Energy Waste Research Articles

Next-Generation Air Conditioning: Leveraging Machine Learning For Advanced System Modeling and Optimization

The introduction of next-generation HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems has spurred a revolution in HVAC technology, especially with regard to the incorporation of machine learning algorithms for improved system optimization. The ideas of innovation (next generation), technology (machine learning), and practical application (system modeling and optimization) are all skillfully combined in this study. It investigates how to use cutting-edge machine learning approaches to enhance the operational effectiveness, energy efficiency, and adaptability of air conditioning systems.Using time series analysis and machine learning approaches, the study focuses on developing an advanced model and algorithm to estimate the energy usage of air conditioners.The goal is to develop a system that can forecast energy consumption in response to time and environment dependent factors like temperature, humidity, and daytime. Precise estimation of energy usage can enhance the effectiveness of air conditioning systems, minimize energy wastage, and boost financial viability, particularly in residential and commercial structures. The outcomes of this study underline the feasibility of machine learning as a vital instrument in defining the future of HVAC technology and the broader sustainability of building management systems. These results offer a way forward for creating intelligent, cutting-edge air conditioning systems that tackle environmental and financial issues.

Optimized design and performance evaluation of a flexible thermoelectric generator for Low-thermal heat waste energy harvesting

Optimized design and performance evaluation of a flexible thermoelectric generator for Low-thermal heat waste energy harvesting

Forecasting Thermoelectric Power Generation through Utilization of Waste Heat from Building Cooling Systems based on Simulation

The transformation of sustainable energy use is one of the main challenges facing the world today. Waste heat from industrial processes and conventional power plants is one form of energy waste that is often wasted. In this context, research on thermoelectric energy conversion systems is a very relevant and important topic to research. This research investigates about the potential for utilizing thermoelectric elements with stacked materials that utilize waste heat from building cooling systems. Numerical simulation was chosen to carry out further analysis regarding the potential energy produced and the efficiency of the materials used. Three-dimensional design and ANSYS is used as a three-dimensional simulation analysis tool. The research results show that thermoelectric systems with stacked materials have the potential to produce energy from waste heat. Material (Cu2Se+, BiTe+) (Bi2S3-, CuFeS-) with 10mm legs has the highest output power of 32.82mW whereas (PbSe+, BiTe+) (Bi2S3-, AgInSe-) with a leg length of 20 mm has the highest efficiency value of 25.97%, and a power value of 6.92mW. Full system research can produce values ​​that more closely resemble actual conditions.

A comprehensive power management strategy for the effective sizing of a PV hybrid renewable energy system with battery and H2 storage

In the present work a detailed Power Management Strategy (PMS) of a Photovoltaic Hybrid Renewable Energy System (PV-HRES) with battery, H2 storage/re-electrification, and diesel generator (DG) back-up has been developed. The PV-HRES was regarded to employ commercial PV modules, battery cells, and power electronics, as well as commercial alkaline electrolyzer (EL) and PEM fuel cell (FC), both regarded to variably operate following the fluctuations of PV-power excesses/shortages. The scope was to demonstrate the operability of the PMS and to utilize the PMS for the rational sizing of the PV array, the batteries' bank and the hydrogen storage capacity, for a given load and a solar irradiation annual profile. The annual operation of the PV-HRES was simulated for 440 combinations of PV-arrays and battery/H2 storage capacities, with constant EL and FC capacity, aiming for: (i) exclusively renewable power generation, (ii) rational PV-array sizing and (iii) annually balanced H2 generation/consumption. The operation algorithm was based upon the battery's State of Energy (SOE) variation between 20 and 95 % of their nominal energy capacity (BNEC). Below 20 %, the PV-energy deficits were covered by the FC, in case of sufficient stored H2, whereas beyond 95 %, energy excesses were converted to H2, in case of H2 storage volume availability. Increased PV-arrays and batteries led to the exhaustion of H2 storage volume and to significant dumped renewable energy waste (up to 23 % of the PV generation), whereas decreased PVs and battery capacities led to H2 exhaustion, throughout the annual operation. Out of the 440 examined combinations, 40 were found to simultaneously: i) nullify the DG generation, for exclusively renewable energy generation, ii) prevent both battery and H2 storage volume exhaustion, thus eliminating excessive energy wastes and rationalizing the PV-array size, and iii) balancing the annual hydrogen generation/consumption. To fulfill the 1.48 kW average load demand, the analysis pointed out an optimum PV-HRES of 10.23 kWp nominal PV power, 120 kWh battery storage capacity, and 4 m3 H2 storage volume, at 100 bars maximum pressure; for which the annual PV generation exceeded by 25.8 % the annual load demand.

A study on the implementation of eco-friendly design techniques in hospitality space (restaurant)

Eco-friendly interior design, also known as sustainable design, is a growing trend that prioritizes creating spaces that are both beautiful and environmentally responsible. It involves making conscious choices about materials, finishes, and overall design to minimize the negative impact on the planet. This study explores the implementation of eco-friendly design techniques in hospitality spaces, with a focus on restaurants. As the hospitality industry, particularly restaurants, faces increasing pressure to adopt sustainable practices, this research examines how eco-friendly design can reduce environmental impact while maintaining operational efficiency and aesthetic appeal. Restaurants, known for their high energy consumption and waste production, are ideal candidates for integrating sustainable design elements. The study analyses key eco-friendly design strategies. Sustainable materials, including recycled and locally sourced products, contribute to lowering the carbon footprint of restaurants. By examining case studies of restaurants successfully implementing these practices, the study provides insights into best practices and potential challenges.

Design and Implementation of An Energy-Efficient Extension Board with Integrated Overcurrent Protection for Home Appliances

Electrical extension boards are a major cause of electrical fires in homes, university hostels, offices, and other key applications worldwide, often due to overloading beyond their rated capacity. Additionally, users frequently forget to turn off appliances like televisions, portable fans, or electric irons, resulting in unnecessary energy waste. These Extension boards, commonly used to power multiple electrical appliances, are widespread in homes and universities, but overloading them can lead to overheating, burning, and potential fire hazards. This is often due to exceeding the board’s rated capacity, which reduces load resistance and increases current flow, particularly in parallel connected domestic loads. To address this risk, this paper presents an innovative energy efficient extension board equipped with overcurrent protection. The system continuously monitors the current drawn by connected appliances and automatically isolates them via a relay mechanism when the load exceeds the rated capacity of 13 amperes. The overcurrent status is displayed on an LCD. A microcontroller, interfaced with a current sensor and relay, manages the process, ensuring the safety of the extension boards and home appliances. Additionally, a buzzer notifies the user of the system's status. Furthermore, the system features a timer function to manage energy consumption based on user defined settings. Both simulation and experimental prototype were employed to verify the design, and the results showed a strong correlation between the expected and actual performance, demonstrating the practicality of the proposed system.

Solar-Driven Agri Bot: A Storage-Free, Eco-Friendly Farming Solution

This work presents an innovative solution for sustainable agriculture by utilizing solar power to directly drive its motor system without the need for energy storage. This bot is equipped with Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) and an Arduino microcontroller, the bot adjusts motor operations based on light conditions for optimal power efficiency. A relay switch enables seamless switching between solar power and a backup battery, ensuring continuous operation in varying sunlight. The bot’s multi-motor design supports reliable movement, accommodating a range of agricultural tasks such as transporting loads, water spraying, and ploughing. Its trolley adds versatility for carrying goods, making it practical and multifunctional in the field. This eco-friendly system not only reduces energy waste but also minimizes costs and design complexity by foregoing energy storage. Offering a cost-effective, environmentally-friendly solution for modern agriculture, this bot demonstrates a valuable application of direct solar power in field operations, supporting greener, more sustainable farming practices.

Performance assessment of hybrid adsorption/humidification-dehumidification desalination cycle powered by dish/stirling concentrated solar power system for sustainable freshwater production maximization

To achieve sustainable development, it is crucial to prioritize green polygeneration systems capable of generating diverse energy outputs, including electricity, heat, and distilled water, with enhanced efficiencies, reduced costs, and environmentally friendly advantages. Therefore, this study explores an innovative integration for a solar-powered desalination system to present an eco-friendly desalination system that agrees with sustainability goals of eco-friendly clean water and net-zero energy. The proposed system utilizes the waste heat from the solar dish Stirling power engine to drive the adsorption desalination system that is combined with two ejectors, humidification-dehumidification desalination. The humidification-dehumidification utilizes the waste energy from the silica gel-based adsorption desalination system process to enhance the freshwater productivity of the designed integrated system. Comprehensive modeling for the hybrid system components has been formulated using MATLAB to assess the electrical performance and freshwater production of the proposed system. The study also expresses the effect of evaporative-condenser heat recovery in enhancing the freshwater productivity of the hybrid system. Moreover, the effects of cycle time, and evaporator pressure on the performances of the system with and without heat recovery. The findings indicate that the proposed system has the capability to generate an electrical power output of approximately 23.42 kW, achieving a solar-to-electricity efficiency of 23.40 %. Moreover, the proposed system also produces a water production of 47.42 L/hr with a gained output ratio of 2.74. At the same time, the cost estimate revealed that the price of generated freshwater by the planned desalination facility utilizing the heat recovery loop was approximately 0.54 $/m3.

Consumers Awareness and Attitude towards Sustainable Practices of 5-Star Category Hotels of Mumbai

Background: Hotels have embraced a number of green initiatives in response to growing environmental concerns and the worldwide movement towards sustainable development. However, customer awareness and attitudes towards these practices play a major role in the success of these projects. Objective: To examine the consumer awareness level towards sustainable practices exercised in 5-star category hotels of Mumbai and the consumers attitude towards sustainable practices exercised in these hotels. Methodology: The goals of the current study were achieved through the use of descriptive design. The information was gathered from guests who had stayed at Mumbai’s five-star hotels and came from all across India. Convenience sampling was the approach employed in this study to obtain data. A total of 270 respondents were given the questionnaire; 165 of them completed it, and 156 of those answers were deemed legitimate. The main tool used to collect data is the structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics namely frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were calculated Microsoft excel was used for the data analysis. Results: The mean scores indicate varying levels of awareness, with energy conservation initiatives having the highest mean of 3.44 (SD = 1.56) and community engagement and support the lowest at 2.57 (SD = 1.31). The analysis of consumer attitudes towards sustainable practices in 5-star hotels in Mumbai indicates a strong preference for eco-friendly accommodations. The highest mean score of 3.69 (SD = 1.33) was recorded for the preference for sustainable hotels, however, support for community engagement and educational initiatives was, 2.79 (SD = 1.36) and 2.72 (SD = 1.36), respectively. Conclusion: Consumer awareness of sustainable practices in 5-star hotels in Mumbai is strongest in areas like energy conservation, waste management, and water conservation, which are well-implemented and promoted. Consumer generally have a positive attitude towards sustainability initiatives, particularly those that are visible, like energy and water conservation. Others require enhanced visibility and engagement to elevate their perceived importance.

Advancing Sustainability through Energy Innovation and Climate Action: Insights from ETUT

This study explores the potential of sustainable energy solutions to address global energy challenges and mitigate climate change. Oguz Han Engineering and Technology University (ETUT) serves as a case study, displaying its innovative approaches to energy efficiency, waste management, and renewable energy production. The university's implementation of energy-saving devices, smart building automation systems, and LED lighting demonstrates a commitment to reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable practices. Additionally, the study investigates the conversion of plastic waste into liquid fuel and the production of bioethanol from cotton stalks as potential solutions for waste management and renewable energy generation. Further, the research explores the deposition of thin film bismuth vanadium tetraoxide for hydrogen production, highlighting its potential as a clean energy source. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of sustainable energy solutions and the role of academic institutions in driving innovation and promoting a greener future.

Photoelectric-coupled multilayer smart glass synergistically regulated with doped nanoparticles of GaAs and IST phase change layers

Windows are the main part of the building energy exchange. Most of the solar energy that passes through the windows is reflected or converted into heat loss, which causes a great waste of energy. To improve the energy utilization, this work presents the design of a multilayer glass with a GaAs layer doped by nanoparticles and an IST (In3SbTe2) phase change layer. The dielectric function of the doped layer is obtained by the Maxwell-Garnett effective medium theory. The transmittance and the photoelectric conversion efficiency are calculated through the transfer matrix method. With the genetic algorithm, the structure parameters are optimized to achieve the high values of both average transmittance in human-eye response band and photoelectric conversion energy. The average transmittance of the human eye response band for the structure containing only GaAs doped layer reaches 0.5–0.6, and the average photovoltaic conversion efficiency is above 0.2. After adding the IST phase change layer, the difference of ranges of the spectral regulation between the two phases in the metal nanoparticle doped structure can reach more than 0.25. The light transmission regulation is realized by active phase change. This work provides an optimization-based analysis approach and a possible design of the multilayer smart glass.

A Diagnostic Approach to Improving the Energy Efficiency of Production Processes—2E-DAmIcS Methodology

This article presents the issue of energy waste in manufacturing processes, focusing on reducing unnecessary energy consumption and CO2 emissions. A significant challenge in modern production is identifying and minimizing energy waste, which not only increases operational costs but also contributes to environmental degradation. An improvement methodology referred to as 2E-DAmIcS is proposed. A distinguishing feature of the methodology is a risk map of energy waste in the production process. Application of the methodology is demonstrated using the example of a lead–acid battery production process. It is shown that even small but well-diagnosed changes to the process make it possible to significantly reduce energy consumption. The proposed methodology offers practical tools for managers and decision-makers in various industries to systematically identify and minimize energy waste. It highlights the importance of cross-disciplinary collaboration among specialists in technology, energy consumption, and statistical analysis to optimize energy use. By applying this approach, companies can achieve both financial savings and environmental benefits, contributing to more sustainable production practices.

Hydrogen production from municipal waste and low grade lignite blend

The updraft rotating bed gasifier (URBG) offers a sustainable solution for waste-to-energy conversion, utilizing low-grade lignite and municipal solid waste (MSW) from metropolitan dumping sites. This study investigates the co-gasification of lignite with various MSW components, demonstrating a significant enhancement in gasification efficiency due to the synergistic effects arising from their higher hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) ratios. We find feedstock blending is key to maximizing gasification efficiency from 11% to 52% while reducing SOx emissions from 739 mg/kg to 155 mg/kg. Increasing the combustion zone temperature to 1100 K resulted in a peak hydrogen yield which was 19% higher than at 800 K. However, steam management is complicated as increasing it improves hydrogen fraction in produced gas but gasification efficiency is compromised. These findings showcase the URBG's potential to address both energy production and waste management challenges, guiding fossil-reliant regions toward a more sustainable energy future.

On-demand beamforming and wide dynamic power range for WPT and EH applications

Abstract This work delves into advancements in wireless power transfer (WPT) and radiofrequency (RF) energy harvesting (EH), focusing on on-demand beamforming and wide-dynamic power range technologies. These innovations promise significant improvements in efficiency and adaptability for wireless energy systems. For transmitting RF power, on-demand beamforming enhances power delivery precision by accurately targeting specific devices, minimizing energy waste, and maximizing received power. This technology is particularly useful in dynamic environments with constantly changing device positions, ensuring stable power levels and effective real-time power transfer, such as for mobile device charging. For receiving RF power, wide-dynamic power range implementation allows EH and WPT systems to adjust power output across a broad spectrum, optimizing energy use and extending device lifespan. This capability supports scalability, accommodating devices with varied power needs, also enabling new applications in consumer electronics, healthcare, smart homes, and cities, and enhancing energy management in smart infrastructures. Additionally, this study explores three-dimensional (3D)-printable antennas and RF circuitries for battery-free applications. The versatility of 3D printing allows the creation of complex, efficient, and customizable RF components, fostering innovative battery-free solutions. Integrating on-demand beamforming and wide-dynamic power range technologies in EH systems promise improved energy transfer efficiencies, reduced losses, and sustainable, cost-effective wireless power systems.

Research on Fast SOC Balance Control of Modular Battery Energy Storage System

Early SOC balancing techniques primarily centered on simple hardware circuit designs. Passive balancing circuits utilize resistors to consume energy, aiming to balance the SOC among batteries; however, this approach leads to considerable energy wastage. As research progresses, active balancing circuits have garnered widespread attention. Successively, active balancing circuits utilizing capacitors, inductors, and transformers have been proposed, enhancing balancing efficiency to some extent. Nevertheless, challenges persist, including energy wastage during transfers between non-adjacent batteries and the complexity of circuit designs. In recent years, SOC balancing methods based on software algorithms have gained popularity. For instance, intelligent control algorithms are being integrated into battery management systems to optimize control strategies for SOC balancing. However, these methods may encounter issues such as high algorithmic complexity and stringent hardware requirements in practical applications. This paper proposes a fast state-of-charge (SOC) balance control strategy that incorporates a weighting factor within a modular battery energy storage system architecture. The modular distributed battery system consists of battery power modules (BPMs) connected in series, with each BPM comprising a battery cell and a bidirectional buck–boost DC-DC converter. By controlling the output voltage of each BPM, SOC balance can be achieved while ensuring stable regulation of the DC bus voltage without the need for external equalization circuits. Building on these BPMs, a sliding mode control strategy with adaptive acceleration coefficient weighting factors is designed to increase the output voltage difference of each BPM, thereby reducing the balancing time. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy effectively increases the output voltage difference among the BPMs, facilitating SOC balance in a short time.

Harvesting Energy Saving Through Energy Audit : A Case Study of Local Government Building in Jakarta

Electrical energy is a very important requirement to support regional government office activities. Excessive energy use can certainly cause energy waste, so to prevent excessive energy use it is necessary to take energy efficiency measurement. Energy Audit is the one method to measure how efficient the energy usage. Based on SNI ISO 50002 : 2018 regarding energy audit guidance, We conduct the energy audit at the one of local government building in Jakarta City. In doing so, the scope and objective of this energy audit project are to review and evaluate the energy consumption 3 years ago particular for electric, cooling and lighting system saving opportunities. The result from this project are the Enpi's value are 184 kWh/m2 per year. it can be indicated that the building inefficient in energy usage. The Power Quality Analyzer showing inefficient from electrical system because the cosh phi value is 0,75 and automatically get the penalty from PLN. The lighting system still in non LED technology. The Cooling system need improvement to make the energy consumption more efficient. There is a Solar pV rooftop potential installation that could give the contribution in energy saving around 134.963 kWh/Year. All of summary and recommendation that can be proposed in energy saving potential is 244.169 kWh/Year or 53% cost energy saving from existing cost energy consumption.

Thermal characteristics and recycling of bolus – a polyurethane-based material used in radiotherap

The thermal resistance was investigated and the potential for recycling of a polyurethanebased polymer material (bolus) in the form of a gel constituting medical waste after irradiation with ionizing energy was indicated. The same gel, which was not subjected to radiotherapy, was used asa reference material. Thermal stability, the course of oxidative decomposition and the type of volatile substances released during heating in an oxidizing atmosphere were examined using the TG/FT-IR method. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the tested materials before and after irradiation was determined using the DSC method. It was found that irradiation caused a slight change in Tg and increased thermal stability. However, the irradiation time had no effect on the type of gaseous decomposition products released during heating in an oxidizing atmosphere. The used polyurethane material (bolus)was recycled to obtain new composite materials with different physicochemical properties.

Visualization analysis and optimization strategy of thermal landscape in retrofitted elderly care buildings: A case study in Shanghai

Due to the increasing ageing population, numerous public buildings in major cities have been retrofitted into elderly care buildings. However, these retrofitted buildings often fail to meet the thermal needs of the elderly, particularly indoor thermal comfort. Unfortunately, existing measurement methods do not effectively capture the spatial and temporal distribution of the thermal environment. This study introduced a three-dimensional visualization method that combines measurements with spatial interpolation techniques to address these issues. A case study of a retrofitted nursing home in Shanghai, China, was considered, where four space interpolation methods provided by the Surfer software were used to establish visualization models of the indoor thermal landscape. The inverse distance to a power interpolation method was found to have the highest accuracy with an error of 0.27°C. Furthermore, the visualization model revealed temperature fluctuation exceeding 3°C in the activity space during the summer and identified energy waste. Consequently, thermal landscape optimization strategies were proposed, including an external shading system that can reduce cooling energy consumption by 26.8%. This study provides a visual tool for architects to accurately analyse indoor thermal environments’ distribution and variation trends whilst providing reliable data support for post-occupancy evaluation of indoor thermal environments in elderly care buildings.

Low carbon economic scheduling of integrated energy system with concentrating solar power and multi-stage hydrogen utilization based on ladder-type carbon trading

ABSTRACT As the energy crisis and the greenhouse effect intensify, developing a sustainable and clean energy system is particularly important. How to increase the utilization of clean energy and reduce carbon emissions is a pressing issue. To this end, an integrated energy system (IES) framework incorporating multi-stage hydrogen utilization and concentrated solar power (CSP) has been developed. This study optimizes the scheduling of the IES using a ladder-type carbon trading method to optimize the output of each unit, thereby achieving low-carbon economic operation. The research investigates the conversion and utilization among multiple heterogeneous energy flows, including electricity, heat, gas, and hydrogen, with a focus on the integration of multi-stage hydrogen utilization and CSP heat supply, and the interconnections among different units. Four comparative cases are established to evaluate the proposed IES framework in reducing the totalcost, mitigating renewable energy curtailment, and lowering carbon emissions. The results show that the proposed IES framework presents optimal results, with a total cost reduction of 19.74% and a carbon emission reduction of 36.79 tons, no new energy waste, and high carbon benefits. The proposed IES framework facilitates flexible and efficient distribution of multiple energy types, meeting energy demands while enabling multi-energy complementarity and feasibility.

Innovative Waste-to-Energy Solutions: Assessing the Potential of Circular Economy Models for Sustainable Waste Management

The increasing volume of waste generated by urban and industrial activities has heightened the need for sustainable waste management solutions. This article explores innovative waste-to-energy (WtE) approaches, examining their potential within circular economy models to enhance sustainable waste management. By integrating WtE technologies with circular economy principles, this study highlights how waste can be transformed into a valuable resource, reducing environmental impact while creating economic and social benefits. Through a comprehensive assessment of different WtE technologies, such as anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, and gasification, this research analyzes their effectiveness in converting various waste types into renewable energy forms. The findings suggest that circular economy-based WtE solutions can significantly contribute to reducing landfill dependency, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and promoting energy self-sufficiency. Furthermore, the study addresses the challenges associated with WtE implementation, including technological, regulatory, and social factors, and proposes strategies to overcome these barriers. By aligning WtE practices with circular economy models, this article provides a framework for policymakers, industries, and communities to adopt sustainable, resource-efficient waste management systems. The research underscores the need for collaborative efforts to optimize WtE technologies within circular frameworks, fostering a more resilient and sustainable approach to waste management in urban and industrial settings.