Wheat-rye Translocation Research Articles

Parameters of adaptability, biological and economical valuable traits of soft wheat promising lines

Results of research of soft winter wheat new lines of hexaploid level by morphological features, biological properties and biochemical parameters were given. During 2018–2020 in the Northern part of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine the assessment of the general adaptive capacity by the yielding capacity and biological-agronomic traits are given and promising ones are highlighted (Donzorna, Flonormyra, Polezoriana). The new wheat lines have proved themselves well given the consistently high winter, drought resistance, and productivity, coefficient of variation is low, variance of stability, homeostaticity, and selection value – high. According to the biochemical composition of the grain, the studied lines are characterized by medium and high ‘raw’ protein content and gluten content. New selection wheat lines own by the technological indicators (the volumetric bread outut of 100 g of drough, the total baking rating), flour ‘quite satisfactory’, ‘good’, and ‘excellent’ score (Sviatdonivka, Flonormyra). The new wheat line Donzorna is characterized by the presence of 1BL/1RS wheat-rye translocation, which distinguishes it as a donor of resistance to biotic and abiotic factors and requires further more detailed study.

Study of Genetic Diversity of Bread Wheat Germplasm Based on Wheat-Rye Translocations (1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS) Using Specific Primers

Study of Genetic Diversity of Bread Wheat Germplasm Based on Wheat-Rye Translocations (1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS) Using Specific Primers

The consensus rye microsatellite map with EST-SSRs transferred from wheat.

Microsatellite (SSR) markers with known precise intrachromosomal locations are widely used for mapping genes in rye and for the investigation of wheat-rye translocation lines and triticale highly demanded for mapping economically important genes and QTL-analysis. One of the sources of novel SSR markers in rye are microsatellites transferable from the wheat genome. Broadening the list of available SSRs in rye mapped to chromosomes is still needed, since some rye chromosome maps still have just a few microsatellite loci mapped. The goal of the current study was to integrate wheat EST-SSRs into the existing rye genetic maps and to construct a consensus rye microsatellite map. Four rye mapping populations (P87/P105, N6/N2, N7/N2 and N7/N6) were tested with CFE (EST-SSRs) primers. A total of 23 Xcfe loci were mapped on rye chromosomes: Xcfe023, -136 and -266 on chromosome 1R, Xcfe006, -067, -175 and -187 on 2R, Xcfe029 and -282 on 3R, Xcfe004, -100, -152, -224 and -260 on 4R, Xcfe037, -208 and -270 on 5R, Xcfe124, -159 and -277 on 6R, Xcfe010, -143 and -228 on 7R. With the exception of Xcfe159 and Xcfe224, all the Xcfe loci mapped were found in orthologous positions considering multiple evolutionary translocations in the rye genome relative to those of common wheat. The consensus map was constructed using mapping data from the four bi-parental populations. It contains a total of 123 microsatellites, 12 SNPs, 118 RFLPs and 2 isozyme loci.

A 1BL/1RS translocation contributing to kernel length increase in three wheat recombinant inbred line populations

The 1BL/1RS wheat-rye translocation has been widely utilized in wheat genetic improvement and breeding programs. Our understanding on the effects of the 1BL/1RS translocation on wheat kernel size (e.g. length and width) is limited despite of numerous studies reporting about the effects on kernel weight. Here, we identified a wheat 1BL/1RS translocation line 88-1643 with higher kernel length (KL) using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and molecular markers. To detect the possible role of the 1BL/1RS translocation in KL, kernel width (KW), and thousand-kernel weight (TKW), three recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations were constructed by crossing 88-1643 and three other wheat lines. As expected, the results showed that the values of KL in lines carrying 1RS were significantly higher than those carrying 1BS in three RIL populations at multiple environments, indicating that a major and stably expressed allele or gene responsible for increasing KL is most likely located on 1RS from 88-1643. Additionally, in one RIL population, the increased KL contributed significantly to the increase in TKW. Collectively, the 1BL/1RS translocation reported here is of interest to reveal molecular mechanism of the gene controlling KL and will be useful for improving wheat yield.

Molecular Cytogenetic Analysis and Meiotic Pairing Behavior of Progenies Originating from a Hexaploid Triticale (×Triticosecale, Wittmack) and Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) Cross

The chromosomal constitution of 9 dwarf (D) and 8 semidwarf (SD) lines derived by crossing hexaploid Triticale line NA-75 (AABBRR, 2n = 6x = 42) with Triticumaestivum (AABBDD, 2n = 6x = 42) cv. Chinese Spring was investigated using molecular cytogenetic techniques: fluorescence in situ hybridization and genomic in situ hybridization. A wheat-rye translocation (T4DS.7RL), 8 substitution lines, and a ditelosomic addition line (7RSdt) were identified. In the substitution lines, 1, 2, or 4 pairs of wheat chromosomes, belonging to the A, B, or D genome, were replaced by rye chromosomes. Substitutions between chromosomes belonging to different wheat genomes [5B(5A), 1D(1B)] also occurred. The lines were genetically stable, each carrying 42 chromosomes, except the wheat-rye ditelosomic addition line, which carried 21 pairs of wheat chromosomes and 1 pair of rye telocentric chromosomes (7RS). The chromosome pairing behavior of the lines was studied during metaphase I of meiosis. The chromosome pairing level and the number of ring bivalents were different for each line. Besides rod bivalents, univalent and multivalent associations (tri- and quadrivalents) were also detected. The main goal of the experiment was to develop genetically stable wheat/Triticale recombinant lines carrying chromosomes/chromatin fragments originating from the R genome of Triticale line NA-75. Introgression of rye genes into hexaploid wheat can broaden its genetic diversity, and the newly developed lines can be used in wheat breeding programs.

Identification and characterization of a new stripe rust resistance gene Yr83 on rye chromosome 6R in wheat.

A physical map of Secale cereale chromosome 6R was constructed using deletion mapping, and a new stripe rust resistance gene Yr83 was mapped to the deletion bin of FL 0.73-1.00 of 6RL. Rye (Secale cereale L., RR) possesses valuable genes for wheat improvement. In the current study, we report a resistance gene conferring stripe rust resistance effective from seedling to adult plant stages located on chromosome 6R. This chromosome was derived from triticale line T-701 and also carries highly effective resistance to the cereal cyst nematode species Heterodera avenae Woll. A wheat-rye 6R(6D) disomic substitution line exhibited high levels of seedling resistance to Australian pathotypes of the stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici; Pst) pathogen and showed an even greater resistance to the Chinese Pst pathotypes in the field. Ten chromosome 6R deletion lines and five wheat-rye 6R translocation lines were developed earlier in the attempt to transfer the nematode resistance gene to wheat and used herein to map the stripe rust resistance gene. These lines were subsequently characterized by sequential multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (mc-FISH), genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), mc-GISH, PCR-based landmark unique gene (PLUG), and chromosome 6R-specific length amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-Seq) marker analyses to physically map the stripe rust resistance gene. The new stripe rust resistance locus was located in a chromosomal bin with fraction length (FL) 0.73-1.00 on 6RL and was named Yr83. A wheat-rye translocation line T6RL (#5) carrying the stripe rust resistance gene will be useful as a new germplasm in breeding for resistance.

Inheritance pattern of plant height in F1 Triticum aestivum L. using wheat-rye translocations in conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To find out the inheritance pattern of plant height in the F1 hybrids from crossing varieties of Triticum aestivum L. which are carriers of wheat-rye translocations (WRT). Methods. The research was conducted in 2016-2017 at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat (MIW) on 30 hybrid combinations of varieties-carriers of wheat-rye translocations. The degree of phenotypic dominance of plant height was determined by the formula B. Griffing; grouping was by G. M. Beil, & R. E. Atkins; manifestation of heterosis was by D. F. Matzinger et al. and S. Fonseca, F. Patterson. Results. The manifestation of depression in plant height in dry season of 2017 was established for almost quarter (seven) of hybrids, while in more favorable meteorological conditions of 2016 there was overdominance of short-stem in hybrid combinations: Kalynova 1BL.1RS / Lehenda Myronivska 1BL.1RS, Zolotokolosa 1AL.1RS / Kolumbiia 1AL.1RS, and Kolumbiia 1AL.1RS / Zolotokolosa 1AL.1RS. In 2017, one hybrid combination was characterized by partial negative inheritance. Regardless of the weather conditions of the year, positive overdominance (increase in plant height) was observed in six hybrid combinations which had high values of the coefficients of both true and hypothetical heterosis. The excess of the height of hybrid plants above the average value of this indicator of both parents was noted in 2016 in 73.3 % of the studied hybrid combinations, and in the unfavorable 2017 it was in 63.3 %. More cases were noted in the 1AL.1RS / 1BL.1RS and 1BL.1RS / 1AL.1RS crosses. Heterosis in plant height was determined for almost half of the hybrid combinations in the groups of crosses 1AL.1RS / 1BL.1RS (for two years) and 1BL.1RS / 1AL.1RS (in 2016). For two years depression of the trait “plant height” was found in hybrids created by using the variety Kolumbiia 1AL.1RS as maternal form when crossing with the variety Zolotokolosa 1AL.1RS, as well as in the hybrid combination Kalynova 1BL.1RS / Lehenda Myronivska 1BL.1RS. Conclusions. The use in crosses of varieties-carriers of WRT differing in plant height made it possible to obtain a different degree of dominance in F1: from overdominance (heterosis) to depression.

The creation and characterization of the bread wheat line with a centric translocation T2DL.2RL

The development of bread wheat introgressions with alien genetic material from cultural and wild Triticeae species is an effective method for expanding the wheat gene pool necessary for breeding. To date, numerous collections of introgressions as substitutions and chromosome modifications have been obtained; however, the creation and study of wheat with new valuable traits still remain an important line of research. Rye Secale cereale L., whose chromosomes carry genes that control valuable economic and biological characteristics and properties, is widely used to produce new wheat forms. In this study, a wheat-rye translocation obtained by backcrossing the wheat-rye disomic-substitution line 2R(2D)1 with the variety Novosibirskaya 67 was characterized. The chromosomal composition of karyotypes was studied using fluorescent in situ hybridization and C-banding. Two centric translocations, derived from two long arms of chromosomes 2D and 2R, T2DL.2RL, were identified, the remaining 40 wheat chromosomes did not undergo modifications. Meiosis in the lines was stable. Chromosomes T2DL.2RL formed bivalents in all meiocytes, which confirmed their homology. The morphological characteristics of the spike in the T2DL.2RL line and Novosibirskaya 67 did not differ. A comparative analysis of productivity between the T2DL.2RL translocation line and the parental forms, Novosibirskaya 67 and the 2R(2D)1 line, was carried out. The T2DL.2RL line is inferior to Novosibirskaya 67 in all characters with different confidence levels. The productivity characters of the 2R(2D)1 line exceeded or did not differ from those of T2DL.2RL, however, the mass of 1000 grains was significantly lower. The results showed the effect of the T2DL.2RL translocation on the trait “plant height”. This character was significantly lower than that of Novosibirskaya 67 in two vegetation periods. Consequently, the T2DL.2RL translocation reduces plant height and productivity.

Development of Novel Wheat-Rye Chromosome 4R Translocations and Assignment of Their Powdery Mildew Resistance.

Rye (Secale cereale L.) is an important gene donor for wheat improvement because of its many valuable traits, especially disease resistance. Development of novel wheat-rye translocations with disease resistance can contribute to transferring resistance into common wheat. In a previous study, a wheat-rye T4BL·4RL and T7AS·4RS translocation line (WR41-1) was developed by distant hybridization, and it was speculated that its resistance to powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), was derived from rye based on pedigree analysis. To make accurate use of chromosome 4R in wheat improvement, a set of new 4R translocations involving different arm translocations (e.g., 4RS monosomic, 4RL monosomic, 4RL disomic, 4RS monosomic plus 4RL monosomic, 4RS monosomic plus 4RL disomic, and 4RS disomic plus 4RL disomic translocations) was developed from crosses with common wheat. Those translocations were characterized by genomic in situ hybridization and expressed sequence tag simple sequence repeat marker analysis. To confirm the source of powdery mildew resistance, the translocation plants were tested against Bgt isolate E09. The results indicated that all translocations with 4RL were resistant at all tested growth stages, whereas those with only 4RS translocation or no alien translocation were susceptible. This further indicated that the powdery mildew resistance of WR41-1 was derived from the alien chromosome arm 4RL. To effectively use 4RL resistance in wheat improvement, two competitive allele-specific PCR markers specific for chromosome arm 4RL were developed to detect the alien chromosome in the wheat genome. These new translocation lines with diagnostic markers can efficiently serve as important bridges for wheat improvement.

Description and Characterization of Hellenic Wheat Germplasm for Agronomical and Seed Quality Parameters Using Phenotypical, Biochemical and Molecular Approaches

Hellenic wheat germplasm developed at the Cereal Institute of Thessaloniki, during the last fifty years, is depicted in the present study, using agronomical, biochemical and molecular criteria. The bread wheat germplasm is characterized by high yield potential, adaptation to the Mediterranean conditions, and advanced qualitative traits. The biochemical analysis revealed that three cultivars (“Acheron”, “Elissavet” and “Orpheus”) carry the 1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocation, which was further confirmed by molecular analysis. The cultivars “Acheron” and “Elissavet”, despite the presence of the translocation, have good bread making quality due to the presence of favorable genes controlling quality. Most of the Hellenic durum germplasm have high end product quality. The biochemical evaluation at the Gli-B1 locus revealed the presence of alleles related with the γ-45 component, indicative of high technological traits. On the other side, it was found that two older durum wheat cultivars and a population tested, had the allele in* at the same locus, which is related with the γ-42 component, indicative of inferior pasta quality. Most of the Hellenic germplasm, either durum or bread wheat, carries very good agronomical and qualitative traits and could be used to broaden wheat biodiversity in the S–E Mediterranean region.

Use of the world gene pool of bread winter wheat in new varieties of Myronivka breeding

Purpose. To analyze genetic origin of new Myronivka varieties of bread winter wheat and to identify in their pedigree the carriers of germplasm of the varieties bred at Myronivka and samples of the world gene pool. Methods. The search work was carried out on the basis of primary sources (hybridization journals, main books of breeding material and catalogs of varieties) resulted in analysis of pedigrees of 14 bread winter wheat varieties bred at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS which have been put on the State Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine during 2014–2018. Results. It was revealed significant diversity of initial forms (56 variety samples from 17 countries) which are traced in the pedigrees of new Myronivka wheat varieties. The largest number among them (18) are Ukrainian, 9 from Russia, 5 from Bulgaria, 4 varieties from Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic, 3 from Italy and Hungary, 2 from Mexico and CIMMYT, 1 variety from Serbia, Yugoslavia, Tunisia, Colombia, France, Romania, and the USA. It was established that when creating 9 of 14 varieties studied (65 %), collection samples of various ecological and geographical origin were used in crossings both as the maternal component (in the varieties Berehynia myronivska, Balada myronivska, MІP Assol, MІP Dnіprianka, MІP Valensiia, MІP Kniazhna) and the paternal one (Horlytsia myronivska, Oberih Myronivskyi, Hospodynia myronivska). The most of new wheat varieties were created on the basis of germplasm of Myronivka varieties bred in previous years, such as Myronivska 808, Myronivska yuvileina, Myronivska 27, as well as promising lines (Erythrospermum 50713, 50137, 52334, Lutescens 52948, 30125). As for the varieties of foreign breeding, progenies of the Russian variety Bezostaya 1 are the most frequent. 93 % of new varieties have wheat-rye translocation (WRT) 1BL/1RS derived from the German varieties Hadmersleben 6508-74 and Weique. Conclusions. New bread winter wheat varieties are characterized with presence of wheat germplasm from Europe, America and Africa carrying by mainly Ukrainian varieties and their descents of previous years of breeding, which confirms the significant role of the local gene pool. The presence of WRT 1BL/1RS in genotypes of new varieties enhances their adaptive properties during crop formation period under stressful growing conditions.

Стійкість проти основних збудників хвороб пшениці озимої в F1 – F3, створених за участі пшенично-житніх транслокацій

Стійкість проти основних збудників хвороб пшениці озимої в F1 – F3, створених за участі пшенично-житніх транслокацій

Creation of bread spring wheat breeding material with wheat-rye translocations

Purpose. Creation of bread spring wheat varieties using domestic and foreign varieties as carriers of wheat-rye translocation. Меthods. Field, laboratory, statistical. Results. The creation of varieties with wheat-rye translocation 1AL.1RS is the perspective direction of breeding, which allows to significantly improve the gene pool of bread spring wheat. The paper covers outputs of long-term breeding studies conducted at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (MIW) for obtaining bread wheat varieties with wheat-rye translocation 1AL.1RS. As the initial breeding material varieties and lines of domestic and foreign breeding were used, in particular, the ‘TAM 107’ variety (USA) with wheat-rye translocation 1AL.1RS. During realization of the scientific breeding program, the bread winter wheat variety ‘Ekspromt’ (1AL.1RS), as well as the bread spring wheat varieties ‘Struna myronivska’ (1AL.1RS) and ‘MІP Solomіia’ (1AL.1RS) have been created. As evidenced by the analysis of the spectrum of storage proteins, the varieties ‘Struna myronivska’ and ‘MIP Solomiіa’ contain wheat-rye translocation 1AL.1RS in their genomes. The variety ‘MIP Solomiіa’ inherited it from the variety of bread spring wheat ‘Struna myronivska’. The bread spring wheat new variety ‘MІP Solomiia’ is characterized by high yielding capacity, adaptability, resistance to powdery mildew, fusarium head blight, common bunt and high indices of grain quality. Conclusions. By long-term single crossing foreign varieties and domestic breeding material when using the pedigree method, bread wheat varieties with wheat-rye translocation 1AL.1RS have been created. The bread spring wheat variety ‘MІP Solomiia’ submitted for the State Variety Testing in 2017, is characterized by high yielding capa­city, lodging resistance, low incidence of fungal diseases, resistance to common bunt, adaptability. The presence of wheat-rye translocation in spring wheats varieties of Myronivka breeding ‘Struna myronivska’ and ‘MІP Solomіia’ has been confirmed by analyzing the spectrum of storage proteins during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Meiosis analysis in soft winter wheat varieties — carriers of wheat-rye translocations 1BL.1RS and 1AL.1RS

Aim. Investigation of the features of the meiosis flow in winter wheat varieties — carriers wheat-rye translocations 1BL.1RS and 1AL.1RS. Methods. A comparative analysis of the meiosis flow in winter wheat varieties, the carriers of various translocations, was carried out using the method of temporary pressure preparations. Results. The frequency and spectrum of meiosis anomalies in introgressive winter wheat varieties with wheat-rye translocations 1BL.1RS and 1AL.1RS are established. The variability of the frequency of violations at different stages of microsporogenesis in the carrier classes of a certain translocation is shown, which may be due to a different period of stabilization of their genomes. It was found that the frequency of violations in varieties with different translocations did not exceed 10 %, which is normal for stable introgressive varieties. Conclusions. It was found that in all stages of microsporogenesis in the number of cells with violations and their spectrum, varieties with translocation of 1BL.1RS are slightly different from those with translocation of 1AL.1RS. Keywords: bread winter wheat, translocations 1BL.1RS and 1AL.1RS, meiotic flow.

A new variety of bread winter wheat Trudivnytsia myronivska

Purpose. To highlight the genetic origin and to characterize agronomic traits of the new bread winter wheat variety Trudіvnytsia myronivska, as well as to determine its response to some elements of cropping practices. Methods. Studying the new line in various stages of the selection process was carried out during 2003–2017 on the fields of breeding crop rotation of the Myronivka Institute of Wheat (MIW), in particular, in 2013-2015 the variety Trudіvnytsia myronivska was studied in competitive testing, in 2014–2017 at the laboratory of agricultural technologies of MIW to determine the response to the predecessors (green manure, winter rape, peas and silage maize) and sowing dates (on September 08, 17, 25 and October 04). During 2016 and 2017, the variety was tested in the institutions of the Ukrainian Institute for Plant Variety Examination (UIPVE). Results. The variety Trudіvnytsia myronivska has been created by complex multi-step hybridization from crossing (in 2003) the high-quality line Erythrospermum 53686 with the high-resistant variety Kryzhynka. The genetic make-up of the new variety is based on the repeated use in hybrid combinations of such outstanding varieties as Myronivska 808, Ukrainka 0246, Bezostaya 1 and Myronivska 264. In the variety Trudіvnytsia myronivska there is wheat-rye translocation (WRT) IBL/IRS. The botanical variety is lutescens. Examinations at the MIW and UIPVE found that the variety Trudіvnytsia myronivska is highly frost resistant, lodging and shattering resistant, drought tolerant, and disease resistant. The variety has high potential productivity (10.4 t/ha). In terms of grain quality it is valuable wheat. Green manure and peas are the best predecessors for the variety. The response to the sowing date is neutral. Conclusions. Trudivnytsia myronivska has inherited high potential productivity and adaptability from her “famous” ancestors (Myronivska 808, Ukrainka 0246, and Bezostaya 1); this determined its balance in terms of complex of agronomic traits. Having the WRT 1BL/1RS increases the adaptability of the variety during crop formation not only on various sowing dates, but also in various ecological zones (Steppe, Forest-Steppe, Polissia) in which it is recommended for cultivation.

Inheritance of productivity elements and their transgressive variation in bread winter wheat hybrids derived from crossing varieties-carriers of wheat-rye translocations

Inheritance of productivity elements and their transgressive variation in bread winter wheat hybrids derived from crossing varieties-carriers of wheat-rye translocations

Studying Recombination between the 1RS Arms from the Rye Petkus and Insave Involved in the 1BL.1RS and 1AL.1RS Translocations using Storage Protein Loci as Genetic Markers

A population of F6 recombinant inbred lines from the cross between winter common wheat lines with the wheat-rye translocations 1BL.1RS (of the Kavkaz type) and 1АL.1RS (of the Amigo type), B-16 × 7086 AR, was produced. Using the storage protein loci Gli-R1, Gli-A1, and Gli-B1 as genetic markers, lines with recombinant 1RS (12%) were identified and the frequency of recombination between 1RS involved in different translocations was determined as 7%. 1RS from Amigo was demonstrated to carry a gene encoding the secalin “a”, which can be identified on SDS electrophoregrams under the y-subunit encoded by the Glu-D1 locus. The secalin “a” was also revealed in the cultivar MV Taltos, which was shown to carry the 1BL.1RS translocation with secalin alleles of the Amigo type. The gene encoding the secalin “a” was found to be allelic to the gene Sec-Nx from the rye Voronezhske SGI. The frequency of recombination between the loci Gli-R1 and Sec-N depends on the nature of the material analyzed and amounts about 10% (the genetic distance of 10 cM) in the cross MV Taltos × CWX (the lines with different 1BL.1RS translocations). Such a distance suggests that important disease and pest resistance genes, in particular stem rust resistance genes, are within the region flanked by these loci. Because of this the secalin loci are convenient for primary screening for recombinant 1RS arms with new combinations of disease and pest resistance genes.

Genetic diversity of spring common wheat varieties at storage protein loci

Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate genetic diversity of storage protein loci in spring common wheat varieties licensed for growing in Ukraine in 2017 year. Methods. SDS and APAG electrophoresis were used to identify genotypes at the gliadin loci Gli-1 and the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit loci Glu-1. Results. Genotypes at the gliadin loci Gli A1, Gli B1, Gli D1 and glutenin loci Glu A1, Glu B1, Glu D1 were identified in 31 spring common wheat. The wheat-rye translocation AL/1RS was identified in two varieties Etyud and Struna mironivsyka. Differences in frequencies of alleles at storage protein loci were revealed. Conclusions. The high level of allelic variation was observed at the Gli-1 loci in spring common wheat varieties. Predominant alleles (one or two per locus) were revealed: Gli A1f, Gli A1а, Gli B1e, Gli D1b, Gli D1і, Gli D1f , Glu А1а, Glu Bс , Glu D1d, Glu D1a.
 Keywords: Triticum aestivum L., spring wheat, storage protein.

Alloplasmic recombinant lines (H. vulgare)-T. aestivum with 1RS.1BL translocation: initial genotypes for production of common wheat varieties

Alloplasmic lines are formed when the cytoplasm of one species is replaced by the cytoplasm of another as a result of repeated recurrent crosses of wide hybrids with the paternal genotype. Since the cytoplasm replacement results in new intergenomic interactions between a nucleus and cytoplasm leading to variability of plant characteristics, alloplasmic lines with restored fertility can be an additional source of biodiversity of cultivated plants. Earlier, recombinant alloplasmic lines (H. vulgare)-T. aestivumdesignated as L-17(1)–L-17(37) were formed from a plant with partially restored fertility of the BC3 generation of barley-wheat hybridH. vulgare(cv. Nepolegayushchii) ×T. aestivum(cv. Saratovskaya 29). This male-sterile hybrid was consistently backcrossed with wheat varieties Mironovskaya 808 (twice) and Saratovskaya 29, and Mironovskaya 808 had a positive impact on the restoration of fertility. This paper presents the results of investigation into a group of recombinant alloplasmic lines (L-17F4), as well as into doubled haploids (DH) lines – alloplasmic DH-17-lines obtained from anther culture of alloplasmic lines (L-17F2). The most productive of these lines were used as initial breeding genotypes. Hybrid form Lutescens 311/00-22 developed from the crossing of the alloplasmic DH(1)-17 line (as maternal genotype) with euplasmic line Com37 (CIMMYT), the source of the 1RS.1BL wheat-rye translocation, proved to be successful for breeding. The presence of the 1RS.1BL translocation in the genome of the Lutescens 311/00-22 form and the L-311(1)–L-311(6) alloplasmic lines isolated from it did not lead to a decrease of fertility or sterility in the plants. This indicates that the chromosome of the 1BS wheat does not carry the gene(s) that determine the restoration of fertility in the studied (H. vulgare)-T. aestivumalloplasmic lines. Alloplasmic lines L-311(1)–L-311(6) showed their advantage in comparison with the standard varieties for resistance to leaf and stem rust, yield, and grain quality. The breeding tests performed at Omsk Agricultural Scientific Center, Agrocomplex “Kurgansemena”, Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Ishimskoe” (Tyumen Region), using alloplasmic lines L-311(5), L-311(4) and L-311(6) resulted in varieties of spring common wheat Sigma, Uralosibirskaya 2 and Ishimskaya 11, respectively.

Effects of wheat-rye translocations on the combining ability of winter bread wheatcultivars

The aim and tasks of the study. The purpose was to study the combining ability of winter bread wheat cultivars – carriers of wheat-rye translocations (WRT) for performance elements to determine their breeding values and to simulate selection of high-yielding offspring. Results and discussion. The results of analysis of variance attest to strong effects both of the general combining ability (GCA) and of the specific combining ability (SCA) for performance elements in the cultivars under investigation. At the same time, the mean square variance of the GCA was higher than that of of the SCA. Thus, we can affirm that additive effects dominate in the genetic control of the bread winter wheat performance elements, since the ratio of variances was >1.We distinguished the cultivars with a high GCA in F1for performance elements: Smuhlianka – the spikelet number in the main spike, 1000-grain weight, grain weight per plant; Epokha Odeska – the grain number in the main spike; Kryzhynka – 1000-grain weight; Rozkishna – grain weight from the main spike and grain weight per plant. Smuhlianka was distinguished among the others due to its with high and intermediate effects of the GCA. Kryzhynka, Rozkishna, and Epokha Odeska were some what inferior to it. Estimation of the combining ability suggests Smuhlianka as the best donor of grain productivity elements. According to the SCA constants, all the studied wheat cultivar shad intermediate indices for the most traits in 2014–2015. Cultivars with WRT were not distinguished by stable constants of the SCA and were not inferior tothe other studied cultivars, except Epokha Odeska. High constants of the SCA for some traits in WRT carriers indicate increased variability of the trait under investigation. Therefore, these cultivars may have specific hybrid combinations both with overexpression and with under expression of an inherited trait.Conclusions. Cultivars with wheat-rye translocations – Smuhlianka and Kryzhynka are of the highest value for breeding as components in crossings, providing formation of promising populations for selection of elite plants with increased performance.