Water Resources Management Approach Research Articles

Solar-powered irrigation system as a nature-based solution for sustaining agricultural water management in the Upper Indus Basin

Rapid deglaciation in form of lowering of glacial surface under growing warm temperatures form a major cause of disruption in meltwater flows to cryosphere-fed irrigation network which usually affects the agriculture productivity and livelihoods in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB). In such hotspots of cryosphere change and other vulnerable areas, solar powered irrigation system (SPIS) can be adopted as a nature-based solution to uplift water from the nearby glacio-fluvial streams for irrigation and domestic use. In the present study, solar energy harnessing potential was investigated in the UIB region of Pakistan based on climate and topographic suitability to adopt solar powered irrigation system (SPIS) in the region. Overall mean temperature and elevation were found suitable for harnessing solar energy in major parts of the Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalaya (HKH) ranges of the UIB. The slope index indicated high suitability for harnessing solar energy in about 92.5% area, while aspect exhibited high suitability in about 13.3% area and medium in 25.3% area of the HKH region. The slope-aspect (SLA) suitability was found good in about 13.5% area of the Hindu Kush, 12% of the Karakoram and 10.9% area of the Himalaya range, whereas it was observed medium in about 26.7% area of the Hindu Kush, 21.8% of the Karakoram and 22.2% area of the Himalaya range. Overall the SLA suitability was found good in about 12.1% area and medium in about 23.5% area of the three HKH ranges. However, maximum benefits of the SPIS approach can be acquired through linking it with integrated water resource management approach for sustainable agricultural water management in the region.

Groundwater Storage Analysis Using Deterministic Model Approach for Water Resources Management of Zamfara part of Sokoto-Rima Basin, Nigeria

The study area is entirely located within the Sokoto-Rima hydrological basin of Northwest, Nigeria. Groundwater is widely used for drinking, domestic and agricultural purposes in Zamfara water catchment. The mismanagement of groundwater resources could cause negative effects including depletion of aquifer storage and groundwater level decline. To assure sustainability of the available resources, determination of groundwater budget is necessary. Deterministic model approach was used, which required three quantities (Available water quantity, Abstractible and Storable water volume). In this study meteorological water budget (MWB), water level fluctuation (WTF), and groundwater budget based on geological framework (GBBDF) were used to estimate water budget. Groundwater recharge and abstraction rate were calculated from 280 borehole data across the water catchment area. The average groundwater budget of the study area was calculated as 111,693,470 m3/year with the MWB method and it was calculated as 111,342,057.3m3/year and 73,463,099 m3/year with the WTF and (GBBDF) methods respectively. The groundwater abstraction for domestic/agricultural uses was calculated to be higher to that of aquifer recharge. Thus prudent measure has to be adopted for adequate water use per head as population increase and demographic change will exacerbate more stress on the availability of this precious resources aside the climate change impact. The implication is that further proliferation of borehole wells will deplete the entire aquifer and subject it to be devoid of manageable storage capacity, particularly in the crystalline aquiferous units. It is clear that, if conceptual hydrogeological modelling of the catchment is well known and reliable data are obtained, the MWB method gives accurate results in the basins. However, comparison of multiple methods is valuable for determining the plausible budget amount and for highlighting the uncertainty of the estimate.

Regional Flood Frequency Analysis for Sustainable Water Resources Management of Genale–Dawa River Basin, Ethiopia

Regional information on stream discharge is needed in order to improve flood estimates based on the limited data availability. Regional flood estimation is fundamental for designing hydraulic structures and managing flood plains and water resource projects. It is essential for estimating flood risks during recurrent periods due to suitable distributions. Regional flood frequency analysis is crucial for evaluating design flows in ungauged basins, and can complement existing time series in gauged sites and transfer them to ungauged catchments. Hence, this study aims to perform a regional flood frequency analysis of the Genale–Dawa River Basin of Ethiopia using the index flood and L-moments approach for sustainable water resource management. Three homogeneous hydrological regions were defined and delineated based on homogeneity tests from data of 16 stream-gauged sites, named Region-A, Region-B, and Region-C. The discordancy index of regional data for L-moment statistics was identified using MATLAB. All regions showed promising results of L-moment statistics with discordance measures (discordance index less than 3) and homogeneity tests (combined coefficient of variation (CC) less than 0.3). L-moment ratio diagrams were used to select best fit probability distributions for areas. Generalized extreme value, log-Pearson type III, and generalized Pareto distributions were identified as suitable distributions for Region-A, Region-B, and Region-C, respectively, for accurately modeling flood flow in the basin. Regional flood frequency curves were constructed, and peak flood was predicted for different return periods. Statistical analysis of the gauged sites revealed an acceptable method of regionalization of the basin. This study confirms that the robustness of the regional L-moments algorithm depends on particular criteria used to measure the performance of estimators. The identified regions should be tested with other physical catchment features to enhance flood quantile estimates at gauged and ungauged sites. Henceforth, this study’s findings can be further extended into flood hazard, risk, and inundation mapping of identified regions of the study area. Furthermore, this study’s approach can be used as a reference for similar investigations of other river basins.

Understanding land use/land cover and climate change impacts on hydrological components of Usri watershed, India

Land use/cover (LULC) and climate are significant environmental factors that influence watershed hydrology across the globe. The present study attempts to understand the consequences of existing changing patterns of climate and LULC on the hydrology of the Usri watershed. Different water balance components were simulated using a semi-distributed Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Sixteen scenarios were generated using combinations of four periods of climatic data (1974–84; 1985–1995; 1996–2006 and 2007–2016) and four sets of land use maps (1976; 1989; 2000 and 2014). The SWAT model performed well for monthly stream flows during calibration and validation. The study finds that the individual impact of LULC change contributes to increase in the streamflow and decrease in evapotranspiration (ET) primarily due to increase in urbanization and decrease in water bodies, forest cover and barren land of Usri watershed. The combined impact of climatic variations and land use change reveals complex interactions. The study provides insight into hydrological response to variations in climate and land use changes in Usri watershed in recent decades. The results of this study can be beneficial to the authorities, decision-makers, water resource engineers and planners for the best water resource management approaches in the perspective of climate change and LULC transformation of similar ecological regions as that of Usri.

Analysis of the Water Management System in a Mountain Territory, the Case of the Nekor Watershed, Rif, Morocco

Integrated management has become an essential approach for sustainable water resource management. However, if the concept seems relevant, its concrete application at the local scale has yet to be undertaken, with all the difficulties related to the complexity underlying the issue. The Rif is characterized by the multiplication and interdependence of uses, the overlapping responsibilities between public and private actors, the superposition of sectoral regulations, which raises the following question: Is the current management of water resources in the Rif mountains suitable for a future constraining on several aspects: socio-economic and climatic? The general objective of this work is to analyze the current management of water resources scientifically, politically, institutionally and legally, to identify the innovations needed for sustainable management and adaptation to climate change in the Rif Mountains. The systemic approach allowed us to highlight and prioritize the structuring elements of water management in the Nekor basin and their interactions. The crossing of hydrological data with socio-economic data allowed us to have a global and multidisciplinary vision of both uses and water resources, and of all the components of the system’s environment, the interdependencies influence the management system, despite the complexity accentuated by the lack of data. Indeed, it was difficult to identify the influence of each component. The current degradation of resources is only a reflection of a socio-cultural crisis that can only be remedied by a change in mentality, economic development, social equity and more solidarity between the city and rural communities.

Neutrosophic Near-Subtraction Semigroups and its Application

Potential mechanisms for dealing with water resources are provided by water resource management (WRM). To determine agricultural water resources, a new multi-criteria water resource management approach was created in this work. The management of agricultural water resources has become a major issue in the current circumstances. To create this circumstance, a multi-criteria approach is required. We were able to address a real-world water resource management issue using the suggested multi-criteria decision-making technique. The neutrosophic TOPSIS environment has been taken into account in this decision-making dilemma. Summertime water demand is high, and towards the end of summer, when monsoon season arrives, water demand is low in the agricultural field. During the monsoon season, it is not uncommon for rain to fall just in parts. In agriculture, growing crops during the monsoon season was difficult at the time. As a result, the nature of the water shortage in this area is non-linear and unclear. Because of this, we suggested an MCDM technique for WRM issues in a neutrosophic TOPSIS -environment context.

Remote sensing’s role in improving transboundary water regulation and compliance: The Murray-Darling Basin, Australia

Growing agricultural water demand is dramatically affecting the implementation of, and compliance with, water sharing plans in regions such as the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB). Problems can arise from water theft, poor resourcing or questionable actions from stakeholders. Recent actions from MDB governments have resulted in improved regulation, although more is required in a technical, governance and cultural space to create a comprehensive and transparent management framework. This is pivotal in improving overall trust in water regulators. We discuss an integrated water resource management approach for improved water regulation, involving the implementation of remote sensing technologies to complement metering, coupled with a focus on a stronger compliance culture in a range of stakeholder groups and regulatory changes that allow quicker adoption of unbiased best practice science and technology.

Stakeholders’ interactions in managing water resources conflicts: a case of Lake Naivasha, Kenya

Abstract Recent years have seen unprecedented pressure from numerous water stakeholders with different interests in Lake Naivasha basin, the only freshwater lake in the Great Rift Valley of Kenya. The pressure on this water resource results in high competition over access to water source, unsustainable resources management practices, poor water quality, and emergence of conflicts between institutions and its users. Presently, there is a knowledge gap and paucity of information on water resources stakeholders’ interactions in Lake Naivasha basin. This study, therefore, analyses the ways resource stakeholders interact and play in the conflict dynamic, and ultimately propose a better water resource use and management approaches. Drawing on field assessments, individual interviews, focus group discussion, and secondary literature reviews, this paper illustrates how both local, national and multi-national stakeholders interact and contribute to water resources conflicts. Results suggest unclear county and national institutional structures, fragmented land use activities and ownership, a feeling of marginalization by the local population contributing to resource-based conflict within the lake basin. A comprehensive policy framework and enforcement of existing regulations will ensure there is sustainable water access, reduce conflicts and enhance sustainable water resource governance and use of the lake.

Integrated water resources management approach in mitigating the potential impacts of climate change on hydrology in Gurara reservoir catchment, Northwest Nigeria

Abstract. The strategies and actions in the management of African River Basins in a warming climate environment have been studied. Using the Gurara Reservoir Catchment in North-West Nigeria as a case study, summations were proposed using hypothetical climate scenarios considering the Global Climate Models prediction and linear trend of the data. Four (4) proposed scenarios of temperature increase (1 % and 2 %) coupled with a decrease in precipitation of (−5 % and −10 %) were combined and applied for the study area. The Water Evaluation and Planning Tool was used to model and evaluates the impact of the earth's rising temperature and declining rainfall on the hydrology and availability of water by investigating its resilience to climate change. Modelling results indicate a reduction in available water within the study area from 4.3 % to 3.5 % compared to the baseline with no climate change scenario, revealing the current water management strategy as not sustainable, uncoordinated, and resulting in overexploitation. The findings could assist in managing future water resources in the catchment by accentuating the need to put in place appropriate adaptation measures to foster resilience to climate change. Practically, it is pertinent to shape more effective policies and regulations within catchments for effective water resources management in reducing water shortage as well as achieving downstream water needs and power benefit in thefuture, while also allowing flexibility in the operation of a reservoir with the ultimate goal of adapting to climate change.

Spatial-temporal variability and extreme climate indices of precipitation in a coastal watershed of southeastern Brazil.

The analysis of multi-temporal and spatial trends of rainfall in a river basin is an essential approach for water resource planning and management approach. In this study, a combination of trend analysis and spatial-temporal variability of the rainfall for 1970-2017 was applied to examine rainfall distribution patterns in a coastal watershed, Santa Maria da Vitória River Basin (southeastern Brazil). Data from 42 meteorological stations were analyzed using kriging as a geostatistical tool for point data interpolation. Trends in rainfall were computed using the RClimDex package with eleven extreme climate indices. The results have shown spatial and temporal rainfall variability, with drought events becoming more persistent in recent years in the upper sector of the basin, where agricultural land use prevails. Water shortage may impact crops and threatening the water supply and hydropower production. Trend analysis suggests that the annual total wet-day precipitation (PRCPTOT) increases in the coastal section and decreases in the upper basin sector. Consecutive dry days (CDD) and consecutive wet days (CWD) show a strong positive tendency in the lower basin section, where the metropolitan area is located, flooding risks increase in response to positive trends of intensive short-term rainfall events. These results support managers developing and planning sustainability strategies to assure water security and subsidize adaptative responses to extreme hydrological events.

Implementation of National Water Policy by eastern states of India—A review and analysis

AbstractThe mainstay of this study is to highlight the implementation of recommendations of the National Water Policy (NWP) of India. All the policy documents advocate the adoption of a volumetric system of water pricing, the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) approach, and the creation of River Basin Organizations (RBOs). IWRM needs to be redefined, reconsidered, and recalibrated and should be explicit. Except for Odisha, no state has constituted the RBOs. The reasons for nonformation of RBO are public resistance, not understanding the basic principle of RBO, and limitation and lack of expertise to handle large river basin organization activities. Revenue collection records are very poor except Odisha. Water pricing was not revised frequently and no water pricing regulatory body had been constituted as per the recommendation of NWP, 2012, by all the eastern states. Odisha has formulated a water policy in line with NWP and has implemented it well. All the north‐eastern states have adopted their own water policy recently but have not implemented effectively. The existing system of assessment based on crop‐wise irrigated areas must be rationalized and simplified. The revenue collection system needs mechanization. The revenue collection needs to be increased in all the eastern states.

USE OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS AND MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR MODELING THE POLLUTION PRESSURE OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE SEYBOUSE VALLEY (NORTH-EASTERN ALGERIA)

The water supply environment in Seybouse Valley (North East of Algeria) is sensitive and fragile as the aquifer is highly vulnerable to various sources of pollution, must recognize the pollution sources and water quality integration. So, there is a need for a better knowledge and understanding of the water pollution determinants to meet the Domestic, agricultural and Industrial uses. The pollution of this ground water was determined by Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). This represents the salinity of freshwater and originate from natural sources, sewage, urban, runoff, industrial wastewater and chemicals. Based on cause-and-effect relationships, the Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response (DPSIR) plan was used to establish indicators for an integrated water resource management approach to water quality in the semi-arid Mediterranean region. The aim of this work is to determine the most pressing pollution source of Seybouse Valley. With this intention, the artificial neural network (ANN) models were used to model and predict the relationship between groundwater quality with point and diffuse pollution sources determinants. The selected variables were classified and organized using the multivariate techniques of Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), factor analysis (FA), principal components and classification analysis (PCCA). It was concluded that the industrial wastewater that is the most pressing pollution source followed by seawater intrusion.

Optimal reservoir operation – A climate change adaptation strategy for Narmada basin in central India

The potential impacts of climate change on the water resources of the Narmada basin in central India has been investigated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The existing dams in the river basin have been incorporated in the model setups, calibration and validation. The COordinated Regional climate Downscaling EXperiment datasets for South-Asia (CORDEX-SA) at 0.5° × 0.5° resolution for four-time horizons, viz., 1970–05 (historical), 2006–40 (near-term), 2041–70 (mid-term) and 2071–99 (end-term) under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 has been used to investigate the changes in the future climate and simulation of future streamflow. The proposed dams have also been incorporated for modeling the future developmental scenarios. The scenario analysis based on the projected climate variables has led to the inference that the change in the precipitation pattern coupled with the warming trends, maybe contributing towards higher variability in water availability. A future scenario of lower water availability and higher water demands thus calls for optimal utilization of available water resources in the future, so that the higher water demands can be satisfied with lower anticipated future flows. Various alternatives were explored for devising adaptation strategies using the engineering/technical solutions in which the optimal water resources management approaches were explored using the simulation-only and the genetic algorithm based simulation–optimization approaches. The simulation–optimization framework based integrated reservoir operation of four reservoirs has led to better reservoir performance and the number of irrigation failures has decreased substantially from 92 to 12 during 2006–40, 86 to 22 during 2041–70 and 89 to 10 during 2071–99. The hydropower failures have also decreased considerably from 202 to 96 during 2006–40, 192 to 28 during 2041–70 and 179 to 67 during 2071–99 under the RCP8.5 scenario. There were no failures in meeting the domestic water supply and environment flow demands. This may be an important adaptation measure to address the issues of climate change impacts on the water resources in the future in the Narmada basin.

Water resources management versus the world

<abstract> <p>Effective water resources management and water availability are under threat from multiple sources, including population growth, continuing urbanisation, and climate change. In this context, current water resources management requires a conceptual rethink, which is lacking in the urban water resources management literature. This paper addresses this gap by rethinking urban water resources management from a water-centric perspective. The paper discusses a conceptual rethinking of water resources management towards a water-centric water resources management system underpinned through combining nature-based solutions (NBS), green infrastructure, and water soft path approaches. It is concluded that through adopting a blend of NBS, green infrastructure, and water soft paths, a water-centric water resources management approach focused on achieving sustainable water availability can be developed. It is further concluded that in transitioning to a water-centric focused water resources management approach, water needs to be acknowledged as a key stakeholder in relation to guiding a transition to an effective holistic catchment-wide water-centric water resources management system focused on achieving sustainable water availability.</p> </abstract>

A fuzzy dependent-chance interval multi-objective stochastic expected value programming approach for irrigation water resources management under uncertainty

A fuzzy dependent-chance interval multi-objective stochastic expected value programming approach for irrigation water resources management under uncertainty

Sujalam Suphalam (SS) : A multi-stakeholder Water Resources Management Approach

Rejuvenation of existing water bodies is an important element to achieve village water security in the context of both drinking and agriculture water requirements. Rejuvenation of the water structure leads to the creation of storage or increase in the storage capacity of the existing structure, eventually aiding to groundwater recharge. “Sujalam Suphalam” is a District level time-bound program that focuses on the improvement of village water resources by undertaking the restoration of existing water bodies, and watershed treatments for the augmentation of groundwater. It is an effort to make a parched village 'water abundant' by creating water infrastructure that instils the notion of ownership amongst the stakeholders which is an important element in arriving at a sustainable solution for drought frequented regions in a short period of time. Sujalam Suphalam (SS) takes a multi-stakeholder approach to arrive at village water security. The multi-stakeholder design of the programme involves the Government (State and District Administration) – Bharatiya Jain Sanghatana (BJS) -Community/Farmers Group – like-minded civil society organisations and advocacy groups (public representatives and newspaper & electronic media) as the stakeholders. Where Government authority provides necessary sanctions and takes full ownership of the programme, BJS provide their services of heavy machinery and support the Government in programme execution, implementation, community mobilisation, data management and monitoring. This program promises rejuvenating water structures that store run-off generated during monsoons, which recharges groundwater, these earthen works also provide an essential resource to the farmers which is silt to enhance individual farmer's productivity. SS has helped in increasing the agricultural income by bringing the larger area under irrigation and enhanced the income from agro-allied diversified activities. By desilting percolation tanks, water harvesting tanks and village nalas (rivulets) BJS has not only enhanced the storage capacity of these structures but also increased the period of water availability in the parched villages. It increased the number of days of drinking and domestic water availability accessible to all habitations within a village. The approach promises to reduce the gap between demand and supply of both, water and silt, in a short period. It also garners active participation from the farmers that leads to effective management of community water resources by enhancing the capacity of Panchayati Raj Institutions and individual farmers. Since the implementation of IWRM projects back in the 1970s, many water storage structures were created in drought-prone villages. But often it was found that very few programs were concentrated on rejuvenation or repair of these water bodies. Often the Gram Panchayat was given charge of these water bodies who lacked the necessary guidance and resources to rejuvenate or repair. Sujalam Suphalam program is focused on rejuvenation or repair of government and community-owned water bodies. These processes demanded the active participation of district administration, gram panchayat, progressive farmers, farmer boards at village level and those who were on the periphery of these institutions. This paper reviews the multi-stakeholder sustainable water conservation approach adopted by Bharatiya Jain Sanghatana with the support of the government of Maharashtra and Karnataka. The paper also highlights the main components of the programme, methodology of the programme, execution, key achievements, impacts and critical lessons learnt.

A system dynamics approach for water resources management with focusing on domestic water demand

A system dynamics approach for water resources management with focusing on domestic water demand

Басейнове управління водними ресурсами України: SWOT-аналіз

This review article aims to increase our understanding in the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of implementing the basin approach for water resources management in Ukraine. To this end, this article implements that SWOT analysis for discussing the transition from the administrative approach towards the basin approach. The SWOT analysis consists of the four main aspects: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Strengths and Weakness include strong and weak points of implementing the basin approach, respectively. Opportunities are windows for implementing actions to facilitate the basin approach and increase the effectiveness of this approach. Threats include risks for implementing the basin approach. In order to better understand opportunities, the main drivers and causes of water pollution are also discussed in the article. Results of the review show that climate change affects the availability of water resources strongly. Human activities namely the poultry production are important polluters of water resources. The article summarizes the correct water resources management approaches and proposes four main strategies for implementing the basin approach within the SWOT analysis. The first strategy deals with the successful transition from the administrative management towards the basin management of water resources. The second strategy deals with an increase in the access of the public to the water resources information including water quality. The third strategy deals with integrating the European Union water-related directives in the national environmental policies. The fourth strategy deals with reducing pollution levels in water systems through improved technologies. Next steps are to develop an integrated approach to account for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the four strategies. It is important to develop water indicators to facilitate an integrated assessment of water resources for different water uses while accounting for water quality. Future research can focus on future scenarios to project water quality under global change and to assess effects of the national policies on reducing future water pollution from urbanization and agricultural sectors.

Integrated Water Resources Management Approaches to Improve Water Resources Governance

The water crisis can alternatively be called a governance crisis. Thus, the demand for good water governance to ensure effective water resources management and to attain specific water goals is growing. Many countries subscribe to the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) approach to achieve this goal. The Integrated Water Resources Management approach aims to ensure a process that promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land, and related resources in a drainage basin to maximise economic and social welfare equitably without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. The design of the Integrated Water Resources Management approach, including its pillars and principles, aspires to good water governance and effective resource management. However, empirical studies examining this hypothesis and analysing the impact of the Integrated Water Resources Management approach on water resources governance are limited, especially in developing countries. Therefore, we characterised and compared the water resources governance aspects of two catchments in Uganda’s Lake Albert basin. One of the catchments was exposed to integrated water resources management projects, while the other had no exposure to integrated water resources management projects. Some of the factors that supported the comparability of the two sites included spatial proximity linking into a related hydrological and social-economic setup, common water needs and belonging to the same water administration zone. Comparing both areas led us to analyse whether there was a difference in water resources governance actions, as well as in the quality of water resources governance, under the same overall water management and administrative zone. The data were based on field surveys using questionnaires and information guides in both catchments. The results show that the performance of water resources governance is markedly better in the catchment with Integrated Water Resources Management practices than the base catchment unaffected by these practices. Key themes examined include water resources governance styles, water resources governance systems presence, functionality, the performance of good governance principles, and water resources management effectiveness. The findings contribute to the aspirations for the promotion of integrated water management approaches for improved water resources governance, and the concept that the effectiveness of water resources management measures depends on governance effectiveness. Water governance is significant, as it spells out the power, rights, decisions, and priorities relating to given water resources and communities.

A regulation-allocation coupling approach for agricultural water resources management based on water quantity orientation

Abstract In water-scarce areas with low grain yields, people have to expand the farmland scale to gain more food. Rapid expansion of agricultural scale may lead to a higher risk of re-abandonment of wasteland due to waterless irrigation in water-deficient areas. Against this background, this study proposed a water resources regulation-allocation coupling model. The ‘regulation’ is to control the water consumption of agriculture and regulate the utilized scale with water resources as the main constraint; the ‘allocation’ is to optimize the water resources allocation among crops and arrange the crop planting system according to the water quota for different crops and the economic, social and ecological benefits brought by crops, so as to control the water resources among crops. Afterwards, taking an agro-pastoral ecotone in Northwest China as the study case, schemes of feasible agricultural scale and planting structure suitable for local conditions were obtained. Lastly, the matching patterns of land and water resources were raised gradually from ‘poor’ into ‘good’ degree from 2015 to 2030. This study is expected to provide a reference for controlling the ordered and balanced development of land and water resources of agriculture as well as effectively improving the sustainable development ability in water-deficient areas.