Winter Triticale Varieties Research Articles

Desiccation and senification in the technology of cultivation of winter triticale varieties in the Middle Urals

Triticale is an artificially man-made culture that has both positive and negative signs and properties. One of such undesirable signs is the low resistance of the grain to germination during maturation. Therefore, the search for ways to reduce this phenomenon is an urgent issue. Pre-harvest treatment of crops, namely desiccation and senification, can be a solution to this problem. The purpose of the study, conducted in the conditions of the Udmurt Republic, geographically belonging to the Middle Urals, was a comparative study of the effect of desiccation and senification of crops on yield and grain quality of winter triticale. In a two-factor field experiment during the growing seasons 2021 and 2022, the varieties Izhevskaya 2 (control) and Beta, whose crops were treated with desiccant Sukhovey and seni- cants – 20 and 30% solutions of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, were studied. In the years of the study, the final stages of ontogenesis in triticale varieties took place in hot dry conditions. As a result, the effect of the studied substances did not affect the grain yield. When comparing the declared varieties, the yield advantage of the Beta variety was established due to the formation of larger grains and higher inflorescence productivity. At the same time, a greater accumulation of dry matter per unit area was characterized by a higher-growing variety Izhevskaya 2. In the course of the experiment the increase of the natural weight indices of winter triticale variety Beta by 7–9 g/l in the variants with the use of ammonium sulfate was revealed. Grain volume weight of the Izhevskaya 2 variety did not change under the influence of the studied methods.

Rust resistance of wheat and triticale samples in different plant growing stages

Aim. To study resistance to leaf, yellow and stem rusts of winter and spring wheat and winter triticale samples from the collection of the N. I. Vavilov All‐Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) and breeding centres of southern Russia in different phases of ontogenesis and to identify new sources with group resistance. Material and Methods. The resistance of 158 wheat and triticale samples from the VIR collection and southern breeding centres to populations of leaf, stem and yellow rusts in different plant growth stages was analysed. In the juvenile phase the samples studied were inoculated with populations of rust fungi in climate chambers of the Federal Research Centre of Biological Plant Protection and the type of plant reaction to lesions was noted. In field conditions the samples were evaluated according to the CIMMYT scale on an artificial infectious background. Results. In the adult plant stage under field conditions 79 wheat and triticale samples with group resistance to leaf, yellow and stem rusts were identified, and in the juvenile stage 26 samples. 22 samples showed resistance to three rusts in both phases of ontogenesis. Of these, 5 samples belong to the VIR collection, 3 winter triticale varieties (Dozor, Knyaz, Svat) and the Kavalerka wheat variety selection of the P.P. Lukyanenko National Grain Centre, 9 lines from the Donskoy Agrarian Research Centre and the Federal Rostov Agrarian Research Centre, and 4 winter triticale varieties (Ataman Platov, Zimogor, Kapral, Legion) of selections of the Federal Rostov Agrarian Research Centre. Conclusion. The samples of wheat and winter triticale with group resistance which have been identified are promising for use in breeding for immunity to rust diseases.

ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ГЕНОФОНДА ПШЕНИЧНО-РЖАНОГО АМФИДИПЛОИДА МИРОВОЙ КОЛЛЕКЦИИ ВИР В УСЛОВИЯХ РСО-АЛАНИЯ

The paper presents the data of the results on the study of the comparative characteristics of varieties of winter triticale of local and foreign breeding in the conditions of the Russian Federation. Varietal samples of winter triticale from the world collection of the All-Russian Institute of Plant Breeding named after N. I. Vavilov (VIR) have been studied according to a complex of economically valuable features. The sources of high grain productivity, short stalk, resistance to ear fusarium, etc. are highlighted. A collection of source material for the breeding of winter triticale varieties adapted to the conditions of the foothill zone of the North Caucasus has been created. The VIR Winter triticale collection is represented by 36 samples from Russia, including: Rostov region 5, Voronezh Region 1, Leningrad Region 6, Dagestan 17, Krasnodar Territory 7, as well as from Azerbaijan 1, Kazakhstan 1, Poland 4, France 3, Czech Republic 1, Switzerland 4, Bulgaria 4, Germany 1, Sweden 1, Hungary 1, USA 2, Ukraine 1. The highest value of the ear length was noted in the samples: Rarity, Garnet, PRAG 559, Adasa, Topaz. On average, the length value of winter triticale samples was 10.5 cm. The grain weight of an ear is a complex feature that characterizes the mass of one grain and the total number of grains in the ear. By weight of grain from one ear, Topaz – 2.8 g, Yasha, Adas, Diamond – 2.7 g are distinguished from winter triticale samples. The lowest grain weight from one ear in ATPL samples is 1.5 g, Vocalise and Makar – 1.7 g. By weight of 1000 grains, the best result in Legion samples is 49.3 g, Ratne – 49.0 g, Adas – 48.8 g . Cultivars with a complex or separate economically valuable features have been identified from the collection material of winter triticale: Knyaz (Russia), Kunak (Russia), Bogdo (Russia), Ramzai (Russia), PRAG 531 (Russia), Hortenso (Poland), Moderato (Poland), Zenit Odessa (Ukraine), Pawo (Poland), Varvara (Russia), GR-16-2 (Russia) and others.

Оптимизация молекулярно-генетической диагностики возбудителей фузариозов на озимой тритикале (×Triticosecale Wittm . & A. Camus)

Phytopathogenic fungi are among the most common and dangerous plant pathogens, causing significant crop losses and considerable economic costs. The greatest damage to agricultural crops is caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium, making the study of their distribution, species diversity and diagnostic methods more in demand every year. This is particularly important for breeding purposes. The determination of the species composition of this pathogen allows not only to evaluate the level of infestation, but also to perform preventive selection for resistance to Fusarium. The aim of the study was to test the developed primers and probes for the identification of the most common representatives of the genus Fusarium such as F. culmorum, F. graminearum and F. poae. Pure cultures of fungi obtained from different collections of microorganisms were used as research material. We studied 35 varieties of winter triticale from the RSAU-MTAA collection. In order to differentiate the studied species, oligonucleotides were designed for a fragment of the Galactose oxidase (GalOx) gene and its homologous genes from the NCBI database. Diagnosis was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The main analytical characteristics of the developed primers such as specificity and sensitivity were determined. Screening of 35 varieties of winter triticale showed their infestation with fungi of the genus Fusarium. It was revealed that the predominant species was F. poae, which was found in 95.2% of the varieties. For F. graminearum, the highest prevalence was found between 2020 and 2021, when the infestation of triticale samples was 31.4% and 91.4%, respectively. F. culmorum had the lowest percentage of infestation, being found in only 20% of all samples. In addition, the winter triticale varieties of the 2022 harvest K‑1–19#14 K‑3851 PRAG502 (Dagestan) and K‑1–19#42 K3727 SNT‑5/92 (Omsk region) were identified as the least susceptible to infestation by the studied species of fungi.

The use of triticale in feed production

The results of growing new varieties of winter triticale in order to obtain herbage and grain are presented. The effectiveness of the use of triticale in fodder production, in particular, as part of complete mixed fodders when growing young fattening pigs on the materials of the Bryansk region and using it in a green forage chain when growing cattle is substantiated. The research was conducted in the Bryansk region in 2021, 2022. The superiority of triticale in terms of the main parameters in comparison with traditionally cultivated crops: rye and wheat has been proven. The combination of high yield and protein content allows increasing the yield per unit area of more valuable grain. The protein content in the grain of the rye variety Pukhovchanka was 12,4%, in the grain of the triticale variety Forte – 15,2%, and in the grain of the wheat variety Vladi – 14,1%, which indicates the highest protein content of triticale grain in comparison with the most common crops. The best results were obtained on the cultivation of the triticale variety Forte using mineral fertilizers in the amount of N120P130K130, in which the grain yield averaged 91,4 centners per hectare over two years, the excess yield of wheat variety Vladi was 7,6 centners per hectare. The increase in the yield of triticale was due to the combination of rye with many ears and wheat with many flowers which ensured an increase in the mass of grain per ear. With a slight decrease in the density of the stem stand in the crops of triticale, its yield significantly exceeded other studied crops of the variety. When cultivating triticale for green fodder of the Elephant variety, the yield was 407,1 c/ha, which is 106,8 c/ha higher than the yield of the Pukhovchanka variety. The technological ripeness of triticale comes 7 days later than that of rye, so this crop fits well into the green forage chain. Due to high resistance to the most common and harmful diseases such as brown and stem rust, powdery mildew, green fodder triticale during the period of technological ripeness retains consumer qualities at a high level.

Economic and biological characteristic of the new winter triticale variety Georg

The article presents the main methods and study of a new variety of winter triticale Georg. Selection work was carried out at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization “Federal Center of Agriculture Research of the South-East Region”. The variety was bred by the method of intervarietal hybridization within the Triticale genus, followed by a single selection from the hybrid F2Aquarius/ADP-2//Modus. The characteristic of the variety according to the most important economically valuable traits are given in comparison with the varieties Zubr and Valentin 90 admitted for cultivation in the Nizhnevolzhsky region. The direction of grain use is grain fodder. Variety - ferrugineum. According to the competitive variety testing the grain yield of the new variety was 6.2 t/ha, which significantly exceeds the Zubr variety by 1,9 t/ha and the Valentin 90 variety by 1.5 t/ha. In terms of "mass of 1000 grains", the Georg variety is inferior to both standards. The variety is distinguished by a higher productive bushiness in comparison with the standards - 465 pcs/m2, in the varieties Zubr and Valentin 90 - 344 and 307 pcs/m2, respectively. The variety is resistant to lodging. The height of the straw of the plants of the variety is 110.7 cm and does not differ from that of the Valentin 90 variety, but is lower in comparison with the Zubr variety by an average of 21.3 cm. The full-scale weight of the Georg grain is 732g/l. This indicator is lower than that of the Zubr variety by 9g/l and higher than that of the Valentin 90 variety by 31.3g/l. The grain germination index of the new variety and standards did not differ and indicated their susceptibility to pre-harvest grain germination. There were no significant differences in protein content between varieties. The volume of SDS-sedimentation in cv. Georg is lower than in cv. Valentin 90 by 6.7 ml and does not differ statistically significantly from cv. Zubr. According to the indicator “bread volume, cm3/100 g of flour”, the new variety and standards did not differ. The variety is approved for cultivation in the 7th (Middle Volga) region of the state register of the Russian Federation. The main advantages of the Georg variety are a high potential grain yield and resistance to lodging, due to the reduced plant height.

USE OF NEW GENERATION FERTILIZERS ON WINTER TRITICALE CROPS

The article scientifically substantiates the literary sources on the cultivation of winter triticale for grain and green fodder. It is proved that the use of new high-yielding varieties of winter triticale is a powerful factor in stabilizing the grain economy of the country. Therefore, in this context, it is important to use the latest measures in innovative technologies to increase the yield and quality of crop production. Among the innovative measures in the technological process of growing agricultural crops, foliar feeding of plants with microfertilizers of biological, organic and chemical origin has become widely popular. With the correct application of these preparations, foliar feeding can be a more effective tool for eliminating the deficit in micro- and macroelements, compared to the application of mineral fertilizers in the soil, since nutrients directly enter the plant tissue in critical stages of development. Foliar fertilization does not replace soil application of fertilizers, but contributes to the effective addition of the main nutrition system and ensures an increase in the yield and quality of agricultural crops. It has been established that winter triticale is a promising, high- yielding crop, regardless of its direction of use (grain, green mass). By biological characteristics, the growth rates of the stem of winter triticale are determined by the genetic trait characteristic of all cereal crops. It has been established that from the tillering stage to the full exit into the tube, that is, during this interphase period, the height of the plants increased by 2.2-2.3 times, regardless of the varietal characteristics of the culture. It has been previously found that the use of Dr Green preparations for foliar feeding during the main growth and development phases is aimed at suppressing growth processes in height, starting from the full exit into the tube.

Immunological Evaluation of Winter Triticale Varieties to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Puccinia triticina under the Conditions of the South of Russia

Immunological Evaluation of Winter Triticale Varieties to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Puccinia triticina under the Conditions of the South of Russia

Yield and grain quality of winter triticale varieties in the Volga region

Research on ordinary chernozem is presented to identify new promising varieties for modern technologies of growing winter triticale in arid conditions of the Volga region. In different weather conditions in the years (2019-2021), when testing 17 varieties of winter triticale, it was found out that the highest grain yield had the Krokha variety – 5.24 t/ha. The varieties Spika, Cornet, Consul, Valentine 90 were inferior to it by 0.23-0.34 t/ha (4.6-6.9%). According to the grain size, the 97-67T6P20 line stood out – 50.0 g, and the Zubr variety – 46.7 g, Capella – 46.3 g and Cornet – 46.0 g, respectively. The highest natural mass of 725-728 g/l had the varieties Capella and Consul, Lines 97-67T6 P 20. These varieties significantly exceeded Spika, Tornado and Valentine 90 by 23-43 g/l (3.3-6.3%). The protein content in the studied varieties varied from 12.7 to 15.5%, with the highest values in the Tornado feed direction variety – 15.5%. According to the complex of signs, the mass of 1000 grains (46-50 g), the nature of the grain (722-728 g/l) and the protein content (14.0-14.4%), the 97-67T6 P 20 line and the Capella variety were distinguished. Based on the data obtained on the yield and grain quality in the arid conditions of the Volga region, it is recommended to grow Krokha, Spika, Cornet, Consul, Valentine 90, and Gorka varieties.

Adaptive potential of winter triticale varieties in arid conditions of the Northern Caspian

In the semi-desert zone of the north-west of the Astrakhan region in 2020-2022, studies on agroecological variety testing of promising winter triticale varieties were conducted on the rainfed field of the Pre-Caspian Arid Federal Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The purpose of the research is to determine the parameters of adaptability of highly productive varieties of winter triticale for cultivation in arid conditions of the Northern Caspian Sea. There were five varieties of domestic selection in the work (Testament, Zimogor, PRAG-152, Sergius and Forte). Records, observations and analyses were carried out according to the methodology of the State Audit, the methodology of B.A. Dospekhov was used for statistical processing; the methodology of S.A. Eberhart and W.A. Russell was used to calculate the parameters of adaptability, as presented by V.A. Zykin and others. The article presents the parameters of adaptability of the studied varieties in years with varying degrees of moisture: regression coefficient (bi), variance (HCP05), stress resistance (Ymin - Ymax), genetic flexibility (Ymax+Ymin)/2), stability (S2i). Depending on the behavior of varieties in various meteorological growing conditions, a promising high-yielding (2.64 t/ha) winter triticale Forte variety with high genetic flexibility (2.57) was identified. The selected Forte variety has good plasticity (the linear regression coefficient is above one - 1.13) and genetic stability (S2i = 0.006), therefore it can be recommended for industrial cultivation in difficult arid conditions of the semi-desert of the Northern Caspian.

Productivity and grain quality of winter triticale varieties (Triticosecale Wittmack el. Camus) under different soil and climatic growing conditions

Purpose. To evaluate the productivity and grain quality of winter triticale varieties grown under different soil and climatic conditions. Methods. The research process involved laboratory, computational and statistical methods, and analysis and synthesis to draw conclusions. Results. HTC (IV–X) was found to vary significantly monthly, annually and in general between the research sites. It was found that the yield of winter triticale varieties in the Forest-Steppe and Polissia zones was 5.3 t/ha. The maximum yield in the Forest-Steppe zone was achieved by the variety ‘MIP Feniks’ (5.9 t/ha), in the Polissia zone by the variety ‘Pamiati Patseky’ (5.8 t/ha). It was found that the protein content of winter triticale varieties for the 2019–2020 research years in the Forest-Steppe zone was on average 12.6% and ranged from 12.2% (‘Liubomyr’) to 13.3% (‘MIP Yatahan’), which according to the classifier corresponded to grain of medium quality and can be used in the confectionery industry. The coefficient of variation (V,%) for this characteristic was 3.5%. In the Polissia zone, the protein content of the varieties averaged 13.6% over the years of research and ranged from 12.9% – medium content (‘MIP Feniks’) to 14.3% – high content (‘MIP Yatahan’). The intrazone variation was low and amounted to 4.0%. Correlation and regression analysis showed that an increase in the active temperature during the vegetation period up to 3203 оС allows an increase in the productivity indicators and in the weight of 1000 grains from 5.6 to 6.1 t/ha and from 46.8 to 53.5 g, respectively; an increase in precipitation during the vegetation period up to 515.1 mm leads to a decrease in the weight of 1000 grains from 45.2 to 38.1 g; with an increase in the amount of active temperatures and precipitation during the vegetation period from 3167.65 to 3202.9 оС and from 413.85 to 515.1 mm, respectively, it is possible to increase the protein content in grain from 12.4 to 13.8%; with an increase in the yield and weight of 1000 grains from 5.8 to 6.1 t/ha and from 51.8 to 53.8 g, the protein content of the grain can be reduced from 13.1 to 12.0%. Conclusions. Different responses of varieties to zonal growing conditions were observed. A positive influence of the rainfall factor during the growing season on the yield of winter triticale in Forest-Steppe and Polissia (r = 0.66 and 0.34 units) and on the increase of the protein content of grain grown in the Polissia zone (r = 0.56) was revealed.

Adaptation of the Method of Analytical Control of the Content of α-Amylase in Triticale Grain

Triticale grain crop is promising for cultivation in various regions of central Russia. Stable yield, high resistance to adverse conditions, allow us to consider this cereal plant as a reliable source of food production. The purpose of this study was to quantify the content of active α-amylase in triticale grain to provide a forecast of agrotechnical measures. The analysis of the quantitative content of α-amylase was carried out on a laboratory spectrofluorimeter using standard bioassays conducted on the basis of a set of reagents for determining the activity of α-amylase in blood serum and urine; the conversion factor for calculating enzyme activity was calculated using a multiparametric calibrator of biochemical analyzers. To improve the methodology for the determination of α-amylase in real samples of plant raw materials, flour of winter triticale varieties grown in the field was used. Based on the results of measuring the activity of α-amylase in triticale grain, a comparative assessment of the enzyme content in the flour of grain crops of 2020 and 2021 was carried out; the dependence of pre-harvest seed germination on the content of α-amylase in grain of various varieties, lines and hybrids was shown. Based on the data obtained on the content of α-amylase in triticale grain, a comparative assessment of the characteristics of pre-harvest seed germination was carried out. The indicator of the quantitative content of α-amylase can be recommended for use in the diagnosis of pre-harvest germination of grain, as well as in breeding work when creating new varieties of grain crops.

Creation and study of emmer (Triticum dicoccum) × triticale hybrids.

Triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) is of great interest as an insurance crop that can ensure the stability of the gross harvest of feed and food grains at a lower cost. In Western Siberia, only winter triticale varieties are cultivated, however, spring triticales are important for cultivation in regions not suitable for winter crops. To create spring varieties with high yields and good grain quality, it is necessary to study and enrich the gene pool, identify donors of economically valuable traits. One of the possible ways to solve this problem can be through the production of secondary hexaploid triticales with the involvement of the tetraploid wild-growing species of emmer wheat Triticum dicoccum (Schrank) Schuebl. The aim of this work was to create and study hybrids of emmer T. dicoccum (Schrank) Schuebl. with hexaploid triticale using genomic in situ hybridization for staining of meiotic chromosomes and analysis of plant productivity elements in F4-F8. DT4, DT5, DT6 plants and the prebreeding F6 forms obtained from them - DT 4/168, DT 5/176 and DT 6/186 - were selected according to the characteristics of the productivity and the nature of the grain in the F4 hybrid population. The offspring of hybrids DT4 and DT5 and prebreeding forms DT 4/168 and DT 5/176 had an increased grain nature (over 750 g/l), but low productivity. The hybrid DT6 and the breeding form DT 6/186 obtained from it had high grain productivity (785 ± 41 and 822 ± 74 g/m2, respectively), but, like the paternal form of triticale UK 30/33, had a reduced nature of the grain. In F8 DT 6/186 plants, 7 homologous pairs of rye chromosomes and from 27 to 30 wheat chromosomes were found in meiosis, which indicates the presence of a complete rye genome and two wheat ААВВ genomes. Rye chromosomes showed stable formation of bivalents in contrast to wheat chromosomes, which caused the presence of aneuploids in plant populations. Thus, hexaploid forms DT 4/168 and DT 5/176 with well-made smooth grain and high grain size were obtained, which can be used as a source of this trait for selection of food-grade triticale. DT 6/186 is a promising form for further breeding in order to obtain high-yielding forms of triticale.

Inheritance of fodder and seed productivity characteristics by F1 winter triticale hybrids

Purpose and Objectives. To characterize the inheritance of fodder and seed productivity characteristics by F1 winter triticale hybrids from reciprocal crossings. To select promising F1 combinations that show strong heterosis in three or more performance traits. Materials and Methods. The study was carried out at the Department of Fodder, Grain and Technical Crops Breeding of the Institute of Fodder and Agriculture of Podillia of NAAS in 2021 and 2022. The farming techniques were traditional for the forest-steppe. Parents and F1 were sown in a hybrid nursery using a manual marker; the interrow distance was was 30 cm; the interplant distance in the rows was 10 cm. Nine winter triticale varieties of different eco-geographical origins served as the starting material for direct and reverse crossings: Bozhych, Buzhanske, and Pavlodarskyi originating from Ukraine; Tornado, Khleborob, Soyuz, Sergiy, and Sibirskiy from Russia; and NTH 1933 from China. The heterosis degree was determined according to Matzinger et al. [15] and S. Fonseca, F. Patterson. Results and Discussion. Analysis of inheritance in F1 hybrids showed that the productive tillering capacity was inherited by different types, with negative overdominance (55%) and heterosis (20%) prevailing. Due to intra-allelic interactions of genes functioning in a heterozygous state only, selection of genotypes in early hybrid generations may be ineffective. However, there is a high probability of identification of transgressions of increased tillering in later hybrid generations. A combination with positive dominance, Khleborob / NTH 1933 (hp = 0.6; Ht = 3.3%; Hbt = -2.5%), is worth of special attention for selection of genotypes that would have increased tillering capacity. Combinations with negative overdominance (depression) are of little value in breeding for enhanced tillering. Our data on winter triticale demonstrated that the spike length inheritance by F1 hybrids had a wide spectrum: 10% of hybrid combinations showed positive overdominance (heterosis), 25% – positive dominance, 35% – intermediate inheritance, 15% – negative dominance, and 20% – negative overdominance (depression). This is attributed to different geographical and genetic origins of varieties selected for crossing. It should be noted that the Pavlodarskyi / Serhiy and Buzhanske / Pavlodarskyi hybrid combinations inherited spike length by depression. That is, it is possible to select winter triticale plants with relatively short spikes but with increased numbers of kernels among the distinguished hybrid combinations. Analysis in the Pavlodarskyi / Sergiy hybrid population proved that it was possible to select genotypes that would combine a relatively increased number of kernels per spike with an increased weight of kernels per spike. In the Sibirskiy / Pavlodarskyi, Tornado / Pavlodarskyi and Pavlodarskyi / Soyuz hybrid combinations with intermediate inheritance of the “kernel number per spike” trait, it was possible to select genotypes with small numbers of kernels, but kernels were heavier compared to those in the parental forms. The Bozhych / Pavlodarskyi and Sibirskiy / Pavlodarskyi hybrid combinations with positive dominance of the “kernel weight per plant” trait had intermediate inheritance of the “productive stem number” trait, the “spike length” trait and the “kernel number per spike” trait. Selection for increased weight of thousand kernels and, consequently, for increased weight of kernels per plant will be more effective in these combinations. It should be said that it is possible to generate genotypes with elongated spikes from these hybrid combinations. Negative dominance of the “productive stem number” trait, intermediate dominance of the “spike length” and “kernel number” traits, but little positive overdominance of the “kernel weight per spike” and the “kernel weight per plant” traits were intrinsic to the Pavlodarskyi / Soyuz hybrid combination. It is possible to identify genotypes with small numbers of productive stems and kernel numbers similar to those in a parent, but with an increased weight of thousand kernels. Conclusions. Analysis of the variability of the fodder and seed productivity traits in F1 winter triticale hybrids established that hybrid combinations differed significantly in terms of heterosis level and inheritance type. All possible variants of phenotypic dominance, from positive to negative overdominance, were identified. For such traits as the productive tillering, kernel weight per spike, kernel weight per plant, and dry matter weight per plant, depression was noted in most combinations (55–60%).

Influence of mineral fertilizers and technological factors on the growth and productivity of winter triticale varieties

Purpose. To study the influence of varieties and technological methods on the winter triticale productivity formation grown in the right-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine. Methods. General scientific methods were used: hypothesis, experiment, `observation and data analysis, as well as field research, laboratory analysis, mathematical and statistical ones. Results. Overwintering of plants of winter triticale varieties ranged from 76.3 to 84.4% with a 2.9-8.1% difference between varieties. The Bozhich variety showed the highest overwintering rate (82.0-87.8%), while the Desyatynne variety showed the lowest one (72.5-78.9%). The vegetation period increased under the conditions of mineral fertilizers application: from 288 to 294 days when applying N45P45K45 + N60 at the II-IV stages of organogenesis and up to 299 days under application of the N45P45K45 + N90 (N30 III) + N30 (IV) + N30 (VII) fertilization system. Fertilization had a positive effect on the habit of the plants in the earing phase: the Desyatinne variety showed the greatest increase in height (from 19.4 to 32.4 cm) and was prone to lodging. The lowest level of yield (1.69-4.14 t/ha) was obtained on control options without fertilizer. The Bohodarske and Bozhich varieties demonstrated significantly higher levels of average productivity – 5.03-5.59 t/ha of grain with a slight predominance of the Bozhich variety. Desyatynne and Bohodarske varieties under the highest rate of seed sowing (6 million/ha) and, accordingly, the highest plant stand density formed the highest biological yield of grain. The Bozhich variety, thanks to its compensatory properties, increased indicators of individual plant productivity and better bushiness, ensured the highest biological yield of grain at the lowest seeding rate (3.5 million/ha). Conclusions. The correct selection of sowing rates and fertilization systems helps to increase the grain yield of various varieties of winter triticale. Bozhich and Bohodarske varieties showed the best yield results. The importance of agrotechnical methods optimization for each variety of winter triticale aimed at achieving the highest productivity level and thus the efficient cultivation has been confirmed.

Adaptability of winter triticale varieties on different backgrounds of mineral nutrient in the Middle Don conditions

The research was carried out in order to study the adaptive features of winter triticale varieties depending on the level of mineral nutrition in the soil and climatic conditions of the north-western zone of the Rostov region. The work was carried out on medium-sized southern carbonate chernozem in 2012-2019. The material for the study was 10 varieties of winter triticale of their own selection. The scheme of the experiment included 12 backgrounds of mineral nutrition. The crops were placed on a black steam, the seeding rate was 4 million germinating seeds per 1 he for each agrophone. The agro-climatic conditions during the years of the experiment were contrasting. On average, over the years of research, the most favorable regime for realizing the potential productivity of winter triticale was formed when it was sown at high agrophones (144 ...208 kg of a.s./1 he). At the same time, the average port yield reached the level of 8.11...8.35 t/he of grain. The productive capabilities of all varieties (except Caprice) were high, they amounted to 98...111%. Under contrasting conditions of mineral nutrition, Ataman Platov and Donslav varieties had an optimal ratio between the needs of the genotype and the level of the agrophone. At the same time, they formed the maximum yield in the experiment (8.67 and 8.37 t/he, respectively). The Aztec variety had a wider range of adaptive capabilities than other varieties, so it has a high resistance to a limited amount of fertilizers. The Hector variety was characterized by minimal resistance to nutrient deficiency. According to the optimal combination of parameters of ecological plasticity and stability, the varieties Kapral, Skolot and Donslav were distinguished. In production conditions, they are of some value, since they are able to produce a stable grain yield with various fluctuations in the level of mineral nutrition.

Influence of seeding rates on productive qualities of winter triticale in the foothill zone conditions

The article presents the results of experimental studies of the influence of seeding rates on the productivity of winter triticale. Depending on the variety and seeding rate, field germination ranged from 63.4 to 75.7%. Higher field germination is characterised by the winter triticale variety Zimogor from 69.4 to 75.7%. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the fineness of the spike and the weight of the grain depended on the seeding rate. Increase in seeding rate led to a reliable increase in productivity of all three varieties of winter triticale. The highest yield was obtained at a seeding rate of 5 million seeds/ha of germinated seeds, and the lowest - at a seeding rate of 3 million pieces/ha. Consequently, according to the results of our research, we can conclude that the difference in yield between the variants of the experiment was determined by the ear fineness and weight of grain in it (to a less extent), and mainly determined by the number of plants preserved at the time of harvesting. The highest productivity was characterised by the Zimogor variety with a seeding rate of 5 million seeds/ha. On average, its biological yield was 7.60 tonnes/ha. The yield of the Kapriz and Valentin 90 varieties was significantly lower by 1.46 t/ha and 0.70 t/ha, respectively.

Adaptive potential of winter triticale breeding lines (×Triticosecale Wittmack) in Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Topicality. The requirements for modern winter triticale varieties include high grain yield and quality, as well as resistance to adverse environmental factors, i.e. high adaptability. Therefore, it remains important to develop varieties that combine the highest yield potential with genetic resistance to limiting factors. Purpose. To identify winter triticale breeding lines with high adaptability for use in breeding practice. Materials and Methods. The studies were carried out at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat NAAS of Ukraine. As a standard, the Amur variety was used. We have examined 20 breeding lines. Accounting plot area was 10 m2, trial was repeated four times. In experiment, laboratory-field and mathematical-statistical methods were used. Results. In 2019/20-2021/22, contrasting meteorological conditions made it possible to evaluate and select breeding lines of winter triticale by adaptive potential. It was found that the yield, which actually characterises the genotype response to environmental growing conditions, was the highest (5.36 t/ha) in 2020/21 and the lowest (3.81 t/ha) in 2019/20. It was established that the breeding lines 22002 ( = 4.97 t/ha), 22008 ( = 4.88 t/ha), 22016 ( = 4.79 t /ha) had the best general adaptability in comparison with the Amur variety-standard, and they were included in the group with the highest indicators of maximum yield (ranks of 1–3). The coefficient of variation was characterized by an insignificant (7.24–7.66 %) and medium level of variability (12.54–16.65 %), which confirms a fairly high and stable genotypic component in the formation of plant productivity. Calculations of ecological plasticity made it possible to identify the lines 22015, 22004 (bi = 0.63), which significantly reduced the yield under limited growing con-ditions. It is explained by high resistance of these lines to adverse environmental factors. In terms of yield, the highest homeostaticity and breeding value were shown by lines 22004, 22015, and 22008. Conclusions. During the research, we have identified the breeding lines 22004, 22015, 22008, and 22002 with high adaptive potential, which can used as a source material for developing highly productive varieties in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Key words: winter triticale, breeding lines, adaptability, yield, meteorological conditions

Effect of precipitation on the nutrient reaction of triticale varieties

Triticale is the first man made genus hybrid of wheat and rye. The basic aim of its production was to combine yield potential and grain quality of wheat with the disease and environmental tolerance of rye. In the past decades, triticale crop area has been increasing in Hungary, which climate change has also contributed. The triticale is produce well in dry climatic conditions, so it becomes more and more popular among farmers. Our country is the one of the top 10 triticale producing countries in the World. In the long-term fertilization experiment, at Fülöpszállás, on calcic meadow chernozem soil we carried out experiments in three growing seasons (2018/2019, 2019/2020, 2020/2021) with three winter triticale varieties (Hungaro, Mv Talentum, GK Maros,) in 4 replications, on 20 square meter random layout plots. In our experiment, we examined 15 different fertilization treatments, in every year, which can be used as different fertilization strategies. From the results of our experiments, we concluded that the yield of triticale is largely determined by genotype and nutrient supply, which is strongly influenced by the average annual precipitation. In the dry year, the effect of nutrients on yield was greater than in the rainy growing season.

Dependence of crop capacity and grain quality of winter triticale varieties on the level of mineral nutrition and seeding rates

Relevance and methodology. The response of present winter triticale varieties to the nitrogen nutrition level was assessed at different seeding rates in the agro-climatic conditions of the Bryansk region. The research object was a set of new winter triticale varieties cultivated by intensive technology on gray forest tame soils in the Bryansk region.The purpose of the research was to identify the potential of crop capacity and grain quality of present varieties of winter triticale, depending on the mineral nutrition level and seeding rates. Field experiments were carried out in the educational and experimental farm of the Bryansk State Agrarian University in 2019–2021 with the following crop rotation system: vetch-oats mixture for green fodder, winter triticale, potato, spring wheat.Results. It was established that the grain yield of the varieties under study largely depended on the conditions of moisture and heat availability in the growing season. In the experiment variant with N168Р96К96 and additional fertilizing of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate at the rates of N24 and N10 during spring vegetation and in the shooting stage, the varieties Tornado, Runo, Nina, Impulse, Tribune, Carnet and Legion were distinguished due to the producing programmed grain yield — from 85 to 100 ctw/ha. The grain yield of the varieties Dynamo, Nemchinovskaya 56, Promet and Valentin was from 83.3 to 84.4 ctw/ha on average. In the experiment years all the varieties under study formed stable yields and grain with a high content of crude protein and gluten. On tame soils, with high rates of mineral fertilizers and tank mix of herbicides, the seeding rates of winter triticale seeds can be reduced to 4.5 and 5.0 mln pcs of germinating seeds per 1 ha, therefore, these agrotechnical techniques can be recommended into production as the most important factor of increase of high-quality grain yield.