Wind Forcing Research Articles

N-year demand-to-capacity indexes and the design of high-rise buildings for wind

The purpose of this work is to assess the global load effects method, commonly used in current commercial practice for determining design wind effects on high-rise buildings. The assessment is performed by comparing results based on the global load effects method to their counterparts obtained by a conventional, well established structural engineering approach. That approach yields time series of the demand-to-capacity index (DCI) induced in structural members by time series of effective (aerodynamic + inertial) wind loads. The DCI time series so obtained depend upon member-specific influence coefficients, meaning that the time series of the DCIs, and therefore the peak DCIs and their times of occurrence, differ from member to member. In contrast, the global load effects method assumes that all the structural members’ peak DCIs occur at the same time, i.e., at the time of occurrence of the largest combination of base moments produced by the wind forces acting on the structure. The use of the global wind effects method in commercial practice is due to the fact that wind engineering laboratories do not have access to the structure’s influence coefficients. This work reports the novel finding that the global load effects method results in the underestimation of the DCIs of nearly all the members of the building’s structural system. Numerical examples are presented which show that the underestimation can be substantial. Therefore, the use of the global load effects method needs to be discontinued, and the estimation of the peak DCIs needs to be performed by accounting for their dependence upon the structure’s influence coefficients, a task that can only be performed by the structural engineering office.

Energetic inception of breaking in surface gravity waves under wind forcing

Energetic inception of breaking in surface gravity waves under wind forcing

Seismic and Wind Resillence Study of a 15 Story High-Rise Building with Floating Columns in Seismic Zones II & V

The use of floating columns in the construction of high-rise buildings, specifically in the context of G+15 structures in metropolitan cities, as per Indian standards. The structural design of a building is crucial for its durability, strength, stability, and lifespan. Floating columns play a significant role in transferring loads from the floors to the beams, affecting the overall stability of the building.Several factors impact the structural design, including bending moments, shear forces, torsion, and deflection. Due to the growing population in metropolitan areas, there is a need for high-rise buildings that can accommodate both commercial and residential spaces on a single platform. Commercial and residential floors have different load requirements. Therefore, floating columns are specifically used for residential floors to address these varying load demands. The structural analysis considers seismic and wind forces as per Indian standards (IS 1893-2016 for seismic analysis and IS 875-2015 for wind analysis) for different seismic zones (Zone- Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, and Ⅴ). The materials used in the construction include concrete with a grade of M40 and steel with a grade of Fe550. These material grades are commonly used in construction for their respective strength properties. The floor height for residential floors is 3 meters, while commercial floors have a height of 4 meters. This distinction in floor height is considered in the structural design. The design of high-rise buildings, especially in seismic-prone regions, requires a thorough understanding of structural engineering principles and adherence to local building codes and standards to ensure the safety and stability of the structure. The use of floating columns can be a part of a structural design strategy to address varying load requirements in different parts of the building.Safety is paramount in the design and construction of high-rise buildings, particularly in areas susceptible to seismic activity and strong winds.

Tornado‐induced vibration assessment of construction elevator attached to high‐rise buildings

SummaryAs one of major construction facilities, the safety concern about elevator outer‐attached to slender high‐rise buildings during construction needs to be seriously addressed. To specifically identify the risk of such slender building–elevator systems in extreme tornado wind field, a safety assessment strategy using the critical velocity envelope is systematically developed. To overcome the difficulties in modeling such building–elevator system, a modified generalized flexural‐shear model developed previously was employed to reach an efficient estimate on the response of a case high‐rise building under simulated tornado wind excitations. To account for the effect of the flexibility of high‐rise building on the response of its attached construction elevator, the response of the elevator was obtained by finite element analysis with applied wind forces, as well as the displacement excitations at its supports with the building. To simulate the typical failure modes of elevator in all states, some critical reference velocity‐based envelopes were generated for the safety assessment where the factors of wind velocity, wind direction, and cage level are systematically addressed. The safety envelopes of the building–elevator system were proved to be instinctively efficient for the assessment of its wind resistance under various scenarios.

A major midlatitude hurricane in the Little Ice Age

Abstract. An unusually severe hurricane (Louisbourg Storm) struck Nova Scotia, Canada, in 1757. Historic records describing storm conditions as well as damage to ships and coastal fortifications indicate an intensity beyond any modern (post-1851) Atlantic cyclones striking the same region, yet this storm struck during a cold climate period known as the Little Ice Age (LIA). Its track and timing coincided with a British naval blockade of a French fleet at Fortress Louisbourg during the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). This provides a unique opportunity to explore growing scientific evidence of heightened storminess in the North Atlantic despite a colder climate expected to suppress hurricane intensification but which research is increasingly showing to have supported North Atlantic storms of exceptional strength. Weather attributes extracted from the logs of naval vessels scattered by the Louisbourg Storm provided multiple hourly observations recorded at different locations. Wave height and wind force estimates at ship locations were compared to extreme storm surge heights calculated for Louisbourg Harbour and a shipwreck site south of Fortress Louisbourg. Comparing these metrics to those of modern analogues that crossed the same bathymetry reflects landfall intensity consistent with a powerful major hurricane. Historical records show this storm originated as a tropical cyclone at the height of hurricane season and intensified into the northern midlatitudes along the Gulf Stream. Its intensity at landfall is consistent with established seasonal climatological models where highly baroclinic westerlies driven by autumn continental cooling encounter intensifying north-tracking tropical cyclones fuelled by sea surface temperatures that peak in autumn. Stronger seasonal contrasts from earlier and colder continental westerlies in the Little Ice Age (LIA) may have triggered explosive extratropical transition from a large hurricane resulting in a more severe strike. It suggests that tropical cyclones lasting days to weeks and the conditions that generate them are likely masked by cooler historic mean annual to multi-decadal LIA climate reconstructions.

Seasonality and potential generation mechanisms of submesoscale processes in the northern Bay of Bengal

The seasonality and generation mechanisms of submesoscale processes (SMPs) in the northern Bay of Bengal (nBoB) are investigated by the outputs of a high-resolution model simulation. The results show that the nBoB has abundant energetic SMPs, with significant seasonal features and geographic variability. The head basin (region A) and central basin (region B) of the nBoB are identified as two typical spots of submesoscale motions. Seasonally, SMPs in region A are strongest in spring and are closely correlated with strong mesoscale strain. By contrast, SMPs in region B are more active in winter and late summer due to the combined effects of deep mixed layer and large mesoscale strain. Energy analysis suggests that baroclinic instability is a dominant generation mechanism for energetic SMPs in region B during winter and summer periods. During spring, the prevalent submesoscale kinetic energy (KE) reservoir in region A is fueled by wind forcing, buoyancy conversion, and the forward KE cascades from mesoscale processes, and mainly balanced by the inverse KE cascades from submesoscale to large-scale processes.

Machine learning‐based wind‐induced response analysis in rectangular building models with limbs

SummaryThis study investigates the impact of different positions of two limbs on the structural response of a rectangular building model to wind forces. The building's geometry assumes Z and + shapes based on specific limb configurations. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed to quantify wind‐induced pressures, resulting in wind force coefficients. These coefficients are used to develop predictive machine learning models through Gene Expression Programming, Group Method of Data Handling‐combinatorial (GMDH‐Combi), Model Tree, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques. The ANN analysis explores various combinations of training algorithms, adaptation functions, activation functions, and performance functions to enhance model accuracy. Among these, the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) with gradient descent with momentum (GDM) adaptation function and sigmoid activation function exhibit superior performance with high R‐squared values. These predictive models are then employed for a comprehensive comparative assessment of the maximum wind force coefficient (CF, max) concerning different limb positions and angles of attack (AOA). For CF, max vs Limb position, variations of limb position are examined for most critical cases of AOA. Similarly, the study of CF, max vs AOA involves an exhaustive investigation into the variation of AOA for the building with the worst limb position. The analysis reveals that changes in AOA have a more pronounced effect on CF, max compared to alterations in limb position. Interestingly, within the AOA range of 1.5 to 2.5, the CF, max consistently reaches a minimum across all models. However, the relationship between CF, max and the critical structural parameter ‘S' (representing limb position) remains less conclusive for the most significant AOAs.

Effects of Fluid Viscous Damper on Reinforced Concrete Tall Building under Lateral Loading in Lagos, Nigeria

The rapid construction of tall buildings in unconventional areas of Lagos, driven by high land cost necessitates meticulous analysis and design to withstand lateral loads such as wind and seismic forces. Typically, enhancing structural rigidity is the conventional approach to counteracting horizontal loads. This study examines the effectiveness of fluid viscous damping (FVD) in reducing gravity, wind and seismic loads in a 24 – story suspended floor frame structure. Using ETABS 2019 software, the building’s modeling and analysis demonstrate that integrating FVDs at each floor level significantly reduces displacement, drift and overturning moments by 20%, 24%, and 29%, respectively, thus enhancing structural stability. Analyzing structural response in Nigeria, despite low seismic intensity, is crucial for risk management and resilience. It informs building practices, improves building codes, and prepares for potential seismic events, ensuring safer infrastructure. This research provides a computational framework for dampening vibrations in tall buildings through FVD technology.

Numerical investigation of evaporative cooling strategies on the aero-thermal performance of courtyard buildings in hot-dry climates

In hot and dry urban environments, courtyards help mitigate extreme heat and influence the urban microclimate. These structures not only provide light and private outdoor spaces but also aid in mitigating the urban heat island (UHI) effect through improved airflow and evapotranspiration. Courtyards, being central open-air areas enclosed by buildings, are crucial in creating opportunities for natural ventilation driven by wind and buoyancy-induced forces, thus serving as a microclimatic regulator. This study investigates the role of courtyards in modulating their microclimate and adjacent indoor areas by integrating evaporative cooling strategies to enhance cooling in these spaces. While numerous studies have been conducted on the role of water bodies in evaporative cooling, the aero-thermal impact on adjacent indoor spaces remains less understood. Addressing this gap, the present research explores the effect of an evaporative cooling system on the wind and thermal conditions within a courtyard and examines different natural ventilation modes, namely, single-sided and crossflow ventilation, in indoor spaces. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, validated against wind tunnel experimental data, was employed to simulate various evaporative cooling water spray configurations. The results reveal complex courtyard microclimates with diverse cooling effects influenced by room orientation and floor level. Specifically, in single-sided ventilated courtyards, water sprays significantly improved the indoor thermal environment, with the average temperature across all rooms decreased by 2.06 °C, and humidity increased by 4.29 %. However, in cross-ventilated courtyards, water sprays' cooling and humidifying effects were relatively less effective. This research underscores the potential of evaporative cooling technology in improving the microclimate of courtyards, with practical applications extending to urban design and architecture. By tailoring cooling strategies to specific courtyard configurations, urban planners and architects significantly improve indoor comfort levels and energy efficiency.

Using Shelf‐Edge Transport Composition and Sensitivity Experiments to Understand Processes Driving Sea Level on the Northwest European Shelf

AbstractVariability in ocean currents, temperature and salinity drive dynamic sea level (DSL) variability on the Northwest European Shelf (NWES). It is dominated by mass variations, with steric signals relatively small. A mechanistic explanation of how ocean dynamics relates to the mass component of NWES sea level variability is required. We use regional ocean model experiments to isolate sources of variability and then investigate the effect on monthly to‐interannual DSL variability together with the simulated momentum budgets along the shelfbreak. Regional (local) wind and non‐regional (remote) forcing are important on the NWES. For the local wind forcing, the net mass flux onto the shelf, which drives a shelf‐mean mode of DSL variability, results from a combination of surface Ekman, bottom Ekman and geostrophic flows and explains 73% of the variance in transport across the shelf‐edge. The geostrophic flow is closely related to wind stress with a flow about half that of surface Ekman transport but in the opposite direction. For the remotely forced mass‐flux across the shelf‐edge, the geostrophic component explains 62% of the variance and bottom friction plays an important indirect role. The remotely forced variability, while relatively spatially uniform, is more important for explaining DSL variance over the western NWES. This mode of variability is sensitive to signals propagating northward via a thin strip of the southern boundary near the Portuguese coast, consistent with coastal trapped wave signals. It also appears to drive steric height in the Bay of Biscay, which is related to DSL on the shelf.

Earth’s Geomagnetic Environment—Progress and Gaps in Understanding, Prediction, and Impacts

Understanding of Earth’s geomagnetic environment is critical to mitigating the space weather impacts caused by disruptive geoelectric fields in power lines and other conductors on Earth’s surface. These impacts are the result of a chain of processes driven by the solar wind and linking Earth’s magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere and Earth’s surface. Tremendous progress has been made over the last two decades in understanding the solar wind driving mechanisms, the coupling mechanisms connecting the magnetically controlled regions of near-Earth space, and the impacts of these collective processes on human technologies on Earth’s surface. Studies of solar wind drivers have been focused on understanding the responses of the geomagnetic environment to spatial and temporal variations in the solar wind associated with Coronal Mass Ejections, Corotating Interaction Regions, Interplanetary Shocks, High-Speed Streams, and other interplanetary magnetic field structures. Increasingly sophisticated numerical models are able to simulate the magnetospheric response to the solar wind forcing associated with these structures. Magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupling remains a great challenge, although new observations and sophisticated models that can assimilate disparate data sets have improved the ability to specify the electrodynamic properties of the high latitude ionosphere. The temporal and spatial resolution needed to predict the electric fields, conductivities, and currents in the ionosphere is driving the need for further advances. These parameters are intricately tied to auroral phenomena—energy deposition due to Joule heating and precipitating particles, motions of the auroral boundary, and ion outflow. A new view of these auroral processes is emerging that focuses on small-scale structures in the magnetosphere and their ionospheric effects, which may include the rapid variations in current associated with geomagnetically induced currents and the resulting perturbations to geoelectric fields on Earth’s surface. Improvements in model development have paralleled the advancements in understanding, yielding coupled models that better replicate the spatial and temporal scales needed to simulate the interconnected domains. Many realizations of such multi-component systems are under development, each with its own limitations and advantages. Challenges remain in the ability of models to quantify uncertainties introduced by propagation of solar wind parameters, to account for numerical effects in model codes, and to handle the special conditions occurring during extreme events. The impacts to technical systems on the ground are highly sensitive to the local electric properties of Earth’s surface, as well as to the specific technology at risk. Current research is focused on understanding the characteristics of geomagnetic disturbances that are important for geomagnetically induced currents, the development of earth conductivity models, the calculation of geoelectric fields, and the modeling of induced currents in the different affected systems. Assessing and mitigating the risks to technical systems requires quantitative knowledge of the range of values to be expected under all possible geomagnetic and technical conditions. Considering the progress that has been made in studying the chain of events leading to hazardous geomagnetic disturbances, the path forward will require concerted efforts to reveal missing physics, improve modeling capabilities, and deploy new observational assets. New understanding should be targeted to accurately quantify solar wind driving, magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupling, and the impacts on specific technologies. The research, modeling, and observations highlighted here provide a framework for constructing a plan by which the international science community can comprehensively address the growing threat to human technologies caused by geomagnetic disturbances.

Ultrafast bimetallic interface reinforcement in additively manufactured multi-material via electropulsing

The bimetallic interface in additively manufactured multi-material was subjected to intense thermal cycling, and thus forming sizable heat affected zone and drastic mutation of chemical component, which led to weak metallurgical bonding. In this investigation, the pulsed current (1255 Hz; 64 μs; 35.4 V; 191 A; 1000 ℃; 20 min) was used to rapidly broaden the compositional mutation zone from 16 μm to 45 μm, and the heat affected zone was completely eliminated. However, the roles of equivalent heat treatment (1000 ℃; 20 min) were opposite with the pulsed one. The width of compositional mutation zone became narrower and the morphology heat affected zone did not change after equivalent heat treatment. Furthermore, the hot compression experiment proved the better bimetallic interface quality of pulsed sample. The rapid regulation of microstructure and composition gradient is caused by increasing interfacial diffusion flux and the promotion of electron wind force to the solute atom.

Electropulsing of Low-Density Duplex Steel for Strengthening and Ductilization by Microstructural Refinement

The present investigation finds the effect of electropulsing treatment on the mechanisms of refining and reprecipitation of ordered L20 structure (B2) and its impact on tensile properties of low-density duplex steel of Fe-18Mn-10.5Al-1C-6Ni composition. The selected composition without manganese is melted at 1600°C by induction heating in a vacuum but Mn is added into the melt at 1560°C, in the argon atmosphere to reduce the loss. The melt is cast into a plate form in a copper mold. The cast steel is homogenized, hot rolled, and annealed (PD1-A sample) to get elongated bands, spheroids, and platelets of B2 phase with an austenitic matrix which results in a yield strength of 1015MPa, and tensile strength of 1285MPa with a plastic elongation of 16.3%. Electropulsing partially dissolves the B2 phase at a temperature much lower than the equilibrium solvus by reducing barrier energy because of electron wind. As a result, the sizes of bands and spheroids are reduced, and platelets are disintegrated. Electron wind force deforms coarse precipitates, and fragments as well as spheroidized it. Electropulsing of annealed steel (PD1-AE) mobilizes dislocations, and recovers it in B2, but induces localized recrystallization of austenite. At a later time of the signal, the temperature rapidly falls and the matrix becomes supersaturated but electropulsing accelerates low-temperature precipitation of the B2 phase. Therefore, electropulsing can be adopted as a fast manufacturing process to dissolve, deform, fragment, spheroidize and reprecipitate high temperature phase at much lower temperature by dominant athermal effect of electron wind energy over thermal effect. Electropulsing also induces recovery and recrystallization at a relatively low temperature and reduces defect density. Reduction in the overall size of B2 and its distribution towards better uniformity provided an increased yield strength of 1077MPa, tensile strength of 1355MPa, and a plastic elongation of 21.6%. The selected duplex low-density steel follows two-stage work hardening of Ludwigson model with an additional stage of dynamic recovery. Fractography analysis confirms that both samples show mixed modes of ductile and brittle fracture, with an increase in size and area percentage of dimples.

Characteristics of mesoscale eddies in the Mozambique Channel.

The mesoscale eddy characteristics of the Mozambique Warm Current were investigated by detecting and tracking satellite altimetry data from 2010 to 2019. A total of 1,086 eddies were identified in the Mozambique Channel, comprising 509 cyclonic eddies and 577 anticyclonic eddies. The results revealed that the bay area on the northwest coast of Madagascar was the main hotspot of eddy generation, and the mean amplitude and radius of the anticyclonic eddies in the Mozambique Channel were 24.23 cm and 82.7 km, respectively, which are larger than those of the cyclonic eddies. Local wind forcing had a significant impact on the formation of mesoscale eddies in the Mozambique Channel. In winter, the wind stress in the northern and southern areas of the Mozambique Channel exhibited a strong correlation with the distribution of eddy kinetic energy (EKE), where both monsoonal winds in the north and trade winds in the south could facilitate mesoscale anticyclonic eddy formation. In addition, the variability in the number of anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies in the Mozambique Channel may have exerted a significant influence on the seasonal anomalous fluctuations in local sea surface temperatures (SSTs). This study presented a novel analysis of the mesoscale eddy characteristics in the Mozambique Channel.

Wind-Induced Aerodynamic Effects on Set-Back Tall Buildings Using LES

Set-back modification represents a dependable method to reducing the wind effects on high-rise buildings, but the flow mechanism and aerodynamic responses of set-back tall buildings have not been explored systematically. Using the square building as the benchmark model, six set-back building models with varying steps and sizes were chosen for numerical simulation in this study. The results of mean wind pressure and local wind force distribution, power spectral densities of base moment, flow field, and structural response of the proposed building models are compared and analysed using the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) technique. The results demonstrate that the aerodynamic performance of set-back tall buildings dramatically improved, with the actual optimization in the cross-wind direction being more significant. Generally, a single set-back measure can enhance the aerodynamic performance of high-rise buildings more effectively than a double set-back measure. The outcome of this study provides an aerodynamic design guide for set-back tall buildings.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF SPACE VARYING WIND INPUT ON HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING IN MANILA BAY AND LAGUNA LAKE

Abstract. Surface water currents and waves are largely driven by wind forcing by inducing shear stress to the water surface. The circulations formed carry with it various materials and pollutants all over a large body of water like the Manila Bay and Laguna Lake. Considering the spatial and temporal variability of wind over the Bay and the Lake is essential to model the hydrodynamics of water more accurately. This study simulated bay hydrodynamics using high resolution space- and time-varying wind data from Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) as input and compared the results with using uniform-directed wind. The downscaled winds from WRF demonstrated patterns in agreement with the country’s seasonal monsoon wind dynamics. Its effect on the bay hydrodynamics is more pronounced during the dry season as it changes the flow direction of water at the bay mouth. On the other hand, the hydrodynamic difference in circulation patterns for the lake was accentuated with a more defined clockwise gyre circulation during the wet season where prevailing winds are stronger. Thus, it is imperative to incorporate spatially varying wind input to accurately characterize the bay water movement. Results also showed that global weather inputs can be used in areas with scarce monitoring stations as long as they are validated.

Large eddy simulation of wind turbulence over non-breaking and breaking waves

Wind-wave interaction affects the wind-wave fields and the combined loading on structures. This study aims to characterize turbulent airflow over non-breaking and breaking waves using a high-fidelity two-phase model in OpenFOAM. The volume of fluid method is utilized to model the complex air–water interface. Wind turbulence is considered via prescribing it at the inlet boundary. The model is validated against experimental data, and a numerical case study is conducted to simulate extreme wind and wave-plunging conditions. Results reveal that non-breaking waves induce wind turbulence and affect averaged wind velocity. For wave steepness exceeding 0.35, extreme wind forces amplify the turbulence by over 100% at wave crests. The amplified turbulence region extends to about 0.6λ in height. When waves plunge, an overturning jet propels the wind forward, generates a counterclockwise vortex, and enhances wind turbulence. Averaged wind speeds increase by over 20% above wave crests, with the enhanced region extending to a height of around 0.2λ for old waves. Maximum turbulence kinetic energy transiently increases by around 0.1Cp2 and maximum kinematic energy of wave-coherent velocity increases and subsequently decreases during wave plunging.

Response of Intze Tank against Static and Earthquake Loads Using Staad Pro

Water tanks are the largest utility structures in both public and industrial purposes. This project aims to analyze the response of an intze tank structure subjected to both static and earthquake loads using STAAD Pro software. Intze tanks are commonly used for water storage and distribution in various industries and municipalities. Understanding their structural behavior under different loading conditions is crucial for ensuring their stability and safety. The water tanks are the long life structures. Based on the studies India is the 60% is prone to earthquakes. But many of the structures are designed using the wind force as a lateral load but sometimes the seismic force also leads to collapse of a structure. By the consideration of combination of loads of live load, dead load and wind load or seismic load by using the code of practice IS 875 (part-v). So in this project we manually design a intze tank of 1000000 liters capacity using the codes of IS 456-2000, IS 3370 and will be statically checked using the code of practice of IS 875 part-v and IS 1893 part-II (2016). After the comparison of the manual design, these design parameters will be applied in STAAD Pro software and comparison will be done with manual design and software design.

Biogeochemical dynamics in a marine storm demonstrates differences between natural and anthropogenic impacts

This study explores the impact of a wind storm on sediment resuspension and marine biogeochemical dynamics. Additionally, the storm took place during an expedition researching bottom trawling, enabling the direct comparison of certain natural and fisheries-related disturbances. The storm was initiated by a decline in atmospheric pressure and a 2 h period of gale force winds, which was followed by over 40 h of elevated bottom currents. Storm induced turbidity, potentially a cumulative post-fishing impact, was remarkably higher compared to what was observed in a recent trawling event. Storm-induced mixing and movement of water masses led to decreased silicate and increased phosphate concentrations in the water column, accompanied by lower salinity and higher fluorescence. The erosion depth of the seabed averaged around 0.3 cm during the peak turbidity period. Trawl-induced erosion in the area has been measured at over twice that depth, and has been linked to intermittent reductions in near-bed oxygen levels. In contrast, storm-induced turbidity coincided with increased oxygen due to wave mixing, suggesting inherent differences in how trawling and storms can oxidize reduced substances. These findings suggest that storms have a greater regional impact, whereas the local impacts of bottom trawling on biogeochemistry can be more significant.

Typhoon Guard: Windows Protection System for Typhoon

Typhoons are hazard that is threatening the Philippines every year. Design and construction of the houses and shelter in Catanduanes changes rapidly incorporating provision against wind speed. The effect of typhoon become the basis in the design of structures and the windows components. The study sought to answer what is the type of house built in Catanduanes, what is typical window system used for houses/building in Catanduanes, what are the protection and provision being implemented to withstand the effect of high winds pressure, and what are the safety practices to counter the effect of high winds of typhoon? Most designs and houses constructed in the late 80’s already introduced these provisions that make them easy to install the windows shutter locally termed as “typhoon guard”. This was also implemented by architects, engineers, and owners as a mandatory inclusion in the building construction and design.  The selection criteria for designer and owner include the budget, structural integrity of the window, and aesthetical appearance. Respondents acknowledge that windows must be protected from the force of gusty winds and debris impact and this will also ensure that your entire house or building stays safe and intact. Many respondents agree that it is vital to protect the window from breakage by using materials that can withstand the full force of the wind pressure or employing protection components to keep the window intact and safe. However, most owners of nipa hut and a handful of owners of bungalow houses suffer minor and major damages during super typhoon Rolly, and they have common concerns about their safety and evacuation to safe buildings is the ultimate safety practice to mitigate the risk pose by the typhoon. It is recommended that typical windows systems to be used in homes and buildings must be rigid enough to withstand wind forces.   Safety practices to counter the effect of high winds of typhoon includes removal of possible debris and projectile must be practiced. Also, Integrated windows protection design such as windbreaker must be re-integrated into the design of the building and adopt new window design to mitigate typhoon wind forces.