Abstract
Nowadays, the hybrid wind–diesel system is widely used on small islands. However, the operation of these systems faces a major challenge in frequency control due to their small inertia. Furthermore, it is also difficult to maintain the power balance when both wind power and load are uncertain. To solve these problems, energy storage systems (ESS) are usually installed. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of using ESS to provide Fast Frequency Response (FFR) to ensure that the frequency criteria are met after the sudden loss of a generator. An optimal day-ahead scheduling problem is implemented to simultaneously minimize the operating cost of the system, take full advantage of the available wind power, and ensure that the ESS has enough energy to provide FFR when the wind power and demand are uncertain. The optimization problem is formulated in terms of two-stage chance-constrained programming, and solved using a Modified Sample Average Approximation (MSAA) algorithm—a combination of the traditional Sample Average Approximation (SAA) algorithm and the k-means approach. The proposed method is tested with a realistic islanded power system, and the effects of the ESS size and its response time is analyzed. Results indicate that the proposed model should perform well under real-world conditions.
Highlights
Frequency is an important criterion in the power system’s operation and is related to the instantaneous balance between supply and demand
The purpose of the energy storage systems (ESS) installation is to utilize as much wind power as possible and to the relevant wind scenarios and the annual load growth factor was analyzed in our previous work [26]
The ESS helps balance the fluctuation in wind power, increase the wind penetration level, and the relevant wind scenarios and the annual load growth factor was analyzed in our previous work provide Fast Frequency Response (FFR) as a supplementary service
Summary
Frequency is an important criterion in the power system’s operation and is related to the instantaneous balance between supply and demand. With the increasing penetration of renewable generation and energy storage in power systems, the Fast Frequency Response (FFR) method has been introduced as a measure to improve frequency stability. The primary goal of ESS in this model is to compensate for the fluctuation of wind and solar generation and to help increase the energy produced from renewable sources (rather than using curtailment) This ESS provides FFR in large frequency disturbances, such as in the loss of a generator, as an ancillary service. The ESS, which is employed to keep power balance and take advantage of wind power, is considered to provide fast frequency response (FFR) in large frequency disturbances, such as loss of a generator.
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