Water-resistant Aggregates Research Articles

The agrophysical properties effects in syderation used short-row sowing on soil

In short-term cotton-crop rotation fields agrophysical features was achieved improvement by sowing pure rape, peas + rape, peas + rape + chick peas are 22–32 tons of biomass per hectare of land is sown in the fall. In particular, when peas + rape, peas + rape + chick peas are used as siderites, macroaggregates in the topsoil increase by 7.87–8.73% and in the subsoil by 3.35–3.50%, when water-resistant aggregates are planted with gooseberry (55.82%) and pea when mixed with rapeseed and peas (56.7%), and increased soil fertility. As a result, the decrease in soil volume had a significant effect on the increase in water permeability and soil moisture more than 2%. The highest moisture content was observed in the mixture of peas + rape + chick peas as a siderite, and when rapeseed was used in its pure form. Sideration has resulted in an increase in organic humus in the soil and an optimal retention of moisture.

ОСТРУКТУРЕНІСТЬ ҐРУНТУ, ЗАБУР`ЯНЕНІСТЬ І ПРОДУКТИВНІСТЬ ЛАНОК СІВОЗМІНИ ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД СИСТЕМ ОСНОВНОГО ОБРОБІТКУ ТА УДОБРЕННЯ ЧОРНОЗЕМУ ТИПОВОГО В ПРАВОБЕРЕЖНОМУ ЛІСОСТЕПУ УКРАЇНИ

The goal of the research is to study the influence of different tillage and fertilization systems on the structural condition of the arable (0-30 cm) soil layer, the weediness of agrophytocenoses, and the productivity of two links of field crop rotation. Materials and methods. The experimental work was carried out in 2021-2023 on a typical deep low-humus chernozem of the experimental field of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University in a five-field stationary specialized (grain) crop rotation. Four systems of basic soil tillage and fertilization of agrophytocenoses were studied. The zero fertilization system did not provide for the application of fertilizers, the first - 6 tons of manure + N64P54K58, the second - 6 tons of manure + N98P66K92, the third - 6 tons of manure + N126P82K116 per hectare of arable land. Analysis methods: field, laboratory, comparative, mathematical-statistical. Results. The article presents the results of studies on cultivation of various agricultural crops under four systems of basic soil tillage and four systems of agrophytocenoses fertilization. The influence of these agrotechnical measures on the structural state of arable layer, the current weediness of agrophytocenoses, and the yield of grain and green mass of the crops under study have been considered. Long-term studies have convincingly proven that with chisel-disc, and especially disc tillage, there is a clearly defined profile differentiation of the arable soil layer in terms of the content of water-resistant aggregates in different parts of it - most of them are in the lower (20-30 cm) part, significantly less in the upper (0-10 cm). With an increase in fertilizer application rates, the structural condition improves and the actual weediness of agrophytocenoses decreases. Grain crop yield is significantly reduced by chisel-disk and disk processing; when differentiated, it increases in the agrophytocenosis of winter wheat and buckwheat and decreases in the agrophytocenosis of peas, but these changes do not reach statistically significant values. Significantly less green manure mass of white mustard was obtained by disc processing and significantly more was obtained with differentiated processing of only fertilized areas of the second link of crop rotation. During chisel-disk processing, this indicator decreases insignificantly in the first link and increases insignificantly in the second. Conclusions. It is noted that the first link dominates in the collection of feed units, the yield of grain and digestible protein per hectare of arable land, and the provision of digestible protein to a feed unit. An insignificant advantage of the second link was observed in the collection of dry matter of the main and by-products only in the differentiated treatment areas fertilized with the second and third rates of fertilizers. Analyzing the data obtained, it can be argued that with non-shelf-disk and disk cultivation, the productivity of a hectare of arable land in both stages of crop rotation significantly decreases. With differentiated and shelf-disk processing, this indicator is almost at the same level. Keywords: soil structure, weed infestation, soil, crop rotation, link, cultivation, fertilization, productivity.

STRUCTURAL-AGGREGATE COMPOSITION AND SOIL WATER RESISTANCE BASED ON TILLAGE REGIMES IN SOUTHEAST KAZAKHSTAN

The promotion and rational development of drylands employed two tillage regimes (plowing to 20–22 cm and no-till) during the spring wheat and barley cultivation in Southeast Kazakhstan. The results established that the no-till scheme contributed to forming an excellent aggregate state of the arable soil layer for spring wheat and barley (65%–69%). The water-resistant aggregates were the highest with no-tillage (19.3%–21.8%), indicating the unsatisfactory water resistance of the soil structure. Enhancing the water-resistant aggregates requires using organic fertilizers to improve the establishment of perennial grasses, green manuring, and cover crops. No-till system inclined to boost the optimal soil density from a loose and slightly compact state of 1.19–1.23 g/cm3 to a dense 1.32–1.39 g/cm3. According to crop cultivar and tillage methods, the spring wheat and barley grain yield varied between 2.84 and 3.89 t/ha. High grain yield came from the spring barley cultivar Symbat. Spring showed promising performance when the plowing level was 20–22 cm and inferior only by 0.25 and 0.15 t/ha with no-till. Based on the two-factor analysis of variance, the cultivar contribution to the spring wheat and barley grain yield buildup depended on the shares of crop season of the research (year – environment) (40.9%–62.2%) and the tillage regimes (22.4%–32.2%). The grain yield formation was more dependent on the studied crops and their cultivars, and the dependence increased over the crop seasons due to weather conditions during the crop period.

Chicken manure as an organic fertilizer: composting technologies and impact on soil properties (a review)

Chicken manure and composts derived from it are valuable organic fertilizers that have a positive impact on soil fertility and significantly enhance crop yields. However, the application of fresh manure can lead to excessive concentrations of nitrogen and other nutrients in the soil, as well as contamination of the soil with microorganisms that are pathogenic to humans and animals. Therefore, it is recommended to compost chicken manure prior to its use in agriculture. This review examines the composition and properties of chicken manure, the techniques involved in its composting, and its influence on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. The utilization of composted manure results in increased levels of organic carbon (on average by 1–1.5%), nitrogen (by 0.1–0.2%), and other biophilic elements. Moreover, it improves various physical properties of the soil, such as porosity, aeration, and density. Levels of pH increase (by 0.2–0.4), as well as electrical conductivity (by 2–2.5 times), and the quantity of water-resistant aggregates (by 5–10%). The application of these fertilizers also promotes biological activity, microbial diversity, microbial biomass carbon (by 25–75%), and soil enzymatic activity (phosphatase and catalase increase by 5–7 times, and urease by 3–5 times). When chicken manure is incorporated into the soil, a significant (2–4 times) increase in the population of bacteria from the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria is observed. The necessity of investigating the effects of compost derived from chicken manure on the chemical composition and storage of soil organic matter, pore space, and the ecotrophic structure of the soil microbiome is also discussed.

Изучение вопроса о закупке красящих композиционных материалов на основе неорганического и органического сырья

The article states that one of the biggest problems of modern agriculture is to prevent the irreversible loss of fertile land on earth and to provide agriculture with new land. In this regard, it has become an urgent problem to use natural resources efficiently and restore damaged lands with various means and methods. In the studies conducted to solve the problem, the process of obtaining composite materials with fertilizer-ameliorant properties, which is of particular importance in increasing soil productivity and plant height, using inorganic and organic raw materials, was studied. It has been established that only applying fertilizers to ecologically damaged soils does not give positive results, because the structure and physical-chemical properties of the soils are damaged, and complex measures must be taken to restore them. The more intensive feeding of the plant with phosphorus with the participation of the magnesium element leads to the formation of water-resistant aggregates, which, as a result, percolation and infiltration decrease, and the amount of available phosphorus in the soil increases.

ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ СТРУКТУРНО-ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ СВОЙСТВ ПОЧВЫ ОТ ЕЕ ОБРАБОТКИ ПРИ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИИ ГОРЧИЦЫ

The article presents the results of studies on the study of the influence of various tillage systems on the bulk density, structural aggregate composition and water resistance of the arable layer under mustard crops. The studies were carried out in 2019-2021 in Ulyanovsk region. Five tillage systems were studied: 1. Moldboard - (plowing at 20-22 cm PLN-4-35) control; 2. Differentiated different-depth - (alternating plowing by 25-27 cm PLN-4-35 and disking by 6-8 cm); 3. Comb-shaped (OP-3C for 13-15cm); 4. Disc - (BDM for 6-8cm); 5. Flat-cut processing - (KPSh-3 by 13-15 cm). The soil of the experimental plot is represented by slightly leached heavy loam}- chernozem with a humus content of 5.8-6.1%. The dependence of some agrophysical properties of leached chernozem on reducing the intensity of influence on the treated layer is determined. Replacing plowing with non-moldboard loosening (options with comb, disc and flat-cut cultivation) or its periodic use against the background of disc cultivation in crop rotation (variant with differentiated cultivation) had a positive effect on the soil structure, increasing not only the structural coefficient, but also the water resistance of the aggregates, contributing to increasing soil resistance to water erosion. It was found that in these options, the content of agronomically valuable structural and water-resistant aggregates increased by 1.4-2.3 and 0.8-1.7% compared to traditional plowing, the structural coefficient increased by 0.29-0.49 units The lowest density of the soil structure at a depth of 0-30 cm was noted in the variant with differentiated tillage of 1.07 g cm3. On non-arable variants, the density of soil composition increased by 0.04-0.16 g/cm3 or 3-14%, compared with the control, but did not go beyond the optimal. According to the reserves of productive moisture in the meter layer of soil, differentiated and comb-shaped treatments were not inferior to the control

Restoration and use of fallow lands disposed of from agricultural use

The article presents the results of research on the development of fallow lands in the dry steppe zone of the West Kazakhstan region. The main goal of the work is to develop methods for the effective use of waste land and the flow of organic matter into the soil. The issues of the development of an optimal mechanism for the restoration of abandoned lands and the creation of a forage base for animal husbandry are considered. Experimental studies were carried out to determine the agrophysical and agrochemical parameters of soils in the initial state and annually, at the end of the growing season. The data on the yield of perennial forage grasses and their two- and three-component mixtures are presented. As a result of the research, the main parameters of the fertility of dark chestnut soils in the dry steppe zone of the Urals were determined, the agrophysical state of the soils was assessed, data on changes in the aggregate composition and the accumulation of root mass under various grasses and their mixtures were obtained. Analysis of the data obtained from three-year studies showed that in rainfed conditions of the region, it is possible to get good shoots of leguminous and cereal grasses. Starting from the second year of the life of the grasses, it was possible to carry out two cuttings, and a significant increase in yield can be noted for all variants of the experiment. Sowing of perennial grasses, especially of their mixtures, improves the aggregation of the soil, which is also especially noticeable in the 2nd and 3rd years. The total number of agronomically valuable aggregates 1-3 mm in size in the 0-40 cm layer increased by an average of 52%, and water-resistant aggregates - by 17% compared to the control option. Perennial grasses and their mixtures leave behind a significant amount of root mass. The humus content for three years of cultivation of leguminous-cereal perennial grasses increases from 0.08 in the grasses to 0.21% in alfalfa.

Dynamics of soil properties under cotton - alfalfa crop rotation

The aim of the study: Monocrop cultivation is known to affect negatively soil physical properties and decrease soil fertility. To eliminate these undesirable consequences, application of mineral and/or organic fertilizers, as well as other agricultural practices, are employed. Other aspects of agronomy (soil cultivation, fertilizer and plant protection systems, the acquisition of new seeds) require significant material costs. Increasing the yield of agricultural crops, and cotton in particular, can be achieved by crop rotation. The aim of the study was to analyze some physico-chemical soil properties and dynamics of soil processes under cotton-alfalfa crop rotation. Location and time of the study. The research was carried out in 2014-2018 in the Northern Mugan in the Republic of Azerbaijan, as the region is one of the largest agricultural regions of the country, supplying cotton and grain. The studies were carried out on irrigated meadow serozem, or Endogleyic Calcisol, according to the WRB, soils of the Kura-Araks lowland of Azerbaijan. Methodology. Field and laboratory work was carried out according to generally accepted methods of soil science. The particle size distribution was determined by the pyrophosphate method; density, humus content, humidity, temperature, and morphological characteristics were determined using conventional methods. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the Microsoft Office Excel program. Main results. The long-term cotton crop was found to decrease agrophysical and agrochemical properties of soil. After three years of cotton production the humus content decreased by 20%, whereas the content of water-resistant aggregates increased by 40%, and soil permeability decreased three-fold, soil bulk density increased by 7%, all these resulting in the reduced cotton productivity. Crop rotation showed that soil fertility, decreased after three consecutive years of cotton growth, could be almost fully restored by following with two years of alfalfa crop. Conclusion. Compared with a monoculture of crops, crop rotation leads to a rearrangement in soil microflora and a change in soil biological and biochemical activity, helps to reduce the possibility of a unilateral influence of plants on soil, which in turn helps to restore soil fertility and obtain high sustainable crop yields in the cotton system. Therefore, the use of cotton-alfalfa crop rotations is very important for attaining the goal of increasing two-fold the production of all types of feed in Azerbaijan. To maintain potential fertility, obtain high sustainable yields of soil-protective, resource-saving crops, five-field cotton-alfalfa crop rotation is recommended for the farmers of the Mugan steppe.

Changes in soil fertility and productivity of agricultural crops under the aftereffect of urban sewage sludge and zeolite

The current research deals with the influence of the aftereffect of zeolite-containing agro-ore, sewage sludge from the city of Penza and their combinations on the total carbon content, agronomically valuable water-resistant aggregates in the arable layer, the efficiency of moisture use by plants and the productivity of agricultural crops. It was determined that the highest effect on meadow-chernozemic low-humus medium-thick leached soil in this case was provided by the aftereffect of increased rates of precipitation of urban wastewater (160-180 t/ha) in combination with zeolite-containing agro-ore. The content of total carbon in the arable layer in these variants of the experiment in the agrocenosis of winter wheat (2020) was 3.109-3.121%, significantly exceeding the initial values by 0.157-0.169%. The number of agronomically valuable water-resistant aggregates in the arable layer under observed conditions was equal to 59.6-60.5% at the end of the research, exceeding the initial values by 21.0-22.0%. The water consumption coefficient in the oat agrocenosis was 544.7-547.2 m3/t, in the pea agrocenosis 683.8-686.9 m3/t, in the winter wheat agrocenosis 558.1-560.8 m3/t, exceeded the control in 2018 by 162.2-164.7 m3/t, in 2019 by 260.7-263.8 m3/t, in 2020 by 141.7-144.4 m3/t. The total productivity of Konkur oats, Jackpot peas, Moskovskaya 56 winter wheat variety under the aftereffect of urban wastewater precipitation at rates of 160 and 180 t/ha was 12.83-12.91 t/ha per unit, exceeding the control by 3.64-3.72 t/ha per unit, or 39.6-40.5%.

Influence of manure application method on gray forest soil fertility, crop yield and quality

The article presents the results of field experiments on deepening the arable horizon of gray forest medium loamy soil to increase its fertility through applying organic fertilizer under PY-3-35 layer plow to a depth of 2527 cm. Low mineralization of organic fertilizer during layer cultivation under oxygen deficiency conditions contributed to accumulation of humus in soil by 6.6 t/ha more than during conventional plowing, and by 7.5 t/ha - than during disking. It also improved water-physical and biological properties of soil: number of water-resistant aggregates increased by 4.6 and 5.3 %, soil density lowered by 0.03 and 0.04 g/cm3, number of earthworms increased by 3...6 individuals, expanded reproduction of fertility was provided, productivity of arable land increased by 7.0 and 6.7 % and crop quality increased compared to conventional plowing and disking, respectively. Deep manure incorporation extended life of organic fertilizer up to 5 years, while after conventional plowing and disking this process lasted only 2...3 years. It is not economically and environmentally beneficial, since frequent application requires a lot of fuel, and a large amount of harmful chemical compounds contained in combustion products is dumped into the environment.

Black Carbon and Its Effect on Carbon Sequestration in Soil

The properties of black carbon (BC) are described very differently in the literature, even when determined by the same methodological procedure. To clarify this discrepancy, BC was investigated in the clay Cambisols of southern Bohemia, Czech Republic, in groups of soils with lower and higher deposition of its atmospheric fallout. The BC determination was performed according to a modified method of Kuhlbusch and Crutzen (1995). The amount of the free light fraction, the occluded light fraction of soil organic matter and its ratio, the amount of heavy soil fraction DF, and its soil organic matter DFOM were determined. Other soil characteristics were identified. It was found that there are two very different types of BC in soils. Historical BC from biomass fires, and new, anthropogenic, from the furnace and transport fumes. Historical BC has a significant effect on the organic matter of the heavy soil fraction, on the ratio of the free and occluded soil organic matter fraction, and the number of water-resistant soil aggregates. Anthropogenic BC does not have this effect. Because this form of BC is not significantly stabilized by the colloidal mineral fraction, it is necessary to take general data on BC’s high stability and resistance to mineralization in the soil with circumspection.

Изменение противоэрозионной стойкости орошаемых серо-коричневых почв сухой субтропической зоны Азербайджана в зависимости от давности их орошения

Изменение противоэрозионной стойкости орошаемых серо-коричневых почв сухой субтропической зоны Азербайджана в зависимости от давности их орошения

Effect of humic preparation and herbicide treatment on chernozem aggregate composition

The influence of the humic preparation and pesticides on dynamics of soil carbohydrates and the soil structure of ordinary chernozem during the cultivation of winter wheat and chickpeas was studied. A positive trend in the growth of the structural coefficient was observed in all variants. This dynamic was confirmed statistically when a humic preparation and pesticides were used together: the difference with the control after treatment was 1.54% (2019). A decrease in the number of water-resistant units from 87.4 to 56.6% was observed on the control during the entire field experiment. There was a statistically significant increase of water-resistant aggregates by 1.9-5.4% when pesticides are applied together with a humic preparation. The growth of the aggregate water resistance criterion (API) from 6.0% to 17.2% was observed in the variant with a humic preparation. The dynamics of soil carbohydrates in all variants in 2017-2018 was insignificantly expressed. The sharp increase in the content of carbohydrates in 2019 is probably associated with a change of culture in the crop rotation link from winter wheat to chickpea. The amount of carbohydrate compounds varies from 1.13 in the control to 1.26% in the variant with the combined use of pesticides and a humic preparation.

The Effectiveness of The Application of Comprehensive Measures To Combat Erosion Using Irrigation In A Market Economy In Azerbaijan (On The Example Of The Kur-Araks Plain)

Studies in the article have shown that productivity increases with improved structure. This is explained by the fact that in soils with 0.25 mm diameter water-resistant aggregates of 14%, grain yield is 22.2 cents / ha, while water-resistant aggregates are 8%. In soils, this figure decreased to 18.4 cents / ha (3.8 cents / ha). It is also known that alfalfa plays a key role in improving the water-physical properties of the soil, as well as its agrochemical composition. The author's research shows that the amount of water-resistant aggregates under the clover is much higher than in the cotton fields. This can be clearly seen from the following comparison. Thus, the amount of water-resistant aggregates in 0-10 cm of soil in the cotton field is 4.0-18.5; While 0.5 cm is 6.5-11.2 and 20-30 cm is 4.5-18.2, in clover crops this indicator is 35.0; Increased to 24.7 and 27.0. In addition, it revealed the accumulation of more organic and mineral substances under alfalfa cultivation. They proved this by the analysis of soil samples taken from the one year and two-year plots. It was found that 1.66% humus and 0.112% total nitrogen were accumulated in the topsoil of the annual alfalfa field, while the amount of humus accumulated in the topsoil in the biennial clover field was 1.70% and the total nitrogen content was 0.150%. It should be noted. That the development of irrigation erosion in irrigated arable lands depends on the fact that the surface of the area is covered with a large cover. This was clearly shown by the observations. It was found that both relatively weak (0.4 mm / min) and very (1.4 mm / min) heavy rains protect clover soil from further washing. Thus, 0.4 mm / min. In heavy rains, the depth of the furrow under alfalfa is 14.4 mm, 31 mm at 1.4 mm / min, 50.9 and 64.2 mm between rows of cotton, respectively, and 78.6 and 113 mm along the row. 6 mm.

Efficiency of Application of Integrated Measures To Combat Erosion With The Use of Irrigation Systems In Azerbaijan

Studies in the article have shown that productivity increases with improved structure. This is explained by the fact that in soils with 0.25 mm diameter water-resistant aggregates of 14%, grain yield is 22.2 cents / ha, while water-resistant aggregates are 8%. In soils, this figure decreased to 18.4 cents / ha (3.8 cents / ha). It is also known that alfalfa plays a key role in improving the water-physical properties of the soil, as well as its agrochemical composition. The author's research shows that the amount of water-resistant aggregates under the clover is much higher than in the cotton fields. This can be clearly seen from the following comparison. Thus, the amount of water-resistant aggregates in 0-10 cm of soil in the cotton field is 4.0-18.5; While 0.5 cm is 6.5-11.2 and 20-30 cm is 4.5-18.2, in clover crops this indicator is 35.0; Increased to 24.7 and 27.0. In addition, it revealed the accumulation of more organic and mineral substances under alfalfa cultivation. They proved this by the analysis of soil samples taken from the one year and two-year plots. It was found that 1.66% humus and 0.112% total nitrogen were accumulated in the topsoil of the annual alfalfa field, while the amount of humus accumulated in the topsoil in the biennial clover field was 1.70% and the total nitrogen content was 0.150%. It should be noted. that the development of irrigation erosion in irrigated arable lands depends on the fact that the surface of the area is covered with a large cover. This was clearly shown by the observations. It was found that both relatively weak (0.4 mm / min) and very (1.4 mm / min) heavy rains protect clover soil from further washing. Thus, 0.4 mm / min. In heavy rains, the depth of the furrow under alfalfa is 14.4 mm, 31 mm at 1.4 mm / min, 50.9 and 64.2 mm between rows of cotton, respectively, and 78.6 and 113 mm along the row. 6 mm.

Влияние биогумуса на повышение плодородия серо-коричневых почв в Горной Ширвани

The introduction of biohumus into degraded gray-brown soils contributed to the improvement of their agrophysical and agrochemical properties. The density of the arable horizon has decreased by 0.02–0.16 g/cm3, the content of water-resistant aggregates, providing an optimal water-air regime, has doubled. The introduction of biohumus can solve the problem of soil overconsolidation. The research results show that when biohumus is introduced into gray-brown soils in an amount of 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 m/ha, certain changes occur in the humus content according to its introduction, that is, an increase in the humus content in the arable soil layer compared to with the control option was −0.33, 0.51 and 0.62%. Regular use of biohumus will allow to suspend the process of soil dehumification and improve the conditions of the humus state of the soil, as well as the mineral nutrition of plants, leads to an increase in total nitrogen, mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium, which participate and contribute to an increase in soil buffering and prevent the entry of toxic substances into plants.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE APPLICATION OF COMPLEX MEASURES TO COMBAT IRRIGATION EROSION IN AZERBAIJAN IN A MARKET ECONOMY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE KUR-ARAZ LOW LAND)

The research in the article proves that the improvement of the structure increases the productivity. This is explained by the fact that in soils with 0.25 mm diameter water-resistant aggregates 14%, grain yield is 22.2 cents / ha, while water-resistant aggregates are 8%. In soils, this figure decreased to 18.4 cents / ha (3.8 cents / ha). It is also known that alfalfa plays a key role in improving the water-physical properties of the soil, as well as its agrochemical composition. The author's research shows that the amount of water-resistant aggregates under the clover is much higher than in the cotton fields. This can be clearly seen from the following comparison. Thus, the amount of water-resistant aggregates in 0-10 cm of soil in the cotton field is 4.0-18.5; While 0.5 cm is 6.5-11.2 and 20-30 cm is 4.5-18.2, in clover plantations this indicator is 35.0; Increased to 24.7 and 27.0. In addition, the accumulation of more organic and mineral substances under alfalfa cultivation was revealed. This was confirmed by the analysis of soil samples taken from the one-year and two-year plots. It was found that 1.66% of humus and 0.112% of total nitrogen were accumulated in the topsoil of the annual alfalfa field, while the amount of humus accumulated in the topsoil of the biennial alfalfa was 1.70% and the total nitrogen content was 0.150%. that the development of irrigation ero-sion in irrigated arable lands depends on the fact that the surface of the area is covered with a large cover. This was clearly shown by the observations. It was found that both relatively weak (0.4 mm / min) and very (1.4 mm / min) heavy rains protect clover soil from further washing. Thus, 0.4 mm / min. In intensive rains, the depth of the furrow under the clover is 14.4 mm, 31 mm at 1.4 mm / min, 50.9 and 64.2 mm between rows of cotton, respectively, and 78.6 and 113 mm along the row. 6 mm

Интенсивная технология возделывания сладкого перца при капельном орошении в условиях Дагестана

In the dry steppe zone of the Tersko-Sulak sub-province of the Republic of Dagestan, a positive effect of drip irrigation against the background of heap tillage on the yield and quality of sweet pepper fruits was established. The effectiveness of maintaining the pre-irrigation threshold for soil moisture not less than 80 % of HB in the root-inhabited layer in combination with dump tillage to a depth of 0.23…0.25 m proved. This combination provides fruit yield at the level of 60…62 t/ha with an increase in sugar content and content Vitamin C compared to fine processing. The data obtained indicate the inappropriateness of the use of fine processing sweet pepper at 0.10…0.12 m under irrigated conditions, which leads to a deterioration in agrophysical and phytosanitary indicators of fertility. In particular, the soil density increases by 0.05…0.08 t/m3, the number of water-resistant aggregates decreases by 7 %, water permeability decreases by 22 % and the coefficient of water resistance increases by more than 2 times weed plantings and potential soil weed. Determined that out of the three studied constant pre-irrigation thresholds of humidity of the root layer (70, 80 and 90 % LMC), the best conditions for plant growth and development are formed at 80 % LMC: photosynthetic potential increases by 12 %, photosynthesis net productivity by 20.9 %, the efficiency of photosynthetically active radiation to 1.02 %, a decrease in the utilization rate of irrigation water by 28.3 % (70.3 m3/t). In order to maintaining a pre-irrigation moisture threshold of at least 80 % LMC, irrigations with a norm of 216 m3/ha carried out, after-planting irrigation of seedlings with an irrigation norm of 65 m3/ha with an average irrigation rate of 4384 m3/ha The combination of pre-irrigation threshold in a layer of 0.5 m 80 % LMC and dump processing provides a return on production costs of 173.1 % with a payback period of 1 year.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE APPLICATION OF COMPREHENSIVE MEASURES TO COMBAT EROSION USING IRRIGATION IN A MARKET ECONOMY IN AZERBAIJAN (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE KUR-ARAKS PLAIN)

Studies in the article have shown that productivity increases with improved structure. This is explained by the fact that in soils with 0.25 mm diameter water-resistant aggregates of 14%, grain yield is 22.2 cents / ha, while water-resistant aggregates are 8%. In soils, this figure decreased to 18.4 cents / ha (3.8 cents / ha). It is also known that alfalfa plays a key role in improving the water-physical properties of the soil, as well as its agrochemical composition. The author's research shows that the amount of water-resistant aggregates under the clover is much higher than in the cotton fields. This can be clearly seen from the following comparison. Thus, the amount of water-resistant aggregates in 0-10 cm of soil in the cotton field is 4.0-18.5; While 0.5 cm is 6.5-11.2 and 20-30 cm is 4.5-18.2, in clover crops this indicator is 35.0; Increased to 24.7 and 27.0. In addition, it revealed the accumulation of more organic and mineral substances under alfalfa cultivation. They proved this by the analysis of soil samples taken from the one-year and two-year plots. It was found that 1.66% humus and 0.112% total nitrogen were accumulated in the topsoil of the annual alfalfa field, while the amount of humus accumulated in the topsoil in the biennial clover field was 1.70% and the total nitrogen content was 0.150%. It should be noted. that the development of irrigation erosion in irrigated arable lands depends on the fact that the surface of the area is covered with a large cover. This was clearly shown by the observations. It was found that both relatively weak (0.4 mm / min) and very (1.4 mm / min) heavy rains protect clover soil from further washing. Thus, 0.4 mm / min. In heavy rains, the depth of the furrow under alfalfa is 14.4 mm, 31 mm at 1.4 mm / min, 50.9 and 64.2 mm between rows of cotton, respectively, and 78.6 and 113 mm along the row. 6 mm

BASIC TILLAGE AND CROP ROTATION YIELD IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE UPPER VOLGA REGION

We compared three main processing methods: moldboard plowing (PLN-3-35), flat plowing (KPG-2.2) to a depth of 20...22 cm, and shallow plowing (BDT-3) - 14...16 cm in the field crop rotation on sod-podzolic light-loamy soil. In autumn, after the main treatments, a loose addition of arable layer was noted - 1.22...1.27 g/cm3. By spring, the soil was compacted to 1.36...1.42 g/cm3. The rate of subsidence and compaction of the soil during moldboard plowing was higher than during flat and shallow ones. The supply of productive moisture in the arable layer of the soil before sowing winter crops for flat processing exceeded the moldboard plowing by 4.2 mm, and shallow plowing - by 3.0 mm. According to the moldboard plowing, a higher content of agronomically valuable (65.9%) and water-resistant (42.2%) aggregates was revealed in comparison with flat and shallow plowing. Biological processes in the soil were more active during moldboard plowing, which is associated with lower density and increased aeration of the arable layer. The transformation of linen was more active in the upper soil layer of 0.10 cm and less in the layer of 10.20cm under all cultures of crop rotation. The number of earthworms as an indicator of the biological condition of the soil, on the processing systems did not differ significantly, more of them were found under the clover, due to long time absence of machine processing. The increase in the number of weed seeds in the upper layer during flat and shallow plowing, and the clogging of crops on them is 1.5 times higher, compared to the moldboard plowing. The development of winter and potato plants was better by flat plowing, and spring grain and clover by moldboard plowing. In shallow plowing, the development ofplants was inferior to moldboard andflat plowing. In a whole, crop rotation yield in flat plowing was higher than in moldboard plowing by 0.55 t/ha, and in shallow plowing it was lower by 2.83 t/ha.