Maintenance of the Zonal Momentum Balance of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current by Barotropic Dynamics

Abstract

Abstract The vertically integrated zonal momentum balance of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is dominated by wind stress at the surface and topographic form stress (TFS) at the bottom. It has been argued that wind stress is transferred from the surface to the bottom by transient baroclinic eddies, via interfacial form stress, to establish the balance between wind stress and TFS. However, ocean models indicate TFS responds rapidly to changes in wind stress, suggesting that barotropic processes play a role in this balance. We investigate the dynamics governing the wind–TFS balance of the ACC and its response to wind using an idealized, wind- and buoyancy-driven channel model. We show that the balance is established and maintained at equilibrium by the barotropic dynamics. The balance results from the continuity of the flow, in which the Ekman transport at the surface, balanced by wind stress, is compensated by a return flow at depth, balanced by TFS. This leads to a match between wind stress and TFS which is independent of momentum stresses in the interior. Transient baroclinic eddies oppose the wind-driven isopycnal steepening via eddy buoyancy fluxes, which act to flatten the isopycnals. The eddy-driven isopycnal flattening corresponds to a reduction in the zonal geostrophic shear and thus a redistribution of the zonal momentum in the interior via eddy momentum stresses. The maintenance of the vertically integrated ACC momentum balance by the barotropic dynamics explains the fast response of the wind–TFS balance to changes in wind forcing.