Washing Process Research Articles

Undesired films with brilliant whiteness produced from a transparent amorphous polymer solution during room temperature evaporation or water washing

AbstractDuring the use, storage, or cleaning of polyetherimide (PEI) solutions, undesired white films often appear. In this study, equivalent experiments of PEI solutions involving room temperature evaporation and solvent exchange with water are conducted to simulate their air exposure and water washing processes, respectively. Specifically, we focus on investigating the phenomenon and mechanism of white appearance in their films from room temperature evaporation with a cellular‐like porous structure and solvent exchange films that exhibit a finger‐like porous structure. Results obtained from FE‐SEM, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and Datacolor reflectance spectrophotometer indicate that both types of porous structures exhibit long‐range disorderliness, leading to multiple scattering of incident light and high reflectance across the visible light spectrum resulting in a white appearance. Furthermore, due to different structures caused by phase separation, mechanical properties of solvent exchange films are significantly inferior compared with those of films from room temperature evaporation. Finally, we verify the universality of these mechanisms for white film formation in PEI through experiments using PS and PMMA. This study provides insights into efficient utilization of polymer solutions and offers new strategies for biomimetic preparation of white films.Highlights White cellular‐like porous films were prepared by solvent evaporation method. White finger‐like porous films were produced through solvent exchange by water. Multiple scattering caused by above porous structures led to white appearance. Finger‐like porous films with nanosphere as the basic scatter unit had a luster. Universality of both white formation mechanisms was verified by PMMA and PS.

Improving the dyeability of ramie fibre by sequential alkaline and alcohol pretreatments

The high crystallinity of ramie fibre poses challenges in achieving optimal dyeing performance, such as reduced dye exhaustion. To enhance the dyeing capabilities of ramie fibre, several alterations were experimented with, such as caustic mercerization using a NaOH solution. However, because of the high NaOH concentration, removing the NaOH residue from inside the fibre becomes challenging. Herein, the present research aims to enhance the dyeing efficiency of ramie fibre by using sequential alkaline and alcohol pretreatment methods to reduce NaOH usage, accordingly relieving the wash process stress. The preliminary screening findings have revealed that iso-butanol is the most suitable alcohol solvent for modifying ramie fibres after treating it with NaOH solution since it leads to higher dye exhaustion (E%, 95.7%), dye fixation rate (F%, 88.2%), total dye fixation efficiency (T%, 84.4%), and K/S values (41.4). After that, the orthogonal array experimental scheme (L16) was applied to optimize dyeing performance. The NaOH usage was decreased to 160 g/L, the treating time was reduced to 3 min, and the dyeing performance of ramie fibre treated under the optimum conditions was better than that of a caustically mercerized one. It was determined that the NaOH concentration factor had the most contribution, accounting for 75.34% of the observed effects. The NaOH solution temperature factor followed closely behind, contributing 22.69%. Additionally, using analytical methods such as XRD, FTIR, TG, and SEM confirmed that the sequential treatment with the optimum conditions altered the structural behaviour of the original ramie fibre, which performances were similar to the mercerized ramie fibre. The barium value of sequentially iso butanol solvent treated fibre showed a greater level (213) compared to caustic mercerized fibre (179), indicating a significant advantage of mercerization performance was achieved. This advantage may be linked to improved colourfastness and handling qualities. Furthermore, the breaking force of both ramie fabrics was increased after the alkaline treatment and the sequential alkaline and iso-butanol treatment.

Integrated Filtration and Washing Modeling: Optimization of Impurity Rejection for Filtration and Washing of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients.

A digital design tool that can transfer material property information between unit operations to predict the product attributes in integrated purification processes has been developed to facilitate end-to-end integrated pharmaceutical manufacturing. This work aims to combine filtration and washing operations frequently using active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) isolation. This is achieved by coupling predicted and experimental data produced during the upstream crystallization process. To reduce impurities in the isolated cake, a mechanistic model-based workflow was used to optimize an integrated filtration and washing process model. The Carman-Kozeny filtration model has been combined with a custom washing model that incorporates diffusion and axial dispersion mechanisms. The developed model and approach were applied to two systems, namely, mefenamic acid and paracetamol, which are representative compounds, and various crystallization and wash solvents and related impurities were used. The custom washing model provides a detailed evolution of species concentration during washing, simulating the washing curve with the three stages of the wash curve: constant rate, intermediate stage, and diffusion stage. A model validation approach was used to estimate cake properties (e.g., specific cake resistance, cake volume, cake composition after washing, and washing curve). A global systems analysis was conducted by using the calibrated model to explore the design space and aid in the setup of the optimization decision variables. Qualitative optimization was performed in order to reduce the concentration of impurities in the final cake after washing. The findings of this work were translated into a final model to simulate the optimal isolation conditions.

Deep purification of pesticide waste salt containing high-concentration organic pollutants by ethanol solvents washing and heating treatment

The increasing production of industrial waste salt has become a growing concern. These waste salts are usually filled or deposited without treatment, causing serious environmental pollution and a waste of salt resources. The ideal solution to this problem is to recycle the waste salts after the removal of organic pollutants. In this study, organic solvent washing and heating are chosen to deeply remove the organic pollutants from actual pesticide waste salts. The experimental results showed that the optimum removal efficiency of organic pollutants in waste salts achieves as high as 99.82% under the conditions of 3:5 mass-to-volume ratio of waste salts-to-ethanol (EA), heating temperature of 400 °C (60 min). In addition, the removal mechanism and migration pathways of organic pollutants in the washing and heating were proposed. Salts washing with EA could remove most of the organic pollutants and subsequent heating treatment could completely purify the waste salts without the emission of the harmful gaseous compounds. As the best eluent, EA can not only effectively remove organic pollutants, but also be readily recycled. At the same time, the EA washing and heating process could avoid the pollution of organic waste liquid and noxious tail gas. Therefore, the EA washing process has the advantages of green, high efficiency, safety and energy saving. The EA washing and heating effectively avoids the problem of environmental pollution caused by harmful gases generated by heating and promotes the purification process and reuse of industrial waste salts.

Multi-functional nanofibrous membrane with antibacterial property for highly effective capture of PM0.3 and hydrogen sulfide

In order to reduce the possible harm caused by air pollution, including particulate matters (PM), harmful gases and airborne pathogens, high-efficiency air filtration materials are attracting more and more attention. Therefore, multifunctional materials that can filter these pollutants and kill pathogenic bacteria simultaneously are urgently desired. Herein, a copper-coordinated nanofibrous membrane, named PAN-P-Cu, was successfully prepared based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers grafted polyethyleneimine (PEI) by electrospinning and coordination assembly method. The PAN-P-Cu showed high filtration efficiency (99.9%) towards PM0.3 under an airflow velocity of 5.3 cm s−1 and high filtration efficiency (99.94%) towards PM10, respectively. Importantly, used membrane could be regenerated by a simple washing process. Moreover, PAN-P-Cu possessed removal property of 60 mg g−1 for hydrogen sulfide through the occurrence of chemical reactions. Furthermore, the PAN-P-Cu also exhibited excellent antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (>99.99%). This work may provide new insights on designing high-performance and multi-functional air filtration materials for public health protection in complicated environments.

Rekayasa Nori Berbahan Baku Pakcoy (Brassica Rapa L.)

Nori is a popular seaweed-based food made from red algae Porphyra. The demand for nori in Indonesia is increasing, but Indonesia does not have Porphyra as raw material and lacks knowledge to find alternatives. Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) is a nutritious vegetable that is rarely developed and has the potential to become an alternative raw material for nori. This research aims to develop nori made from pakcoy with various binders to approach commercial nori products. This study is expected to produce an alternative nori that is easily sourced and cultivated in Indonesia. The research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method with 10 treatment levels, which are combinations of 3 types of binders (CMC, tapioca, and cornstarch) at 3 concentration levels (3%, 5%, and 7%). Pakcoy nori was made through the processes of washing, steaming, ginding, molding, and drying. The results of the study show that the addition of 3% CMC produces pakcoy nori with the most preferred color, aroma, flavor, and crispiness by the panelists. The use of CMC, tapioca, and cornstarch as binders can produce pakcoy nori with characteristics similar to commercial nori. This research indicates that pakcoy nori has the potential to be developed as an alternative raw material for nori using 3% CMC as a binder. Keywords: Binder, Brassica rapa L., CMC, Nori, Pakcoy, Porphyra

Viability Study of Serra da Estrela Dog Wool to Produce Green Composites.

The environmental emergency has alerted consumers and industries to choose products derived from renewable sources over petroleum derivatives. Natural fibers of plant origin for reinforcing composite materials dominate the field of research aiming to replace synthetic fibers. The field of application of green dog wool composite materials needs to be reinforced and proven, as the industry is looking for more sustainable solutions and on the other hand this type of raw material (pet grooming waste) tends to grow. Hence, in the present work, the feasibility of applying natural fibers of dog origin (mainly composed by keratin) in green composites was studied. The green composites were developed using chemically treated dog wool of the breed Serra da Estrela (with NaOH and PVA) as reinforcement and a green epoxy resin as a matrix. The chemical treatments aimed to improve adhesion between fibers and matrix. The fibers' composition was determined using X-ray Diffraction (X-RD). Their morphology was determined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The wettability of the fiber was also evaluated qualitatively by analyzing drops of resin placed on the fibers treated with the different treatments. The mechanical properties of the composites were also studied through mechanical tensile, flexural, and relaxation tests. Overall, the best results were obtained for the dog wool fibers without treatment. The tensile and flexural strength of this biocomposite were 11 MPa and 26.8 MPa, respectively, while the tensile and flexural elastic modulus were 555 MPa and 1100 MPa, respectively. It was also possible to verify that the PVA treatment caused degradation of the fiber, resulting in a decrease in mechanical tensile strength of approximately 42.7%, 59.7% in flexural strength and approximately 59% of the stress after 120 min of relaxation when compared to fiber made from untreated dog wool. On the other hand, the NaOH treatment worked as a fiber wash process, removing waxes and fats naturally present on the fiber surface.

Industrialized fine physical regeneration process and economic benefit assessment for recycling waste HDPE containers

The production of waste HDPE containers is enormous, and its recycling and utilization is an inevitable trend to achieve sustainable social development. However, the engineering practice of recycling waste HDPE containers is still lacking. This study provides a detailed explanation of the principles of fine recycling for waste HDPE containers, and develops a set of physical regeneration processes. By combining visual recognition assisted sorting, alkali hot water washing, physical sorting, and regranulation processes, high-quality regenerated HDPE particles are prepared. Meanwhile, various real data (sample size 50–100) of the production line and products are tracked, statistically analyzed. The results show that regenerated HDPE particles have good physical properties, the ratio of HDPE particles containing aluminum foil and multicolored impurities are extremely low, and the ratio of HDPE particles containing black spots (d＞0.1 mm) is less than 1.61 × 10−2 wt% (mean). Economic benefit analysis shows that the gross profit of recycled HDPE particles is USD $312.05 per ton. The above conclusions prove the feasibility and progressiveness of this process for the regeneration of waste HDPE containers. Meanwhile, this study provides engineering technical guidance for the large-scale fine recycling and regeneration of waste HDPE containers.

Effect of Sequential Treatment of Plasma Activated Water and Bacteriophage on Decontamination of Salmonella Typhimurium in Lettuce

Ensuring food safety measures are essential to minimize the risk of foodborne diseases linked to raw food products. Here, we investigated the efficacy of an innovative approach for the control of Salmonella Typhimurium found in fresh produces. Plasma activated water (PAW) and bacteriophages are emerging effective and valuable alternative methods for microbiological decontamination. The efficacy of PAW and a lytic bacteriophage (109 PFU/mL), both separately and sequentially, against S. Typhimurium in fresh produce was investigated. S. Typhimurium (105–107 CFU/g) were inoculated on lettuce leaves and treated with PAW, S. Typhimurium phage SK-T2 or their combination. PAW or bacteriophage inactivated S. Typhimurium, on lettuce leaves at different initial populations, by 2.90–3.46 or 1.45–3.25 log CFU/g, respectively. After sequential treatments of PAW and bacteriophage, S. Typhimurium populations, initially applied at ~ 105 CFU/g reduced by 4.47 log CFU/g, but when the order of application was changed (i.e., bacteriophage followed by PAW), the combination synergistically decreased the Salmonella numbers below the detection limit of the method used for the enumeration (i.e., < 101 CFU/g). At the high-level inoculum (~ 7 log CFU/g), consecutive treatments of PAW and phage decreased the S. Typhimurium population by 3.28 log CFU/g, and a reduction of 6.20 log CFU/g was achieved after reversing the order of treatment. Regardless of the bacterial inoculum level, sequential applications of bacteriophage and PAW resulted in a higher level of inactivation. This study proved that the bacteriophage–PAW combination constitutes a promising alternative approach to the conventional washing process in fresh produce wash waters in the food industry.Graphical

Enhancing polyamide fabric performance through green reduction of graphene oxide for superior ultraviolet protection and electrical conductivity

AbstractIn this study, a polyamide warp‐knitted fabric was treated with a graphene oxide (GO) aqueous dispersion using a laboratory‐type Jigger dyeing machine. Subsequently, the GO underwent a chemical reduction process, employing rosehip extract powder as a nature‐based reducing agent. The effect of reduction time (12 and 24 h) was investigated. The study involved an examination of the surface morphology, colour coordinates, and colour difference of both the GO coated and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) coated fabrics. Additionally, the colour fastness against rubbing was assessed. Furthermore, electrical resistivity measurements were conducted on the GO‐coated polyamide‐6,6 fabric both before and after the reduction process. The ultraviolet (UV) transmittance and ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of both GO‐coated and reduced fabrics were determined. The study also explored the effect of the washing process on colour properties, electrical resistivity, and UPF. Notably, the lowest electrical surface resistivity and the highest UPF rating were obtained as 1.20 × 102 kΩ/sq and 50+ after the reduction process. Additionally, after the washing process, the electrical surface resistivity increased, while the UPF rating remained 50+, indicating excellent UV protection.

Removal of toxic metals from sewage sludge by EDTA and hydrodynamic cavitation and use of the sludge as fertilizer

Sewage sludge (SS) is rich in plant nutrients, including P, N, and organic C, but often contains toxic metals (TMs), which hinders its potential use in agriculture. The efficiency of removal of TMs by washing with ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA), in combination with hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) and the usability of washed sewage sludge as fertilizer were investigated. The environmental risk was assessed. During 8 wash batches an average 35, 68, 47 and 45 % of Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu, respectively, as well as 22 and 5 % Mn and Fe were removed from the SS. The process solutions and EDTA were recycled at a pH gradient of 12.5–2, which was achieved by adding quicklime (CaO) and then acidification by H2SO4, so that no wastewater was produced, only solid waste (ReSoil® method). The quality of the recycled process solutions (they remained unsaturated with salts) and the efficiency of the washing process were maintained across all batches. On average, 46 % of the EDTA was lost during the process and was replenished. The initial leachability of EDTA-mobilized Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr and Fe remaining in the washed SS increased 6-, 17-, 3-, 11- and 11-fold, respectively, but not to hazardous levels except for Zn. After washing, P and K remained in the SS, plant-available P increased 3.3-fold, while total N and C were reduced by 20.28 and 2.44 %, respectively. Washed SS was used as fertilizer in the pot experiment. The yield of Brassica juncea did not improve, the uptake of TMs by the plants and the leaching of TMs from the soil were minimal. Our study highlighted the drawbacks and potential feasibility of the new SS washing method.

Penerapan Metode Rca Untuk Menentukan Akar Penyebab Waste Pada Proses Pencucian Reaktor Dan Blending Tank Di Departemen Produksi 2

This study aims to determine the root causes of waste in the reactor washing process and blending tank in the Department Production 2 PT. Pardic Jaya Chemicals which causes excessive costs or expenses if it is not identified what is the main cause of the problem. The research method used is root cause analysis (RCA) with Cause and EffectAnalysis or Fishbone Diagram. The results of the root cause research found several main factors, including differences in perception, limited tools, contaminated air and the character of the resin that was too solid. Proposed improvements to overcome this problem are by refreshing the work instructions, replacing the washing solvent with ethyl acetate by using distilled ethyl acetate (ETAC Ex-Dist) and adding N2 gas (Nitrogen) into the washing solvent. Keywords: Waste, Root Cause Analysis, Fishbone Diagram, proposed improvement plan, solvent

Quantification of Pluronic F127 used on PLGA nanoparticle preparation and comparing purification techniques by centrifugation, tangential flow filtration, and ultrafiltration

Emerging research in polymeric nanoparticles (PNP) in the field of drug delivery systems focuses on the preferable use of biocompatible materials like poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA). However, the substantial use of surfactant in achieving colloidal stability requires its subsequent elimination to avoid side effects. This study aimed to establish suitable conditions for detecting and quantifying Pluronic® F127 (F127), a non-ionic surfactant widely used for this specific purpose, through a precise Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) method. Then, comparing the F127 removal efficacy via three purification techniques: Centrifugation (Cf), Ultrafiltration (UF), and tangential flow filtration (TFF), determining the minor influence of surfactant removal on the colloidal and morphological properties of surfactant-free PLGA suspensions. Thus, to determine the most suitable strategy for purifying PNP. The initial results of the SEC method revealed two distinct molar mass distributions of F127, associated with a blend of triblock alongside a minor fraction of homopolymer or diblock. The method exhibited a high linear correlation (R2 0.99991) for surfactant concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 14.7 mg/mL. While assessing the three purification techniques, UF demonstrated proficiency in concentrating nanoparticle suspensions, albeit tending to retain a significant portion of the surfactant. In contrast, Cf displayed a remarkable capability in removing more than 90 % of the incorporated F127. However, Cf recovered only 60 % of the initial nanoparticles, predominantly eliminating smaller diameter particles. Conversely, TFF demonstrated high efficacy in surfactant removal, requiring an extended washing process and leading to minimal nanoparticle loss while leaving the colloidal variables unaffected.

Economic efficiency of leather treated with zeolite after the pickling process

Raw bovine leather (hide) undergoes a series of manufacturing processes to obtain a finished leather or semi-finished leather, which as such can last for a long period without damage to the hide. The damage by bacteria in the tannery is almost entirely restricted to the soaking operation, but some damages occur under poor storage conditions after pickling and in a wet stage after tanning. Protection against microorganisms is still needed because long periods of storage in moisture and heat create conditions suitable for the rapid growth of microorganisms, which can cause considerable hide damage. The development of microorganisms causes damage that affects the final quality and usability of the leather. In order to avoid damage, the hide undergoes a process of washing and removing microorganisms, before the tanning process. This paper studies and compares the costs of protection from microorganisms of hide treated with bath containing zeolite and citric acid, after the process of pickling, in relation to the costs of removing microorganisms that occur due to poor storage conditions. The costs are one of the elements for determining economic efficiency. This comparison provides an insight into the costs of these processes and their cost-profitability.

Providing a cavitation-free regime when flushing ship pipelines with a two-phase mixture

It is noted that during the flushing of ship systems and their elements, the mixed flow of water and air has proven itself well as a flushing medium. It has been experimentally established that there is a significant acceleration of the washing process and an increase in the number of flushed-out dirt particles. At the same time, the two-phase flushing method currently has a number of unsolved theoretical and practical problems. One of such tasks is to ensure a cavitation-free flushing regime. The issue of ensuring a cavitation-free regime when flushing ship pipelines with a twophase mixture during the passage of narrownesses stream is considered in the paper. It is known that the cavitation occurrence depends on a number of factors. The degree of each factor influence on the probability of cavitation occurrence is investigated. In this paper, an attempt to theoretically assess the development of cavitation in narrow technological jumpers is made. The main theoretical dependence of the maximum permissible diameter of the jumper on the main parameters of the mixed flow, as well as on the initial pressure of the flushing flow is determined. The main parameters of the mixed flow are the mass flow rate of the flushing water, the densities of the mixture phases, the mass content of air in the flow, the initial diameter of the pipeline and the compression ratio of the jet in a narrow section. A homogeneous mixture model is used in the theoretical study of cavitation phenomena in a two-phase flow. The main design dependencies for determining the maximum allowable diameter of the jumper depending on the main factors of the two-phase flow are defined in the paper. The influence of various factors on the development of cavitation phenomena is evaluated. Particular attention is paid to the choice of the flow diameter of the technological jumper depending on the mass flow rate of the flushing stream, the air content and the initial pressure.

Calculation of Impurity Levels in SIR 3CV Type Rubber and Mass Balance at the Drying Station in PT. XYZ North Sumatera

The quality of latex significantly affects the quality level of rubber produced, with one of its parameters being the impurity level, with a standard value of 0.03%. The impurity level strongly influences the rubber quality, where higher impurity levels correspond to lower rubber quality, and vice versa. The research method employed was experimental and calculation using mass balance. The calculated results indicated impurity levels in the rubber as follows: 0.0059%, 0.0069%, 0.0074%, 0.0419%, 0.0054%, 0.0429%, and 0.0444%. The average total impurity level was 0.0219%. However, some rubber samples did not meet quality standards due to contaminated tapping equipment, inadequate washing processes, and damaged filtration tools. In the mass balance at the drying station, the first input material was 125 kg/hour with a water component balance of 50%, HAS (Hevea Acidic Solution) 12%, SMBS (Sodium Metabisulfite) 8%, and latex 30%. The second input material is 18.75 kg/hour, consisting of 100% steam. The output material at the drying station is 143.75 kg/hour, with a water component balance of 43.47%, HAS 10.43%, SMBS 6.95%, latex 26.08%, and steam 13.07%.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)—A potential source of phytochemicals, food, and nutrition—An updated review

AbstractCassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is believed to be an important staple food crop providing potential valuable food source as well as variety of phytoconstituents. Its starchy tubers provide a significant source of energy for around 500 million individuals. Among staple crops, it is regarded to be one of the top suppliers of carbohydrates. Its physicochemical qualities, as well as its availability, have made it a captivating food component. Cassava starch is a valuable raw material used to make a variety of both native and modified starch for cooking purposes. They have also been used for a variety of industrial uses. Cassava starch and flour have the potential to be valuable alternatives to rice, maize, and wheat crops. The advantages included being a staple diet for humans, a component of animal feeds, a raw ingredient for food processing, edible coatings, locally produced alcoholic beverages, and ethanol manufacturing. The roots consist of cyanogenic glycosides, which can lead to lethal cyanide poisoning if tubers arse not properly detoxified using different processing methods include washing, fermentation, boiling, peeling and chemical processing to escape toxin content. The current review summarizes cassava's bioactive components which could be a potential source of various pharmaceutical drugs as well as a source of traditional and modern food applications.

The change in concentration of ochratoxin A and antioxidant capacity during the production of grape juice

Ochratoxin A (OTA), a dangerous fungal toxin, has widely contaminated grapes and its by-products. To estimate dietary intake, information about OTA behavior during processing is demanded. There is currently much data to predict the fate of the OTA in different types of wine, but more is needed for grape juice This study evaluated the effect of grape juice-making steps on OTA contents antioxidant compounds, and activity capacity. OTA extraction and analysis were performed by immunoaffinity column and high-performance liquid chromatography. The juice was made from grapes artificially contaminated with OTA at a level of 5.0 µg/kg. Statistically significant changes in responses were found after the washing, preheating, juicing, clarification, and pasteurization processes. The processing of the grapefruit into grape juice led to a total decline of 62.0 % in OTA level. The remaining OTA content in the final grape juice in the present study was lower than the maximum residue limit for this product established by European Union (EU) legislation (2 µg/kg). Moreover, the overall reduction of 56.2 %, 53.9 %, and 54.3 % in the total phenolic, total flavonoid, and antioxidant capacity were observed, respectively.

Corrosion testing of X52 and X80 steels immersed in stimulated emulsions using a real petroleum sample

The aim of this study is to evaluate the internal corrosion process on X52 and X80 steels/real petroleum interfaces containing condensed hydrocarbon plus oilfield-produced water, which were subjected to stimulated emulsions using 50/50 vol ratio mixtures at 45 °C, different hydrodynamic conditions, 1 h, and 24 h. A washing process by using deionized water was proposed to simulate and identify the corrosiveness of the hydrocarbon phase after 24 h of exposure time. The characterization by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the monitoring of the polarization curves indicated that X80 steel/oilfield-produced water interfaces were more susceptible to corrosion than X52 steel exposed to oilfield-produced water. The combined speed rotation of 600 rpm using a magnetic stirrer + 600 rpm using a rotating disk electrode decreased the corrosion rate on X52 steel. The stimulated emulsions made of hydrocarbon + oilfield-produced water and hydrocarbon + deionized water at 24 h increased the corrosion rate on X80 steel (0.34 mm/year and 0.43 mm/year, respectively), promoting the formation of erosion and pitting corrosion. These types of corrosion depended mainly on the physicochemical properties of the hydrocarbon, oilfield-produced water, exposure times, and hydrodynamic systems in which the hydrocarbon was studied.

Application of a Multi-stage Washing Process to Biomass Produced During Phytoremediation of Cement Kiln Dust Landfills

Application of a Multi-stage Washing Process to Biomass Produced During Phytoremediation of Cement Kiln Dust Landfills