Waste Processing Plant Research Articles

Power and Resourse Efficient Envoronmentally Safe Technology for Processing Dumps of Technogenic Waste From Ore-Dressing and Processing Enterprises


 
 
 This research proposes a systematic approach for the analysis of volumes, physicochemical, granulometric, lithologic and thermal characteristics of waste from ore-dressing and processing enterprises stored in the dumps (tailing dumps) of ore-dressing and processing plants to assess the economic potential of its use in the system of complex power and resource efficient environmentally safe processing including palletizing machines, conveyor indurating machines and ore–thermal furnaces. The obtained results allow the authors to formulate the basic engineering, technological, economic and environmental requirements for complex chemical and power engineering systems of processing technogenic waste from ore-dressing and processing plants, these results make it also possible to define the degree of variability for the characteristics of the waste lots from various dumps. The paper describes the developed intensional and mathematical formulations for the multiscale problem of optimizing chemical and power engineering processes of technogenic raw materials processing in a complex chemical and power engineering system as a problem for discrete dynamic programming. The distinctive feature of this problem is to take into account the spatio-temporal multistage processing in a moving multilayer mass of pelletized raw material, the intensity of the process of internal moisture transfer and the variables for the control flow of the heat carrier gas. It allows increasing power efficiency by intensifying heat and mass transfer processes of multilayer drying, calcination and sintering. The criterion of the efficiency is the minimum cost of electric and thermal energy spent on processing. The obtained results were used to calculate power efficient environmentally safe processing of technogenic waste from ore-dressing and processing enterprises dumps. It was defined that heat and mass transfer processes are intensified, power consumption is reduced and the quality of the finished product is increased in the conditions of optimal power and resource efficient operation for the processing system.
 
 
 
 Keywords: tecnhogenic waste, waste processing, ore-dressing and processing plant, power and resource efficiency, optimization, system analysis, environmentally safety
 
 
 
 
 

The architecture of waste processing plants in modern foreign practice

The architecture of waste processing plants in modern foreign practice

Research and Development of Mathematical Models of Elements of a Gas-Air Flow for Improvement of Automatic Control System of Organic Waste Processing Plant

Recycling of organic wastes is an extremely important and challenging environmental task. One of the promising trends in this field is the creation of multi-mode (combustion, pyrolysis and gasification) plants for processing organic wastes with production of such useful products as thermal energy and energy carriers (biocoal, bio-oil, pyrolysis resins, synthesis gas, etc.) and fertilizers. When creating such plants, the main problems include instability of the properties of a source material, its high water and ash content. This drives the developers to use non-standard equipment and atypical control algorithms, the creating of which requires a lot of experimental work to be done. At the same time, conducting field experiments is an expensive, difficult and long process that highlights the need for extensive use of mathematical and computer modeling. In this paper, mathematical models of elements of the gas-air path of the organic waste processing plant are obtained. The characteristics of the gas-air path of the plant as of an object of regulation for pressure in the lower and vacuum in the upper part of the combustion chamber are determined. The gas-air flow consists of the flue and the air ducts and serves to remove flue gases from the combustion chamber and supply air needed to maintain fuel combustion. When developing new automation systems, modeling allows assessing the applied solutions accurately, simplifying and reducing the cost of their development, solving the problems of system stability, optimizing transient processes, etc. The nonlinearity of the obtained mathematical models on the "the pressure at the inlet to the n-th section air-gas flow path — the pressure at the outlet of the n-th section of the air-gas flow path" channels, the nonstationarity of objects of control and dependence of their dynamic characteristics on operating mode of the plant are determined. Due to developed models, the two-way relationship of the gas and air paths has been revealed. When modeling, the gas-air flow of the plant is divided into several sections for which the mathematical models are obtained. They are required to synthesize controllers of flue gases vacuum in the upper part and the air pressure in the lower part of the combustion chamber.

Classification and solid municipal waste unauthorized landfills reclamation methods

Due to the rapid production volume and consumption increase, the disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) problems appeared. In Russian Federation stocktaking municipal solid waste accumulation objects close municipal waste landfills, building incineration and waste processing plants become a hot-button issue, which is one of the significant points in a national program «Ecology». Already formed illegal MSW landfills recultivation problem as well attracts wide attention. Nowadays, a recultivation system takes a long time for reclamation method choice, finding the contractor to perform this type of work. In this time, pollutants penetrate deep into the soil and pollute underground water horizons harming the population health as a result. It is proposed to adopt new definitions of the unauthorized landfill, cluster garbage, and focal Cluster garbage at the Federal level to simplify the system. And also divide those responsible for carrying out measures for liquidation and/or reclamation at the Federal, regional and local levels by category. The necessary recultivation method should be selected based on these results. This unauthorized dumping ground separation method can simplify the existing reclamation system in use, approval of technical tasks for remediation. Furthermore, the proposed classification does not require huge financial investments and save time when conducting procurement procedures. The work was carried out with the support of the center for collective use of the Saint Petersburg Mining University.

Physicochemical Characterization of Home-Made Soap from Waste-Used Frying Oils

The study aimed to describe the utilization of waste frying oils, originated mainly from households, in home-made soap production and to emphasize the advantages of soap biodegradation in comparison to biological treatment of oils. The physicochemical analyses of soaps were used to check the differences between the samples made of fresh and fried oils. Significant (p < 0.05) difference between the soaps made of fresh/fried olive oil pair was obtained, while the rapeseed sample pair did not differ significantly (p < 0.05). Malondialdehyde (MDA) exhibited notable differences with an increase from 1.94 μg/g to 2.33 μg/g for olive oil fresh/fried pair and from 3.43 μg/g to 4.10 μg/g for rapeseed–palm oil fresh/fried pair. The studies addressing the soap biodegradation process revealed that soaps are degrading up to four times faster than oils in waste processing plants. Literature data showed the syntrophic ways of soap degradation and degradation solely done by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Obtained results, same as literature data, indicated that soaps produced from fried plant oils represent acceptable products from the economic and environmental point of view. Soap production can be considered one of the possible ways toward reduction of waste oil disposal.

Energy efficiency assessment of coal processing plant waste processing

The chemical composition and amount of waste from coal preparation plants are analyzed. The main characteristics of gasification gas under various conditions of fuel combustion are studied. The impact of the carbon content in the waste on the main characteristics of the gasification process is estimated. The analysis of the influence of various properties of the gas generated as a result of gasification on the heat engineering parameters of the process of its combustion for the needs of the consumer is carried out. The studies were carried out on the basis of a program for calculating the process of fuel combustion, waste gasification and afterburning of gasification products. Studies have shown that gasification is the most promising way to use waste from coal processing plants compared to burning. When choosing the most effective way to use the chemical energy of carboncontaining waste, it is necessary to take into account such factors as: the carbon content in the waste, the temperature of the combustion air; ratio of N 2 to O 2 in air.

The Impact of Technological Processes on Odorant Emissions at Municipal Waste Biogas Plants

Municipal waste treatment is inherently associated with odour emissions. The compounds characteristic of the processes used for this purpose, and at the same time causing a negative olfactory sensation, are organic and inorganic sulphur and nitrogen compounds. The tests were carried out at the waste management plant, which in the biological part, uses the methane fermentation process and is also equipped with an installation for the collection, treatment, and energetic use of biogas. The tests include measurements of the four odorant concentrations and emissions, i.e., volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), and methanethiol (CH3SH). Measurements were made using a MultiRae Pro portable gas detector sensor. The tests were carried out in ten series for twenty measurement points in each series. The results show a significant impact of technological processes on odorant emissions. The types of waste going to the plant are also important in shaping this emission. On the one hand, it relates to the waste collection system and, on the other hand, the season of year. In addition, it has been proved that the detector used during the research is a valuable tool enabling the control of technological processes in municipal waste processing plants.

Utilization of renewable sources of biogas for small-scale production of liquid fuels

Low energy density in agricultural or biotechnological raw materials dictates the need for their local processing. Small-scale agricultural products or waste processing plants can`t profitably use technologies common in large-scale petrochemistry, including the complex and expensive process of steam reforming of biogas into syngas for its subsequent conversion to liquid fuel. The work suggests using small-scale sources of inexpensive and easily obtained biogas and other renewable hydrocarbon gases for the production of liquid biofuel by their air conversion in recently developed matrix reformers into low-cost nitrogen-rich syngas, followed by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in a cascade of sequential reactors. Autothermal matrix reformers are very compact, simple in design, have several times more specific volume capacity than traditional technologies, and allow processing biogas with a high concentration of CO2. The advantages of low-cost conversion of biogas to liquid fuel based on nitrogen- enriched syngas with subsequent Fischer-Tropsch synthesis are discussed.

ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND METHOD OF THERMAL DISPOSAL OF WASTE IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Addressing environmental security and sustainable development depends on the policy of the government, and from the technological development of society. Ideally, this is the development of technologies that are able to work on the conditions of waste-free production. Unfortunately, such technologies do not actually exist, and getting a useful product is associated with the simultaneous formation of waste both production and consumption (MSW-solid household waste), which involves the entire population of the country. The problem of waste disposal can be solved by creating waste processing plants equipped with special thermal waste disposal plants and effective multi-stage flue gas cleaning systems. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the method of waste heat treatment in rotating furnaces, where it is possible to jointly neutralize liquid, solid and pasty waste. A similar unit with capacity of 250–300 kg/h to 5 t/h household waste developed by OOO «Fire technology» in cooperation with the Institutes of theoretical and applied mechanics, Thermophysics and operated in the Republic of Korea, China and RP Kochenevo Novosibirsk region.

An eco-incinerator plant using modern waste disposal methods

Threats associated with municipal waste are a problem applicable to residents of every city. The amount of waste keeps growing each year. In highly developed countries, the largest percentage of waste comprises cardboard and waste paper. In Poland, a very significant percentage of waste is constituted by plastics. Thanks to European Union funds, it is possible to implement such projects as the construction of the Thermal Waste Processing Plant in Krakow. The operation of this facility allows for a significant reduction in the volume of waste deposited on landfills, which is not recyclable concurrently generating green energy for the city. The aim of the research was to determine the impact of modern techniques of municipal waste disposal on the ecological safety of city dwellers and the natural environment.

The Use of AHP to Prioritize Five Waste Processing Plants Locations in Krakow

The purpose of the paper is to use the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the prioritization of areas designated for infrastructure investments. The research was carried out using an example of a municipal solid waste incineration plant in Kraków. Based on research tests conducted on actual field data, this paper proves that spatial information systems can be a useful source of information in decision-making processes related to the assessment of the location of an investment project with a function so important for the natural environment and maintaining the principle of sustainable development. Owing to the development of technologies such as remote sensing and GIS, the obtained data are of high quality, and the possibility for processing and making them available in real time makes them up to date. The research methodology for selecting areas for a well-defined purpose includes five separate stages: Defining the parameters, acquiring data from spatial information systems, data standardization, criteria weighting by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), calculation of the coefficient of area suitability for the location of a particular facility, and its graphic representation on a map. The final result is the ranking of areas in terms of suitability for the implementation of an infrastructural project i.e., the construction of a municipal waste incineration plant.

Class, Urbanity and the Environment. The Ethnography of the New Middle/Creative Class Identity in Warsaw's Industrial Suburbs

AbstractIn this article we analyse local community-based concepts and practices related to establishing a new middle-class identity when under social and “environmental” pressure. We based our ethnographic inquiry in “RA” – a Warsaw suburb – well-known as a former village but now a location for industry and waste-processing plants. Its vicinity, despite being populated, is polluted by heavy traffic, noise and an unpleasant odour, all of which recently have become the stimulus for social mobilisation and intense criticism toward the local authorities and an inconsiderate urbanisation policy. A key role here is played by two organisations, both exerting a strong influence on the new middle/creative class living in gated communities – a novel phenomenon for the local sociocultural landscape. We argue that this activism and struggle for a clean environment is rooted in the post-1989 Polish politico-economic transformation and the emergence of new middle-class identity projects. Thus, we reveal that sustainable urbanisation and “green policies” in Poland are embedded in middle-class identities, and gain momentum especially when class identity and image are under threat.

The utilization of sago waste: prospect and challenges

The utilization of sago waste has been the subject of research which has studied aspects of sago bark, including sago wastewater effluent and fibre waste. This paper presents a review of the types of waste generated from sago processing plants, prospects and challenges of its utilization based on prior studies. During sago starch extraction, a large amount of sago tree bark would be separated, and wastewater mixed with fibre waste would be discharged daily. Therefore, it is important to train sago farmers and mill owners to manage and utilize waste. The development of sustainable management of sago requires support from all relevant stakeholders. Waste utilization should be promoted and the added value to be explained to the stakeholders to gain their interest and willingness to participate in waste processing plants. Sago waste management is recommended to focus on: (1) efforts to increase the yield and efficiency to reduce waste (2) improvement of the processing layout and mechanism to facilitate its utilization; (3) selection of appropriate drying methods to reduce the volume of liquid waste and facilitate further storage and processing; (4) the implementation of appropriate technology that can provide additional income to farmers and smallholder sago refineries.

Аналіз сучасних інноваційних методів утилізації відходів

For many countries around the world, the problem of waste disposal is acute. This applies to both economically developed countries and developing countries. Waste management policy should primarily be aimed at reducing their generation. Disposal will only be permitted for non-recyclable waste. EU countries are beginning to introduce technologies for the disposal of waste that does not pollute the environment. One of the main tasks on the path of European development in terms of waste management is their separate collection. Of particular concern are so-called hazardous wastes, which can pose a threat to the environment and harm human health. The problem of waste accumulation needs to be solved. A serious problem for many countries around the world is the accumulation of a huge amount of mixed waste in landfills. In the process of decay of such waste, highly toxic compounds are formed that can poison the environment. An innovative development is a new method of microbial utilization of such waste. The advantages of this method are that the process is fast - only 2-3 weeks and has a high efficiency - the weight is reduced from the initial several tens of times. This technology can be used to dispose of mixed food waste in large cities, recycle food waste, hotels and food businesses in resort areas, and can be used in extreme conditions. The technology of utilization of used tires by the method of "Magnetic shock" is also developed. The developed technology makes it possible to separate the rubber component from the metal cord. Subsequently, the rubber component is mechanically ground. The advantages of this method are obtaining pure metal and rubber, reducing the wear of the crushing mechanism, saving energy for processing. A significant problem is the disposal of solid waste. The technique of thermal processing of solid household waste is developed. Collection, processing and utilization of solid household waste in settlements has a number of problems. Such problems are the need to transport waste to plants, high energy consumption and processing costs. A mobile waste processing plant in the absence of electricity can be a comprehensive solution to the problem.In general, there is a problem of inefficiency of existing technologies for solid waste disposal around the world. Methods such as incineration, burial and processing are widely used. The smart solution is the collection of solid waste, sorting of secondary raw materials and recycling of residues. Many developed countries use industrial processing of solid waste, which takes into account the requirements of ecology, resource conservation and economy. The introduction of new innovative methods of waste disposal does not require significant investment and time.

ТЕХНОЛОГИИ РАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ПРИРОДОПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ НА ТРАНСПОРТЕ

In modern conditions, the problem of waste pollution of the earth bowels, the atmosphere, natural and artificial water areas is especially acute. Domestic wastes are incinerated or taken to a landfill, as a result, there is an environmental damage – the area of alienated land resources increases and the atmosphere is polluted. The negative impact of municipal solid waste (MSW) on the environment, leading to climate change, an increase in the greenhouse effect and an increase in the number of natural hazards, makes it necessary to search for solutions to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere, increase the energy efficiency of processes, in particular, in transport systems, due to fuel efficiency using. The most negative impact on the state of the air environment is exerted by emissions in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, including those using natural gas, nitrogen monoxides and dioxides as fuel. Reducing harmful emissions is possible, for example, by improving the technology for producing generator gas as an alternative fuel, which makes it possible to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in any devices for burning up solid, liquid and gaseous fuels in internal combustion engines. The article discusses the issues of waste generation and their impact on the environment, the technologies for rational use of natural resources in transport and methods for improving waste processing technologies are presented. A new horizontal design of a combined automobile gas generator has been developed. It makes it possible to transfer the power supply from liquid motor fuel to generator gas produced from woodworking industry waste, agricultural waste, solid household and polyethylene-containing waste. This will reduce pollution of the world’s oceans by slowly decomposing polyethylene, which are now acquiring the character of a disaster on a planetary scale. An increase in the environmental level of gasoline engines and a decrease of the amount of waste during the operation of road transport will be achieved with the modernization of the waste processing plant to obtain energy carriers for transport. In its turn, it will make it possible to form a natural and technical system to ensure environmental safety and protect the natural environment.

Green Cimahi watershed for balancing water supply and flood control

Lack and damage of clean water and also flooding occurred in Cimahi river basin. Water sources polluted by industry and human activities. The purpose of this study was to design the water balance model of the Cimahi watershed as a Green Watershed. The study locations were the Cimahi river, Cilember river, Cibeureum river and Cisangkan river, which flow through the city of Cimahi. The method used is the analysis of the rainfall runoff model with the hydrograph of convolution method in the four watersheds, land use analysis, runoff coefficient analysis, dilution model analysis, groundwater analysis and demographic analysis. The results of this study is Design Green Cimahi Watershed that re-functioning local drainage to maintain the hydrological storage capacity of all watersheds in the city of Cimahi, normalizing Cilember river to reach the width of the river by 5.6 m from the previous width of 1.5 m, and the river capacity which was 4.8 m3 / s to 42.37 m3 / s so that enough to accommodate Q50 flood discharge, enforcing the rule that every industry must process its waste through a waste processing plant, building Pasirkaliki retention ponds that can function for groundwater conservation, flood control and clean water needs.

Automated Waste Transfer System using Dedicated Corridor in Cities

The Waste disposal techniques have become quite old for the modern period lately. The transfer of waste from the waste bins in the localities through the use of compactor trucks needs to be changed. It stands low on the efficiency scale. This can be improved by Channelizing waste through a separate corridor. The idea is to channelize the waste underground by using belt conveyor systems. The waste collector bins in the localities will be joined to the main conveyor heavy duty belts by small conveyor belts to move the waste. This waste will be taken to the waste processing plants by the belts fixed underground. The waste collector bins will be equipped with the pressure plates and will be connected to the network. As soon as the bin is full, it will send the information to the control centre. The operator at the centre can empty the bin by clicking a button. This will help to live monitor the waste and move it as soon as possible. The waste which is channelized can be easily segregated at the end where it enters the waste processing plant. Segregation of the waste will allow us to reuse the recyclable materials which most of the time are dumped in the landfills. The idea is to eliminate the Compactor Trucks as they cause pollution and congestion. Also many a times, waste materials are dropped out from the truck while carrying them to the processing plants which affects the riders behind it. The smoke from the trucks is dark and sooty which are the main causes for the lung diseases. Whereas the belt driven system will work on electricity. This energy can be harnessed by renewable energy resources or by power plants where the efficiency is the highest.

Odour Pollution, Sensory Impediments and the Social Meaning of Being Annoyed

ABSTRACT ‘Being annoyed’ is emblematic of modern environments where individuals are exposed to all kinds of unpleasant sensations: olfactory, acoustic, visual, tactile or kinaesthetic. This phenomenon references the very inner feelings of discomfort, repulsiveness and inappropriateness, of inhabiting places characterised by socio-environmental materialities that could be lived, consciously or not, as hostile and sensorially disturbing. By focusing on two cases of odour pollution caused by household waste processing plants, this article argues that the feeling of environmental annoyance refers to a series of sensorial, social and economic impediments. Bad smells, as ‘disturbing affordances’, are the scene of collective sensory processes that shape hospitability and value of places. The article particularly questions the role played by the qualisigns of value in these depreciation processes and highlights the need for a comprehensive anthropology of hostile environments.

About improvement of environmental protection measures system in landfills of Russia with taking into account the possibility of biogas utilization

Continual growth of waste accumulation volumes, in particular, of solid domestic waste (SDW), causes a great many of environmental and economical problems such as, environmental (soil, groundwater and air) pollution, alienation of lands, alteration of landscape, growing expenses for construction of new waste processing plants and reconstruction of existing ones, etc. These are the actual problems in the cities and settlements of Russia and many other countries. The most part of SOW generated in Russia (97 %) is removed to the dumps and landfills and only 3 % is treated in waste processing plants. So, main attention should be concentrated on all the reduction of waste amount removed to the landfills which may be reached by means of development of environmental friendly wasteless or little waste technologies, in particular recycling systems introduction (organization of separate waste collection in situ, subsequent utilization of each useful SDW morphological components) and new waste processing plants construction. It should also take care of unauthorized dumps elimination, improving environmental conditions around the landfills, and engineering infrastructure safety provision. Besides, SDW consisting of organic materials for 50-80% may be considered as important additional source of energy. In particular, as to landfills, it is the power ofbiogas, which may be used for heating, electricity generation and several another purposes. The main expenses for biogas utilization are to extract, dry up and transport.

Study of a composting process in the green waste processing plant

Study of a composting process in the green waste processing plant