Wind Diesel Hybrid System Research Articles

Feasibility Study of a Wind-Diesel Hybrid System in a Remote Site on Southern of Algeria

In this study, we present an autonomous solution for a village located north of Timimoun in Algeria, with around thirty households. As the region has good wind potential with an average annual speed of around 5m/s, this resource is used to develop a hybrid wind/diesel/battery system. A technical-economic analysis is carried out using the HOMER optimization tool to determine the optimal solution. We considered a range of load sizes, from 0.9 kWh/d to 3.6 kWh/day, and a range of wind speeds, from 3.99 m/s to 5.42 m/s at 10 m from the ground. Several wind turbines with powers ranging from 1 kW to 10 kW have been tested.The best combination is given by the wind/diesel/battery system operating with the WES 5 Tulipo turbine with a rated power of 2.6 kW, with a diesel price equal to 0.22 $/kWh. This solution reduces the COE to 0.569 $/kWh and renewable fraction is maximum (86%). In addition, the emissions of CO2, CO and SO2 decrease to less than 70% of the emissions of Diesel power system. The sensitivity study shows that the wind/diesel/battery system is optimal for any wind speed greater than 3.5 m/s whatever the price of diesel.

Super-twisting sliding mode control of a static synchronous compensator: An application in a wind–diesel hybrid system

The dynamic nature of load and wind power could lead to reactive power imbalance, and hence the voltage deviations in a wind–diesel power system. These deviations, if not controlled, may drive the system to operate in an unstable manner. Therefore, in this paper, a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is interconnected to the system to achieve reactive power balancing and minimize voltage deviations. To improve the dynamic performance of STATCOM and achieve the effective operation of the system, an optimized sliding mode controller (SMC) is designed. With the help of the design of a first-order switching manifold, an SMC is designed, which generates a control law to control the converter firing angle, and hence the reactive power output of the STATCOM. To eliminate the chattering drawback of SMC and improve the convergence characteristics, a second-order super-twisting sliding mode controller (STSMC) is proposed. The asymptotic stability of the proposed controller is guaranteed through the Lyapunov stability analysis. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is employed to fine-tune controller parameters and achieve optimal performance. Validation of the improved performance of the system through this proposed scheme has been carried out in the MATLAB/Simulink environment and presented in the simulation studies.

Review of Efficiency Improvement Technologies of Wind Diesel Hybrid Systems for Decreasing Fuel Consumption

The article contains current information on the development of energy-efficient technologies of wind–diesel hybrid systems (WDHS) for decreasing organic fuel consumption. As a result of the review, three research directions are identified: WDHS design optimization, the main equipment and control system improvements. A comparison of their effectiveness is presented. The methods of selecting WDHS configuration, equipment capacities and location, the optimization algorithms and objective functions used are described and WDHS project feasibility calculation results are presented. The methods to improve energy efficiency of WDHS major units’ (diesel generator (DG) and wind turbine (WT)) are considered. The methods to decrease diesel fuel consumption using special devices and energy storage system are presented. Special attention is paid to WDHS operating modes’ control methods and strategies, as well as to algorithms providing the efficient system operation. As a result, recommendations for the design of both isolated and on-grid WDHS are formulated.

Complete Transitions of Hybrid Wind-Diesel Systems with Clutch and Flywheel-Based Energy Storage

A Wind Diesel Hybrid System (WDHS) is an isolated power system that combines Diesel Generators (DGs) and Wind Turbines (WTGs). The WDHS has three operation modes: Diesel Only (DO), Wind Diesel (WD) and Wind Only (WO). The latter mode is the only one resulting in substantial savings, as the DG consumes fuel even with no load. Moreover, adding an energy storage system (ESS) can significantly reduce the start/stop cycles in the DG. The FESS is robust, immune to deep discharges and its state of charge (SOC) is simple to monitor. The WDHS considered in this article uses a friction clutch to disengage the diesel engine (DE) from the synchronous generator (SG) in WO mode. The AVR regulates the voltage amplitude and the frequency regulation results from balancing the power produced by the DG and WT with the power consumed by the load and dump load along with the FESS utilisation. The control algorithms of the different elements present in the WHDS are explained, as well as the general control. The FESS always has priority over the DL for the maximum harnessing of the wind power. Simulations assess the proposed solutions for the different operation modes in the WDHS.

Wind Diesel Hybrid System with Pitch Angle Controller

A wind diesel hybrid system is an autonomous electricity generating system using wind turbines with diesel generators to obtain a maximum contribution by the intermittent wind resource to the total power produced, while providing continuous high quality electric power. The main goal is to control load frequency and reduce fuel consumption enabling reduced system operating costs and environmental impacts. Frequency control in a power system is done to maintain an adequate balance between the consumed and generated active powers, so that the frequency remains within acceptable limits around the nominal frequency. Load–frequency control (LFC) is of importance in electric power system design and operation. The objective of the LFC in an interconnected power system is to maintain the frequency of each area within limits and to keep tie-line power flows within some pre-specified tolerances by adjusting the MW outputs of the generators so as to accommodate fluctuating load demands.

Study of the Intelligent Control and Modes of the Arctic-Adopted Wind–Diesel Hybrid System

For energy supply in the Arctic regions, hybrid systems should be designed and equipped to ensure a high level of renewable energy penetration. Energy systems located in remote Arctic areas may experience many peculiar challenges, for example, due to the limited transport options throughout the year and the lack of qualified on-site maintenance specialists. Reliable operation of such systems in harsh climatic conditions requires not only a standard control system but also an advanced system based on predictions concerning weather, wind, and ice accretion on the blades. To satisfy these requirements, the current work presents an advanced intelligent automatic control system. In the developed control system, the transformation, control, and distribution of energy are based on dynamic power redistribution, dynamic control of dump loads, and a bi-directional current transducer. The article shows the architecture of the advanced control system, presents the results of field studies under the standard control approach, and models the performance of the system under different operating modes. Additionally, the effect of using turbine control to reduce the effects of icing is examined. It is shown that the advanced control approach can reduce fuel consumption in field tests by 22%. Moreover, the proposed turbine control scheme has the potential to reduce icing effects by 2% to 5%.

Effects of Low Charge and Environmental Conditions on Diesel Generators Operation

In the context of electricity production in remote areas, the use of diesel generators, either alone or in hybridization with renewable energy sources, faces many technical problems. Indeed, the electrical instability that often characterizes the isolated networks, due to the fluctuating character of renewable resources and the high variability in the load profile, leads to the operation of the diesel generator in transient dynamic conditions, at low loads or outside prescribed environmental conditions. Furthermore, the extended operation of the diesel generator at low charge results in the condensation of combustion residues on the engine cylinder walls, which, after a certain time, increases friction, reduces the efficiency and increases fuel consumption. One way to solve this problem and to eliminate these deposits is to operate the engine at a higher speed until the operating temperature is reached. This paper explores the impact of the wind turbine penetration rate for hybrid wind–diesel systems and the effects of cold temperatures, high altitude, and other environmental operation conditions on diesel generators’ performances. We outlines the impacts of low load and environmental conditions such as ambient temperature, humidity, moisture, abrasive dust, cold and corrosive environments on the operation of modern diesel generators. The problem has been approached by examining the existing literature, researching damage cases, analyzing existing data, and assessing industrial experiences.

Genetically tuned fuzzy controlled flywheel powered micro-grid for improved frequency control

In this article, hybrid wind-diesel system is powered with a genetically tuned fuzzy controlled flywheel for improving its frequency control. Flywheel is interfaced with the system through an electrical machine (generator/motor) and an electronic converter for synchronization. Fuzzy logic controller for the flywheel is designed in such a way that it continuously controls the system frequency and simultaneously satisfies the operational constraints of flywheel. Fuzzy logic controller is optimized by genetically tuning its membership functions. Regulated variable based on frequency deviation of system and speed characteristics of flywheel is introduced to reach out to the optimized membership functions. Necessary modeling has been done and effectiveness of the assembly has been confirmed by the simulation results.

Stand-Alone Hybrid Wind-Diesel Power Systems for Commercial Loads of Turaif-Saudi Arabia - Techno-Economics of Hot Desert Regions for Sustainable Clean Future

Hybrid wind-diesel technology is disseminated world-wide to minimize depletion of fossil-fuels and carbon emissions. Appreciable amount (10-40%) of energy generated is consumed by commercial/residential buildings of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (K.S.A.). This investigation aims at techno-economic assessment of hybrid wind-diesel systems (HWDS) to satisfy electrical demand (620,000 kWh per year) of a representative commercial building at Turaif (Northern Province, K.S.A.) by analysis of wind speed data. As per the study, the monthly average wind speed of Turaif lies in the range 3.4 - 4.4 meters per second. The configurations simulated include various mixes of 100 kW wind machines (WTG) and diesel systems. The techno-economic evaluation is carried out by using NREL’s (HOMER Energy’s) HOMER software. The results point out that the wind fraction (with zero % load rejection) is 20% for a hybrid configuration composed of one 100 kW WTG together and 175 kW diesel generator. The energy generation cost (COE) from this system is 0.123 $/kWh. Also, 20% wind fraction, results in reducing carbon emissions by 91 tons/year. The diesel operation time is less with higher penetration of wind. Also, emphasis is on effect of wind fraction on energy produced, COE, operational time of diesel sets, un-met load, excess energy, fuel savings, carbon emissions, cost of HWDS, etc.

Techno-Econo-Environmental study on the use of domestic-scale wind turbines in Iran

Existing fossil fuels do not meet the needs of modern societies and are almost coming to an end. Hence, governments can respond both to the needs of the people and the industry, by investing in the use of renewable energies. As well as saving fossil fuels, natural gas and even water. According to the research, renewable energy, especially wind energy, has been used in recent years and are able to satisfy some of the existing needs. The purpose of present study is to investigate the techno-econo-enviro use of domestic-scale wind turbines in Iran in order to select the optimal turbine according to the geographic location of each station in the country. At the present study, five types of wind turbines, including Generic 1kW, Generic 3kW, Generic 10kW, BWC XL 1.25kW and WES Tulipo 2.5kW have been used at all stations in the country to provide the most suitable type of turbine with the help of HOMER software and based on the geographic location of each station. The results showed that among all stations and types of wind turbines, the highest and lowest total net present cost (NPC) with 49131 $ and 11622 $ respectively are related to Zanjan and Alvand stations and Generic 1kW wind turbines. Also, the cost per kWh of produced wind electricity is 2.847 $ and 0.674 $ respectively at these stations. Also in the case of using hybrid wind-diesel system by Generic 1kW, Generic 3kW, BWC XL. 1.25kW, WES 2.5kW and Generic 10kW wind turbines at the all under study stations, annually generate a total of 246409, 213951, 212826, 122460 and 152030 Kg CO2 respectievely. Another point is that at Alvand, Arak, Babolsar, Iranshahr, Kashan, Khoy and Orumieh Generic 1kW wind turbine, at Anzali, Hamedan, Ramsar and Torbate Heydarie BWC XL. 1.25kW wind turbine, and at the 91 remaining stations WES 2.5kW wind turbine are the most economically feasible options.

Computer Model for Financial, Environmental and Risk Analysis of a Wind–Diesel Hybrid System with Compressed Air Energy Storage

Remote and isolated communities in Canada experience gaps in access to stable energy sources and must rely on diesel generators for heat and electricity. However, the cost and environmental impact resulting from the use of fossil fuels, especially in local energy production, heating, industrial processes and transportation are compelling reasons to support the development and deployment of renewable energy hybrid systems. This paper presents a computer model for economic analysis and risk assessment of a wind–diesel hybrid system with compressed air energy storage. The proposed model is developed from the point of view of the project investor and it includes technical, financial, risk and environmental analysis. Robustness is evaluated through sensitivity analysis. The model has been validated by comparing the results of a wind–diesel case study against those obtained using HOMER (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States) and RETScreen (Natural Resources Canada, Government of Canada, Canada) software. The impact on economic performance of adding energy storage system in a wind–diesel hybrid system has been discussed. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of such hybrid system as a suitable power generator in terms of high net present value and internal rate of return, low cost of energy, as well as low risk assessment. In addition, the environmental impact is positive since less fuel is used.

Computer Model for a Wind–Diesel Hybrid System with Compressed Air Energy Storage

A hybrid system combines two or more energy sources as an integrated unit to generate electricity. The nature of the sources associated varies between renewable and/or non-renewable energies. Such systems are becoming popular as stand-alone power systems to provide electricity, especially in off grid remote areas where diesel generators act as primary energy source. Wind–diesel systems are among the preferred solutions for new installations, as well as the upgrade of existing ones. However, efforts to address technical challenges towards energy transformation for sustainable development are multiple. The use of energy storage systems is a solution to reduce energy costs and environmental impacts. Indeed, efficient and distributed storage not only allows the electricity grid greater flexibility in the face of demand variations and greater robustness thanks to the decentralization of energy sources, it also offers a solution to increase the use of intermittent renewables in the energy mix. Among different technologies for electrical energy storage, compressed air energy storage is proven to achieve high wind energy penetration and optimal operation of diesel generators. This paper presents a computer model for performance evaluation of a wind–diesel hybrid system with compressed air energy storage. The model has been validated by comparing the results of a wind–diesel case study against those obtained using HOMER software (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States). Different operation modes of the hybrid system are then explored. The impact of hybridization on time and frequency of operation for each power source, fuel consumption and energy dissipation has been determined. Recommendations are made on the choice of key parameters for system optimization.

Performance Enhancement of Micro Grid System with SMES Storage System Based on Mine Blast Optimization Algorithm

Frequency control represents a critically significant issue for the enhancement of the dynamic performance of isolated micro grids. The micro grid system studied here was a wind–diesel system. A new and robust optimization technique called the mine blast algorithm (MBA) was designed for tuning the PID (proportional–integral–differential) gains of the blade pitch controller of the wind turbine side and the gains of the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) controller. SMES was implemented to release and absorb active power quickly in order to achieve a balance between generation and load power, and thereby control system frequency. The minimization of frequency and output wind power deviations were considered as objective functions for the PID controller of the wind turbine, and the diesel frequency and power deviations were used as objective functions for optimizing the SMES controller gains. Different case studies were considered by applying disturbances in input wind, load power, and wind gust, and sensitivity analysis was conducted by applying harsh conditions with varying fluid coupling parameter of the wind–diesel hybrid system. The proposed MBA–SMES was compared with MBA (tuned PID pitch controller) and classical PI control systems in the Matlab environment. Simulation results showed that the MBA–SMES scheme damped the oscillations in the system output responses and improved the system performance by reducing the overshoot by 75% and 36% from classical and MBA-based systems, respectively, reduced the settling time by 45% compared to other systems, and set the final steady-state error of the frequency deviation to zero compared to other systems. The proposed scheme was extremely robust to disturbances and parameter variations.

Analysis of Wind Diesel Hybrid System by Homer Software

Analysis of Wind Diesel Hybrid System by Homer Software

Optimal Scheduling of an Isolated Wind-Diesel-Energy Storage System Considering Fast Frequency Response and Forecast Error

Nowadays, the hybrid wind–diesel system is widely used on small islands. However, the operation of these systems faces a major challenge in frequency control due to their small inertia. Furthermore, it is also difficult to maintain the power balance when both wind power and load are uncertain. To solve these problems, energy storage systems (ESS) are usually installed. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of using ESS to provide Fast Frequency Response (FFR) to ensure that the frequency criteria are met after the sudden loss of a generator. An optimal day-ahead scheduling problem is implemented to simultaneously minimize the operating cost of the system, take full advantage of the available wind power, and ensure that the ESS has enough energy to provide FFR when the wind power and demand are uncertain. The optimization problem is formulated in terms of two-stage chance-constrained programming, and solved using a Modified Sample Average Approximation (MSAA) algorithm—a combination of the traditional Sample Average Approximation (SAA) algorithm and the k-means approach. The proposed method is tested with a realistic islanded power system, and the effects of the ESS size and its response time is analyzed. Results indicate that the proposed model should perform well under real-world conditions.

Control of Wind–Diesel Hybrid System With BESS for Optimal Operation

This study presents a wind energy conversion system (WECS) with a diesel generator (DG). The proposed system with its control regulates the loading of DG to achieve a low-specific fuel consumption. The generator used in WECS is a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). It consists of two voltage-source converters for the system control. The rotor-side converter helps in achieving the maximum power-point tracking of the wind turbine. The generator-side converter (GSC) helps in regulating the DG generation, while maintaining DFIG as well as DG currents balanced and harmonics within the requirement of the IEEE-519 standard for variety of loads. The system envisages an energy storage by connecting a battery bank at the dc bus of DFIG. The battery bank provides a buffer storage. The GSC also provides a path for the surplus or deficient power through the battery bank. The proposed system is modeled using Sim-power-system tool box of MATLAB and its performance results are presented for conditions such as synchronisation of the wind generator, variation of nonlinear and unbalanced loads, and varying wind speeds. Under all these scenarios, the currents flowing through both the generators are balanced. Finally, the effectiveness of the system is demonstrated experimentally on a prototype developed in the laboratory.

Supercharging of Diesel Engine with Compressed Air: Experimental Investigation on Greenhouse Gases and Performance for a Hybrid Wind-Diesel System

Supercharging is the process of supplying air for combustion at a pressure greater than that achieved by natural or atmospheric induction, as applied to internal combustion engines. As a consequence of demonstrated technological, economical and energetic advantages in multiple literature evaluations concerning the large scale wind-compressed air hybrid storage system with gas turbines, the utilization of a hybrid wind-diesel system with compressed air storage (HWDCAS) has been frequently explored. These will mainly have average or small scale application such as the powering of isolated sites. It has been proven in numerous studies that the HWDCAS combined with an additional supercharging of the diesel engines will contribute to the increase of the power and efficiency of the diesel engine, the reduction of both fuel consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). This article presents the obtained results from experimental validation of the selected design with an aim to valorize this innovative solution and become trustworthy.

Hydro-pneumatic storage for wind-diesel electricity generation in remote sites

Unlike the majority of Canadian population, which benefits from reliable, guaranteed and affordable electricity, most Canadian remote communities do not have these benefits because they rely on locally generated electricity. Diesel generators are the main sources of electrical energy that supply most of these remote isolated areas. The operation and transportation cost of diesel fuel in addition to its price have led to the procurement of a more efficient and environmentally greener supply methods. Therefore, the combination of these generators with renewable sources, such as wind energy, in a wind-diesel hybrid system with compressed air energy storage can reduce these deficits by reducing the fossil fuel consumption, operating time of diesel engines, operation costs and environmental harm. Many recent studies have shown that the optimal management of the stored air reserve is to overcharge an existing diesel engine with compressed air. Based on this concept, a novel wind-diesel hybrid system with adiabatic air compression and storage at constant pressure is proposed. This concept combines adiabatic compressed air energy storage and hydro pneumatic energy storage technologies with a wind-diesel system. Based on a real wind speed and temperature data from the village of Tuktoyaktuk in Northern Canada, a study case was achieved. Simulation results show that the annual fuel savings can reaches 60% for the diesel consumption. This results in a significant decrease of electricity production cost and diesel engine gas pollution reduction. In addition, this system made it possible to maximize the benefits of available wind energy. Indeed, the results show that 70% of electrical energy is produced from renewable sources. Furthermore, this system prevents diesel generators from running on low loads and enable the diesel engine to be switched off in several situation while maintaining a reliable electric power supply. This was not possible in the previously proposed systems. Furthermore, the storage volume required for optimum operation in this system is relatively small compared with a large storage volume that has been already proposed in other systems. Finally, a cost study and a sensitivity analysis have demonstrated the feasibility of this system.

Technical and economical analysis of a PV/wind/diesel hybrid power system for a remote area

The remote location analyzed is a monastery located in Dobrogea, in the south-eastern part of Romania, in a region with very good wind (average wind speed of 4 m/s) and solar (3.94 kWh/m2/day) potential. Since the monastery is located 4 km away from the electricity grid, the use of renewable energy was preferred to cover the demand for electricity and heat.Therefore, a solar–wind–diesel hybrid system, which consists of 3 1 kW wind turbines, 54 photovoltaic panels with a unit power of 120 W and a diesel generator, was developed and implemented. The technical and economic analysis of the system showed that the system has a renewable energy use rate of 65 % and a generating cost of electricity of 0.118 €/kWh.This hybrid system can cover the energy demand for 10 people by using solar and wind power with a two-day autonomy.

Optimal Sizing of Energy Storage Devices in Isolated Wind-Diesel Systems Considering Load Growth Uncertainty

The development of wind power plants is an economical solution to provide energy to remote communities. For these isolated systems, the cogeneration of diesel generators and wind turbines is a typical configuration, but also poses several technical challenges regarding load balancing and frequency control. Auxiliary devices such as battery storages, flywheels, and dump loads are often needed to ensure a more stable operation and a higher penetration level of wind energy. However, the cost of these auxiliary devices can be substantial. This paper proposes a two-stage stochastic optimization framework to determine the optimal size of energy storage devices in a hybrid wind-diesel system. The optimization problem considers two main uncertain factors, namely the wind speed and the load growth rate. An efficient scenario reduction method is also proposed to reduce the computational burden. The optimization framework is tested with a realistic case study.