabo, K-3881) as well as by crossing of these varieties with Sirs 57– a winter triticale variety bred at Siberian Research Institute of Plant Production and Breeding – branch of IC&G SB RAS. A conceptual scheme of the spring triticale variety model was elaborated, revealing a logical sequence of operations required to build a variety model version. We used the practical data to correct the parameters of the model variety that allowed us to determine the limits of variability of the potential yield, provided by the climate resources in a specific soil-climatic zone. The following main parameters of spring triticale variety model were determined: the number of grains of the main ear is 50–60 pieces, the length of the ear is 11–13 cm; weight of 1000 grains is 60 g, grain yield is 50 c/ha.

Populations of doubled haploids for genetic mapping in hexaploid winter triticale

To create a framework for genetic dissection of hexaploid triticale, six populations of doubled haploid (DH) lines were developed from pairwise hybrids of high-yielding winter triticale cultivars. The six populations comprise between 97 and 231 genotyped DH lines each, totaling 957 DH lines. A consensus genetic map spans 4593.9 cM is composed of 1576 unique DArT markers. The maps reveal several structural rearrangements in triticale genomes. In preliminary tests of the populations and maps, markers specific to wheat segments of the engineered rye chromosome 1R (RM1B) were identified. Example QTL mapping of days to heading in cv. Krakowiak revealed loci on chromosomes 2BL and 2R responsible for extended vernalization requirement, and candidate genes were identified. The material is available to all parties interested in triticale genetics.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРЕДПОСЕВНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ СЕМЯН ОЗИМОЙ ТРИТИКАЛЕ НА ОСОБЕННОСТИ ИХ ПРОРАСТАНИЯ

The article presents the study results of reaction of winter triticale of Izhevskaya 2 and Zimogor for pre-sowing seed treatment with Vial TT, Agree`s Forsage, Mivgal-Agro, Emiks and its combination. It was established that presowing seed treatment affected the degree of development and morphological characteristics of seedlings. Preparations Agree`s Forsage, Mival-Agro and Mival-Agro in conjunction with Vial TT provided the stimulation of the seeds germination process of Izhevskaya 2 variety and, conversely, contributed to the inhibition of these processes in the Zimogor variety.

Forages and pastures symposium: cover crops in livestock production: whole-system approach. Can cover crops pull double duty: conservation and profitable forage production in the Midwestern United States?

Data from a recent survey suggest that the major reasons Nebraska farmers plant cover crops are to improve soil organic matter, reduce erosion, improve soil water holding capacity, produce forage, and increase soil microbial biomass. Many of these benefits appear to be positively correlated with production of above-ground biomass. Thus, selecting species that will produce the greatest biomass should be beneficial for both soil conservation and forage production. Furthermore, the limited data available suggest that grazing of cover crops does not have large negative crop production, soil, or environmental impact. In the Midwestern United States, the production window following wheat harvest, male row destruction in seed corn, and to a lesser extent following corn silage harvest is long enough to produce 2,500 to 4,500 kg DM per hectare of high-nutritive value, fall forage. In the past 4 yr, we have conducted eight trials using predominantly oats and brassicas planted in mid- to late-August. Forage nutritive value of oats and brassicas is extremely high in early November (70% to 80% IVDMD; 14% to 23% CP) and remains high through December with only a 4% to 7% unit decrease in IVDMD and no change in CP concentration. Thus, it appears that delayed grazing could be an option to maximize potential forage yield. Fall-weaned calves (200 to 290 kg BW) grazing oats with or without brassicas in November and December (48 to 64 d) at stocking rates of 2.5 to 4.0 calves per hectare have ADG between 0.60 and 1.10 kg. The cost of gain has ranged from $0.53 to $2.08/kg when accounting for seed costs plus establishment ($60 to 117/ha), N plus application ($0 to 58/ha), fencing ($11/ha) and yardage ($0.10 calf-1 d-1). Although soybeans and corn harvested for grain do not provide a large enough growing window to accomplish fall grazing, similar dual purpose cover crop practices are often accomplished by planting winter-hardy small grain cereal grasses, such as cereal rye or winter triticale in the fall and grazing in the spring. However, traditional planting dates for corn and soybean result in a 30 to 45 d grazing period prior to corn and a 45 to 60 d period prior to soybean planting. Planting cover crops to provide late fall or early spring grazing has potential. However, incorporating forage production from cover crops into current cropping systems greatly increases the need for timeliness of management since the window of opportunity for forage production is quite narrow.

Effect of different soil cultivation methods on the emergence of Apera spica-venti

Minimum tillage, i.e. without plowing the soil, is practiced on about 40% of the arable fields in Germany. The effects on the long run of this soil cultivation are investigated in a long-term field trial. Since autumn 2007 two different soil cultivation methods are investigated in a long-term field trial, among other things, for the emergence of Apera spica-venti before herbicide control. The experimental fields are located in Germany, in the federal state of Brandenburg, about 50 km from Berlin. The crop rotation consists of winter oilseed rape, winter wheat, winter rye, winter barley, winter triticale, peas and maize. The plots were treated with herbicide since the start of the field trial in 1995. Weeds were counted before herbicide application in autumn or spring. For each plot 4 points with an area of 0.25 m² were investigated and both weed number and species were determined. The results show that the median of Apera spica-venti plants spans from 9 (year 2013) to 55 (2010) plants per m² in cereals crop plots with plowing. For the plots without plowing the median ranges between 18 (2009) and 140 (2017) Apera spica-venti plants per m². In plots without plowing the numbers of emerging Apera spica-venti plants has been rising since the year 2007.

Straw Yield and Quality: An Extra Motivation for the Introduction of Triticale in Mixed Farming Systems

Straw is a valuable by-product from cereal production. It is used for agricultural purposes as feed and bedding material for livestock. Additionally, cereal straw is a resource for the production of sustainable biomaterials and bio-energy. To meet the demands of these sectors substantial amounts of straw, with specific properties (e.g. water-holding capacity), are necessary. Since wheat breeding has mainly focused on grain yield rather than on straw yield other cereal species, such as triticale, can be of interest. Therefore, in this research the straw yield and water-holding capacity of four winter wheat and four winter triticale varieties were studied during two growing seasons. For both wheat and triticale there were differences in dry matter yield and percentage dry matter between growing seasons. Furthermore, depending on the growing season, there were significant differences in straw yield between the different wheat and triticale varieties. However, during both growing seasons, the straw yield obtained from the triticale varieties was significantly higher compared to the straw yield obtained from the wheat varieties. Concerning the water-holding capacity, it was concluded that the water absorption potential of triticale straw was higher compared to the water absorption potential of wheat straw. However, only in 2014 a significant difference between wheat and triticale was noted. So, it can be concluded that, besides the known advantages of triticale (performance on marginal soils, disease resistance, low fertilizer input, etc.), this crop has the potential to deliver high yields of high quality straw.

Формування кормової продуктивності бінарних сумішей горошку посівного паннонського із тритикале озимим залежно від елементів технології вирощування в Лісостепу Правобережному

Introduction. Annual feed crops are one of the main reservoirs for receiving high-quality feed, especially in the context of climate change observed over the last decade. Therefore, the expansion of intermediate crops as legume-cereal mixtures of winter crops for the production of high-grade forage in early spring are very important. Such mixtures form the forage yield, using the reserves of productive moisture of the autumn-winter period. Due to the selection of varieties of winter triticale, differing in duration of vegetation, it is possible to extend the term of its use in the raw material conveyor, especially when grown in the mixture with Hungarian vetch, and providing animals with full forage in the early spring. which is one of the promising directions of intensification of field fodder production. Purpose is to determine the effect of sowing rates and fertilizer levels on the feed productivity of mixtures of differently ripening varieties of winter triticale and Hungarian vetch. Methods. The research was conducted at the Institute of Feed Research and Agriculture of Podillya of the NAAS. Field, laboratory, mathematical-statistical, comparative-calculation methods were used. Forage yield were obtained by the method of continuous mowing from the entire plot. Chemical analyzes were performed according to the following standards: determination of total nitrogen and crude protein content by Kjeldahl method - DSTU ISO 5983-2003. The crude protein yield was determined by the calculated method by multiplying of dry matter yield on the crude protein content. The mathematical and statistical analysis of the results of the research was carried out using a dispersion analysis on a personal computer using modern packages of applications of mathematical processing of data Excel and Statistica 13.2. Results . It was established that in the winter triticale and Hungarian vetch yields of green mass in single-breeding and mixtures were determined by sowing rates and fertilizer levels. The lowest forage yield was obtained in monoculture of Hungarian vetch and winter triticale without fertilizers. Thus, it was at the level of 19.9 t/ha in Hungarian vetch and 27.7-29.3 t/ha in winter triticale, while the growth on the mineral nutrition background was respectively 6.8-9.9 and 7.4 -12.2 t/ha depending on the variety of the cereal component. The largest increase in the forage yield was provided by forage crops using mineral fertilizers at a dose of N 45 P 45 K 45. The highest forage yield and the crude protein yield of bean-cereal mixtures were provided with the ratio 50:50% using middle-ripening variety of triticale Polovetske (42.0 t/ha) and 75:50% - with early Polyanske (46.2 t/ha) and applying mineral fertilizers in a dose of N 45 R 45 K 45 . When cultivating Hungarian vetch with early-ripening triticale Polyanske average forage yield was greater by 6.2% than with the triticale var. Polovetske. In mixture of Hungarian vetch with winter triticale var. Polyanske was significantly higher crude protein yield on all variants of the experiment by 18.3-42.9% compared to the single-cropping and amounted to 1,160-1,288 t/ha at the maximum nutrition background. The productivity of binary mixtures declined slightly while growing winter triticale var. Polovetske 1,028-1,044 t/ha or decreased by 12,8-23,4%. Conclusions and perspectives . The productivity of the binary mixtures winter triticale with Hungarian vetch, which is regulated by optimum sowing rates and nutrition level, is substantiated. The best sowing rates of triticale with Hungarian vetch when grown on green feed is 50:50% with the middle-ripening triticale Polovetske and 75:50% with the early Polyianske , which ensured the forage yield at 42.0 and 46.2 t/ha, respectively. Mixed crops of Hungarian vetch with winter triticale provide the crude protein yield of 1,037 and 1,288 t/ha, respectively, with the Polovetske and Polianske varieties when fertilizing in a dose of N 45 R 45 K 45 . Further research will be aimed at establishing the competitiveness of various cereals with Hungarian vetch mixtures while growing on green forage and grain processing in order to improve the technology for their cultivation. Key words: winter triticale, Hungarian vetch, mineral fertilizers, sowing rates, productivity

The prospects of growing winter triticale in the Perm region

A brief historical note on the creation of a new culture - winter triticale is given. The prospects of the cultivation and use of winter triticale in the Perm region are described. During 2006-2016 the technology of cultivation of winter triticale for fodder and grain in single-species and mixed agrophytocenosis, for the preparation of silage and grain haylage was developed. It has been established that winter triticale is a perspective crop that can be successfully cultivated in the Perm region and can be used for green fodder, silage and grain dumping for harvesting, forming a high yield of both green mass - up to 24,5 tons/ha-1 and dry weight - 5,96 tons/ha-1, grain - 5.46 tons/ha-1. Silage making from fresh-cut green mass of winter crops at the beginning of the earing, grain load in the milky-wax ripeness produce the forage of the I-II class with the content of crude protein - 9,23-18,01%, the exchange energy - 8,73-10,94 MJ/kg, feed units - 0,63-0,97 per absolutely dry matter.

Зимостойкость озимой ржи: проблемы и решения

High winter hardiness is an advantage of winter rye over other cereals. This trait is determined by a number of parameters: biological and genetic properties, weather conditions and technological features. The main reasons of failure of winter rye sowings in North-East of European Russia are frost-killing and asphyxiation. Frost-killing is characteristic for beginning of winter with low snow cover and for cold spell in spring. The critical situation with frost damage in the region was recorded in 2009-2010 when soil temperature at the depth of tillering zone site continuously kept at -18 °С day and night. The depth of soil freezing was more than a meter. Winter wheat and triticale were almost completely winterkilled in Kirov region. The failure rate of winter rye Falenskaya 4 in Federal Agricultural Scientific Center of North-East was equal to 17%. Annual damage of rye production in the region is caused by asphyxiation and affection by snow mold (M nivale). On the average damage caused by this disease is 15-20% and in some years even more. Other unfavorable factors of overwintering are shell ice, damping-off and pushing-out of crops. Stability of winter rye production depends on observing the cultivation technology and breeding of highly winter-hardy varieties. Thus, winter resistance is one of the key priorities of breeding programs in North-East of European Russia. The development of such varieties depends on improvement the breeding methods and use of sources of winter hardiness corresponded to region conditions.

КОРОТКОСТЕБЕЛЬНОСТЬ ЛИНИИ ПРАГ 530 В СЕЛЕКЦИИ ТРИТИКАЛЕ ОЗИМОЙ

КОРОТКОСТЕБЕЛЬНОСТЬ ЛИНИИ ПРАГ 530 В СЕЛЕКЦИИ ТРИТИКАЛЕ ОЗИМОЙ