Washing Process Research Articles

Residue behavior and quality influence of tolfenpyrad and cyromazine in cowpea during simulated household washing process

Cowpea, a typical vegetable characterized by a consistent growth and harvest period, often accumulates high pesticide residues in pods. The household washing process has the potential to impact both pesticide residue and the quality of cowpea pods. This study investigated the behavior of tolfenpyrad and cyromazine in cowpea pods using in situ mass spectrometry imaging, analyze changes in nutrients, and explore typical metabolite alterations following the washing process. Both tolfenpyrad and cyromazine levels on the surface of the cowpea were significantly reduced after the washing process, although cyromazine distributed inside the cowpea remained at a high level. Immersing cowpeas in 2% NaHCO3 for 30 min and a 3 min tap-water rinse resulted in the removal of 72% and 58% of tolfenpyrad, 66% and 50% of cyromazine, respectively. Importantly, a 3 min tap-water rinse did not impact nutrient content, while other 30 min immersions led to a reduction in typical nutritional factors. Furthermore, the levels of typical metabolites such as tamarix, quercetin, and aspartic acid were down-regulated, while malic acid, glucose, and ascorbic acid were up-regulated in cowpea after pesticide immersion. The concentrations of all six metabolites in cowpea decreased after the washing procedure.

Remediation of oil-polluted soil using anionic and non-ionic composite biosurfactants

ABSTRACT Petroleum hydrocarbons as pervasive pollutants pose a significant threat to soil ecology and human health. Surfactant washing as an established technique can effectively remediate soils contaminated by hydrocarbons. Biosurfactants, which combine the properties of surfactants and environmental compatibility, have attracted increasing interest. However, due to the high production cost of biosurfactants, their practical application is restricted. This study addressed these limitations by selecting two biosurfactants, β-cyclodextrin (C1) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (C2), and developed a promising cleaning agent formula through compounding and the addition of suitable additives. When the volume ratio of C1 to C2 was 8:2 and an 8 g/L mixture of sodium humate and sodium carbonate electrolyte was added, the surfactant system’s surface tension reached a minimum, yielding optimal oil removal. The formation and synergistic behaviour of mixed micelles of surfactants were explained using ideal solution theory and the Rubingh model. By optimising the oil washing process parameters – normal temperature of 25 °C, pH 11, washing time of 2 h, solid–liquid ratio of 1:5, and oscillation frequency of 200 r/min – the oil removal rate achieved 76%. This cleaning agent, characterised by low production cost, straightforward application, environmental compatibility, and rapid, significant cleaning effect, shows potential for field-scale purification of petroleum-contaminated soil.

Reduced infectivity of nervous necrosis virus due to reversible adsorption of serum albumin onto surface protrusions of viral particles

Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) belonging to the genus Betanodavirus is highly lethal to a wide range of fish species. We investigated the reactivity of purified NNV particles with serum albumin and immunoglobulin G (IgG), which are major components in serum. Infectivity of NNV suspended in high-concentration fetal bovine serum (FBS) reduced to approximately 1/60 to 1/200 but that of NNV in ≤10% FBS did not decline. On washing out the FBS, NNV regained its infectivity, suggesting that NNV infectivity was reduced by reversible adsorption of some components in the serum onto the NNV particles. On replacing FBS with bovine serum albumin, NNV infectivity gradually reduced with increasing concentration of serum albumin. Furthermore, albumin adsorbed onto the NNV particles immobilized on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plate wells. However, the adsorbed serum albumin was easily washed out by the normal ELISA washing process using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Thus, serum albumin reversibly adsorbed onto NNV particles. However, purified rabbit IgG non-specifically adsorbed onto NNV particles regardless of whether conformational structures of NNV surface protrusions were partially or completely denatured, suggesting that IgG is adsorbed onto areas other than the surface protrusions on NNV particles. FBS did not interfere with the adsorption of IgG onto NNV particles. Considering that pocket structures at the apex of the NNV surface protrusions function as binding sites for cellular receptors, serum albumin may get adsorbed onto or near the pocket structures. This could be one of reasons for reduction in infectivity of NNV suspended in high-concentration FBS.

Recovery of rare earth elements from rare earth molten salt electrolytic slag via fluorine fixation by MgCl2 roasting

Rare earth fluoride molten-salt electrolytic slag (REFES) is a precious rare earth element (REE) secondary resource, and considerable amounts of REEs exist in REFES as REF3; they are difficult to dissolve in acid or water and impede efficient REE extraction. In REFES recovery, the REF3 species in REFES are usually transformed into acid-soluble rare earth compounds by NaOH roasting or sulfating roasting and then extracted by acid leaching. Moreover, the fluorides in REFES are released as HF gas in the roasting process or enter the liquid phase during the water washing process; both of these processes cause fluorine pollution. Fixing the fluorine into the solid slag provides a way to avoid fluorine pollution. In this study, a novel method was proposed to extract REEs from REFES via MgCl2 roasting followed by HCl leaching. Thermodynamics calculations and thermogravimetry‒differential thermal analyses (TG-DTA) were conducted to investigate the reactions occurring in the roasting process. First, MgCl2 reacts with the REF3 and RE2O3 to form RECl3 and REOCl, respectively. Second, the RECl3 absorbs water and forms RE(OH)3. Third, MgCl2·6H2O is gradually dehydrated to MgCl2·2H2O and reacts with REF3 and RE(OH)3, and REOCl, MgF2 and MgO are formed. Through HCl leaching, the REOCl in the roasting products is leached by HCl acid, while fluoride remains in the solid slag as MgF2. The optimum experimental conditions are as follows: mass ratio of MgCl2 to REFES of 30%, roasting temperature of 700 °C, roasting time of 2 h, hydrochloride acid concentration of 4 mol/L, leaching time of 2 h, leaching temperature of 90 °C and leaching L/S ratio of 20:1. The efficiencies for total leaching of the REEs, La, Ce, Pr, and Nd are 99.13%, 99.20%, 98.42%, 99.38%, and 99.08%, respectively. Moreover, the concentration of fluoride in the leaching solution is 2.191 × 10−6 mol/L. This method has a short process flow with low reagent costs, and the problem of fluoride pollution from REFES recovery is solved; thus, our study has great industrial application potential.

Penyisihan Kandungan Perak dalam Limbah Cair Pencucian Film Melalui Proses Biofiltrasi dengan Tanaman Eceng Gondok

Wastewater produced from the film washing process in photo studios generally has very high contents of heavy metals, such as silver (Ag). This situation can cause various health and environmental problems if it is not treated before disposal. Therefore, this research was aimed to reduce the silver content in the wastewater through biological processes. This study was conducted using a biofiltration process using water hyacinth plants. Film washing waste was first acclimatized into concentration of 2.5% and the initial silver content was measured. Afterwards, water hyacinth of 600, 900, 1200, and 1500 g, respectively, was planted into the wastewater. Waste samples were subsequently taken and analyzed every 2 days. The highest removal efficiency of 99.94% was yielded for 1500 g of plant. In this condition, the silver content in wastewater met the environmental quality standards.

Synthesis Routes of Sulfur-doped Porous Carbon from Mask Wastes for the Application of Supercapacitor Electrodes

Abstract Increasing demand of energy storage devices stimulates growing research in supercapacitors technologies. Waste-based supercapacitor electrodes has become one of areas to be explored as they offer an environmentally friendly approach. Here we synthesis porous carbon from wastes of medical masks which have been generated a lot since the pandemic. Medical masks are composed of polypropylene which have high porosity; hence they have a potential to be used as a porous carbon source for supercapacitor applications. The synthesis routes include a solvothermal process inside a Teflon autoclave in a microwave and a washing process using dilute acid solution and distilled water. The routes successfully transform polypropylene to porous carbon, confirmed by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX and Raman spectrum analyses. The present of C-S bond are indicated from FTIR spectrum, implying a successful doping of sulphur into porous carbon. The electrochemical analysis of the prepared electrode using cyclic voltammetry shows an EDLC-like feature with high specific capacitance of ∼375 Fg−1 at the scan rate of 5 mV/s.

β-Lactoglobulin-based aerogels: Facile preparation and sustainable removal of organic contaminants from water

Economically and efficiently removing organic pollutants from water is still a challenge in wastewater treatment. Utilizing environmentally friendly and readily available protein-based natural polymers to develop aerogels with effective removal performance and sustainable regeneration capability is a promising strategy for adsorbent design. Here, a robust and cost-effective method using inexpensive β-lactoglobulin (BLG) as raw material was proposed to fabricate BLG-based aerogels. Firstly, photocurable BLG-based polymers were synthesized by grafting glycidyl methacrylate. Then, a cross-linking reaction, including photo-crosslinking and salting-out treatment, was applied to prepared BLG-based hydrogels. Finally, the BLG-based aerogels with high porosity and ultralight weight were obtained after freeze-drying. The outcomes revealed that the biocompatible BLG-based aerogels exhibited effective removal performance for a variety of organic pollutants under perfectly quiescent conditions, and could be regenerated and reused many times via a simple and rapid process of acid washing and centrifugation. Overall, this work not only demonstrates that BLG-based aerogels are promising adsorbents for water purification but also provides a potential way for the sustainable utilization of BLG.

Evaluation of stored red blood cell quality after washing using immune indices

Washed red blood cells (RBCs) can be used to treat immune-related diseases. However, whether the washing process changes the quality of RBCs and affects the curative effect of transfusion therapy remains unclear. We retrospectively analysed the clinical data of patients who received blood transfusion. The physiological and biochemical parameters of RBCs were tested on an automated haematology-biochemical analyser. CD47 and phosphatidylserine (PS) plasma membrane expression were analysed using flow cytometry. Morphological changes in RBCs were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the curative effect on patients who received washed RBCs was weaker than that on those who received non-washed RBCs. Physiological and biochemical parameters of RBCs were not significantly different. RBC immune indices changed significantly after washing. The expression of “don't eat me” signals was weakened, whereas the intensity of “eat me” signals was enhanced. This study suggests that the current use of physiological and biochemical parameters as indicators to evaluate the quality of RBCs may not be comprehensive and that evaluation of the real status of RBCs requires other effective parameters. Immune molecules in RBCs are expected to become supplementary markers for evaluating RBC quality.

Investigating the effect of refining parameters on acetic acid removal and the quality of crude epoxidized soybean oil

AbstractWashing crude epoxidized oil is an indispensable step for the removal of residual acetic acid and unreacted hydrogen peroxide after epoxidation. There are many studies on the epoxidation of vegetable oils but there are many discrepancies in the washing process which likely leads to water wastage, excess use of neutralizing agent, and additional processing time. Hence, this study aims to optimize the washing step by analyzing the quality of each washing step and developing a model that can predict the amount of acid removed. Soybean oil (1.5 kg) was epoxidized at 60°C for 5.5 h using Amberlite IR 120H as a heterogeneous catalyst. To determine the optimum water washing level, process parameters such as number of washing cycles (1–5), proportion of epoxidized oil to water volume (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5), and water temperature (20, 40, and 60°C) were examined. The main responses were the residual acid value and pH of the washed epoxidized oil. Results revealed that 64% of the acid was removed after 5 washing cycles irrespective of the washing water temperature and proportion. In contrast, approximately 57% of the acid was removed in the first two washing cycles. Increasing the temperature of the water affected acid removal; with approximately 54% of acid removed at 20°C compared to 60% at 60°C. Doubling or tripling the amount of water needed above a 1:0.5 ratio did not significantly affect the amount of acid removed. The model developed was significant with a predicted R2 of 96% and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.1 when the model was validated at different washing scenarios. Therefore, this study shows that it is possible to significantly reduce the amount of water used and processing time while maintaining resin qualities.

Autoclaving Achieves pH-Neutralization, Hydrogelation, and Sterilization of Chitosan Hydrogels in One Step

Conventionally, chitosan hydrogels are acidic and contain toxic chemicals because chitosan is soluble only in acidic solvents and requires toxic additives such as chemical crosslinkers and polymerization agents to fabricate chitosan hydrogels. These properties prevent chitosan hydrogels from being used for medical applications. In this study, chitosan hydrogels were prepared by a simple and versatile process using urea hydrolysis by autoclaving (steam sterilization, 121 °C, 20 min). When autoclaved, urea hydrolyzes in an acidic chitosan aqueous solution, and ammonia is produced, which increases the pH of the solution, and chitosan becomes insoluble, leading to the formation of a chitosan hydrogel. The pH and osmotic concentration of chitosan hydrogels could be adjusted to be suitable for physiological conditions (pH: 7.0–7.5, and osmotic concentration: 276–329 mOsm/L) by changing the amount of urea added to chitosan solutions (chitosan: 2.5% (w/v), urea: 0.75–1.0% (w/v), pH: 5.5). The hydrogels had extremely low cytotoxicity without the washing process. In addition, not only pure chitosan hydrogels, but also chitosan derivative hydrogels were prepared using this method. The autoclaving technique for preparing low-toxic and wash-free sterilized chitosan hydrogels in a single step is practical for medical applications.

Characteristics of mildly refined soy protein fractions for cleaner soy‐food development

SummaryIn recent years, the markets for plant‐based products and plant protein have experienced a remarkable global expansion. The demand for plant‐based products, ranging from meat substitutes and dairy alternatives to plant‐based snacks and beverages, has surged exponentially. Soy protein, among all the plant protein resources, held a significant market share in the plant‐based industry, reflecting its popularity and widespread use. The selection of an appropriate soy fractionation process is essential for the development of cleaner and more sustainable soy‐based food products. This study compared three different soy protein fractions (SPFs) obtained through mild fractionation processes, each with unique chemical compositions and functionalities. Aqueous ethanol washing process resulted in the fractions with the highest protein purity and water holding capacity, while the simplified aqueous extraction method coupled with either an alkaline solubilisation step (SAE‐Alkaline) or an acid precipitation step (SAE‐Acid) yielded protein fractions with superior solubility, thermal stability, and gel strength. The choice of fractionation route has significant implications for the production of protein‐rich ingredients, and prioritising sustainable processing methods can contribute to the development of innovative and environmentally friendly soy‐based foods.

In situ N-doping engineered biochar catalysts for oxidation degradation of sulfadiazine via nonradical pathways: Singlet oxygen and electron transfer

Understanding the structure of non-metallic heteroatom-doped carbon catalysts and the subsequent degradation of new pollutants is crucial for designing more efficient carbon catalysts. Environmentally friendly in situ N-doped biochar catalysts were prepared for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and sulfadiazine (SDZ) degradation. The acid washing process and calcination temperature of catalyst increased π-π* shake up, graphitic N percentage, specific surface area and defects, promoting the transformation of pollutant degradation mechanism from radical pathway to non-radical pathway. 100 % of the SDZ with the initial concentration of 10 mg/L was quickly degraded within 60 min using 0.2 g/L catalysts and 0.5 mM PMS. Excellent catalytic performance was attributed to singlet oxygen and electron transfer-dominated non-radical pathways. The four potential degradation pathways of SDZ were proposed, and toxicity predication indicated that overall biotoxicity of the intermediates during SDZ degradation was decreased. This research deepens our understanding of the mechanisms of non-radical pathways and guides the synthesis of carbon-based catalysts.

Feasibility study on the production of low melt flow rate recycled polypropylene from postconsumer waste

AbstractPolypropylene (PP) recyclates face limitations in their use due to lower qualities compared with virgin PP, resulting from contaminations and the mixing of different PP grades. In particular, their high melt flow rate (MFR) hinders their suitability for applications requiring low MFR, such as pipes. This study investigates the feasibility of producing low MFR PP recyclates from packaging waste. For this purpose, recyclates were produced exclusively from manually sorted extrusion blow molding grades and compared with a recyclate derived from a conventional PP waste stream. Different washing temperatures and recyclate production processes were used to study their effects on the properties of the recyclates. The main objective was to determine the lowest achievable MFR and the rheological, mechanical, and thermal properties of the recyclates from improved sorting. The results are intended to serve as reference points for the evaluation of future automatic sorting trials. The enhanced sorting resulted in an 80% reduction in the MFR and improved ductility, thereby extending the potential applications of the recyclate. The different washing and production processes did not have a significant effect on the investigated properties, except for a slight decrease in the MFR with hot washing and the omission of the pelletizing step.

Application of ultrasound technology in the washing process of surimi: improvement of meat yield and gel quality

Application of ultrasound technology in the washing process of surimi: improvement of meat yield and gel quality

Effect of removing bacteria and dissolved organic matter on DMS production in Nannochloropsis oceanica concentrates

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of bacteria and organic matter on the occurrence of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) over the shelf life of Nannochloropsis oceanica concentrates. Two concentrates were compared: Control treatment, composed of biomass collected by centrifugation and diluted to a cell density of 5 × 109 cells·mL−1, and a washed concentrate treatment, where the biomass underwent successive centrifugations to remove dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bacteria before being diluted to a cell density of 5 × 109 cells·mL−1. Both concentrates were stored at two temperatures: 23 °C for 10 days and 4 °C for 85 days. Cellular viability, bacterial density, DOM, and DMS concentration were assessed. The washing process was responsible for removing approximately 84 % of the bacterial load from the concentrates. This significant reduction played a crucial role in decreasing the concentrations of DOM and DMS over the storage period. Furthermore, the process did not impair the cellular viability of microalgae. The findings underscore the importance of carefully managing bacterial and organic components in microalgal concentrates, especially when considering the preservation of freshness and cellular viability, which are key factors in applications such as larviculture.

Improvements of magnetic nanoparticle assays for SARS-CoV-2 detection using a mimic virus approach

Immunoassays with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as markers are a promising approach for the fast and sensitive virus detection. Upon binding of antibody-functionalized MNP on virus proteins, the hydrodynamic diameter increases and a change in the Brownian relaxation time can be measured. In this study, we detect the whole SARS-CoV-2 by mimicking it with streptavidin-coated polystyrene beads with biotinylated spike proteins. Changes of the MNP dynamics are measured by alternating current susceptometry and magnetic particle spectroscopy. Due to the multiple binding sites of MNP and virus, crosslinking enlarges the change of the hydrodynamic diameter. In order to improve the sensitivity and the limit of detection of the assay, the ratio of the virus to the MNP amount RMV/MNP is investigated in detail. High RMV/MNP ratios lead to a saturation of the MNPs with viruses, so that the cluster size and therefore the sensitivity decrease again. Additionally, it is found that the smallest virus concentrations can be detected for small MNP concentrations. It is also shown that the RMV/MNP range that can be used for an unambiguous detection of viruses depends on the virus/MNP concentration; it shifts with increasing MNP concentration to smaller RMV/MNP values. For very small virus concentrations, an increase of the Brownian relaxation time is detected implying a decrease of the hydrodynamic diameter. Furthermore, the optimal antibody concentration for MNP functionalization was determined. It is also found that a washing process with a centrifuge improves the sensitivity by reliably removing unbound antibodies and eliminating small MNPs with improper functionalization.

High-resolution luminescence-dated sediment record for the last two glacial-interglacial cycles from Rodderberg, Germany

The Rodderberg Volcanic Complex (RVC) is well-known for the long climate record archived in its crater basin, which lasts for several glacial-interglacial cycles. However, a detailed chronological framework is still lacking. Here, we perform high-resolution luminescence dating on a 72.8 m-long sediment core with the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signal from fine-grained (4–11 μm) quartz and three kinds of post-infrared infrared (pIRIR) stimulated luminescence signals from fine-grained polymineral fractions. Together with magnetic susceptibility, grain size and quartz OSL sensitivity measurements, a numerical age framework is built for the upper half of the sediment core. Quartz OSL ages align well with pIRIR ages for the last 45 ka, but they underestimate in relation to pIRIR ages for ages beyond 45 ka. The three pIRIR signals, including the pIRIR signal at 225 °C (pIRIR225), the pulsed pIRIR signal at 150 °C (pulsed pIRIR150) and the multi-elevated-temperature pIRIR at 250 °C (MET-pIRIR250), yield consistent ages up to ca. 250 ka at a sediment depth of 37.5 m. Below that depth, dating limits of the protocols are reached. Nevertheless, our results indicate that sediments below 37.5 m predate Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 7. Altogether, obtained ages reveal continuous dust accumulation during MIS 7 and MIS 6. One erosional event happened at the end of the Eemian (MIS 5e), which eroded the Eemian soil. The sedimentation rate during the Weichselian glacial period is tenfold lower compared to the sedimentation rate observed during MIS 7–6. This low sedimentation rate likely arises from the cessation of slope wash effects and the occurrence of various wind erosional events alternating with dust deposition as the basin is filled by dust. A notably high sedimentation rate is observed at the transition from MIS 6 to the Eemian, marked by the deposition of a 7 m-thick loess layer between 135 and 129 (±5) ka. This high sedimentation rate could be attributed to intensified slope wash and solifluction processes resulting from the thawing of permafrost at the time of deglaciation. Alternatively, it might be a signature of Heinrich event 11, during which strong winds brought large amounts of dust into the basin within a short time.

Novel fibrous Ag(NP) decorated clay-polymer composite: Implications in water purification contaminated with predominant micro-pollutants and bacteria

Due to the potential harm caused by emerging micro-pollutants to living organisms, contaminating water supplies by micro-pollutants like EDCs, pharmaceuticals, and microorganisms has become a concern in many countries. Considering both microbiological and micro-pollutant exposure risks associated with water use for agricultural/or household purposes, it is imperative to create a strategy for improving pollutant removal from treated wastewater that is both effective and affordable. Natural clay minerals efficiently remove contaminants from wastewater, though the pristine clay has less affinity to several organic pollutants. Hydrophilic polymers, viz., poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), improve the dispersion of particles, flocculation processes, and surface properties. In this study, PEG grafted with attapulgite, thereby providing a high-specific surface-area, mesoporous materials for the adsorption of micro-pollutants like ciprofloxacin (CIP) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) at high rates. A gentle washing process regenerates the clay-polymer material several times with no performance loss, and the natural water implications show fair applicability of solid in decontaminating the CIP and EE2 in an aqueous medium. Further, greenly synthesized silver nanoparticles in situ disperse with the clay polymer efficiently remove the gram-positive and gram-negative bacterium viz., Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are commonly persistent in aquatic environments. The clay polymer outperformed a modified clay composite to eliminate microorganisms and organic micro-pollutants in significant quantities quickly. These results clearly show the importance of fibrous clay-polymer composite for water purification technologies.

Effect of different washing processes, twill direction and yarn types on the performance properties of denim fabrics

This study aims to investigate the effects of different washing processes, twill directions, and yarn types on the performance properties of denim fabrics. For this purpose, 100% cotton elastane, 85% cotton/15% Modal elastane, and 85% cotton/15% Tencel elastane including denim fabrics were produced with two different weaves (3/1 Z and 3/1 S), and four different industrial washing operations were applied to these denim fabrics. In addition, untreated fabrics (not industrially washed) were used to compare the performance of the fabrics before and after industrial washing. The highest warp-breaking strength values were observed in the rinse-washed fabrics, whereas the highest shrinkage, elasticity, and rubbing fastness values were observed in the bleach-washed fabrics. In addition, it can be said that industrial washing processes reduce the growth values of untreated fabrics and reduce the bagging during use. Although the crystallisation degree of Tencel fibre is higher than that of Modal fibre, it was concluded that the use of Modal fibre with cotton increased the strength values. In contrast, the use of Tencel fibre with cotton increased the elasticity and rubbing fastness values of the denim fabrics.

Tackling the challenge of efficient VOCs removal across varied molecular sizes over zeolite adsorbent under humid conditions

Efficient removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with different molecular sizes over a single zeolite remains a great challenge, especially under humid conditions. Here, we introduced an innovative base leaching strategy to construct hierarchical pores within high-silica MFI zeolite on premise of maintaining a similar high micropore volume. The key points were the introduction of Al3+ and B3+ as pore directing agents into the base solution and meticulous regulation of the acid washing process. Because of the introduction of mesopores, the adsorption capacities for m-xylene increased by 16.1 times compared to that on conventional MFI adsorbent. Meanwhile, it exhibited comparable adsorption capacities for smaller VOCs, including dichloromethane and toluene. The adsorption capacities for ethanol showed a notable increase, accompanied by a decrease in the desorption temperature. This was attributed to the generation of additional silanol adsorption sites, as confirmed by 1H MAS NMR and in situ FT-IR spectra. Moreover, the optimal adsorbent presented good regeneration performance throughout the four dynamic adsorption–desorption cycling tests for all VOCs.