Passenger Transport Volume Research Articles

FORMATION OF A NETWORK OF EVACUATION BUS ROUTES FOR THE SALTIV RESIDENTIAL AREA OF KHARKIV

Evacuation mobility of the population during military operations or emergencies is one of the most vital tasks in ensuring the safety and rescue of citizens. Planning this mobility requires a conceptual approach, system analysis, and a comprehensive preparatory stage. The primary task for organising the population’s bus transportation during evacuation is planning routes and determining their time parameters. This process requires preliminary determination of the points of traffic organisation, establishment of routes and meeting points, allocation of resources, and coordination of work with other types of passenger transport. The study aims to develop the sequence of formation of evacuation bus routes in the Saltiv residential area of Kharkiv and to establish the functional effect of operational parameters of their work on the duration of population evacuation. The methodological basis for building a network of evacuation bus routes is a developed structural model of the impact of input parameters on the general evacuation time for the population and the transport capabilities of the routes. This model describes the functional relationship between the existing volume of passenger transportation on urban transport routes, the share of passengers subject to evacuation, the number of stopping points on evacuation routes, the length of routes, the speed of movement, the time of boarding and disembarking the passengers, the capacity of buses and their number. The criterion for evaluating the efficiency of the routes is the total time of population evacuation, depending on the number of buses on the routes. Based on the analysis of the location of shelter facilities and transfer stations on the subway line, we established that it is expedient to create seven evacuation routes that ensure the timely evacuation of the population. After assessing the available passenger traffic on city transport routes, we determined the potential demand for evacuation transportation. The analysis of the operational parameters of the routes made it possible to specify the time indicators for the evacuation of the population. The analysis of the interaction processes resulted in a diagram of the structural contour of the functional connection. The developed analytical models helped to establish several indicators characterising the operation of evacuation bus routes. The developed theoretical foundations are the basis for simulation modelling and setting the regularity of changes in evacuation efficiency assessment indicators depending on the number and capacity of buses. Based on the real-life conditions, the study determined the need to use two buses on each route to evacuate the population in the district. Such conditions will ensure the transfer of the population to the safe zones within 18.3 to 31.7 hours. Keywords: population evacuation, bus, evacuation route, volume of transportation, travel time.

Evaluation of the Development Level of Green Transportation in National Central Cities

Green transportation is the core embodiment of ecological civilization and the concept of green development within the field of transportation, and it is an important strategic choice for sustainable urban development. National central cities represent the highest level in China’s urban system planning. This paper aims to evaluate the level of green transportation development in national central cities. It established a set of 29 specific evaluation indicators from five dimensions: basic indicators, green transportation infrastructure, traffic environmental protection, traffic travel, and traffic safety. It constructed an evaluation index system for the development level of green transportation. The entropy weight TOPSIS method was utilized to evaluate the development levels of green transportation in nine national central cities from 2020 to 2022. An obstacle degree model was constructed to identify key obstacle factors at both the criterion and indicator layers of the green transportation development level evaluation index system for national central cities. Suggestions were proposed from five aspects: establishing a comprehensive policy framework, promoting regional collaborative development, accelerating infrastructure construction, improving transportation service quality, and fostering the green upgrading of industries. The results showed that the comprehensive ranking of green transportation development levels among the national central cities from high to low for the years 2020–2022 was as follows: Shanghai, Chongqing, Chengdu, Beijing, Guangzhou, Tianjin, Wuhan, Xi’an, Zhengzhou. In terms of the regional spatial layout, the green transportation development levels of the nine national central cities generally exhibited a “high on the periphery, low in the center” distribution characteristic. The comprehensive ranking of the obstacle degree in the criterion layer was as follows: basic indicators, traffic travel, green transportation infrastructure, traffic environmental protection, traffic safety. After screening the criteria level where the obstacle degree calculation results are above 15%, traffic safety is eliminated. The nine cities, which were located in different regions, generally maintained consistent internal obstacle factors and their order. The top five indicators with the highest frequency of obstacle degrees at the indicator layer were as follows: total passenger transport volume, number of taxis, new energy vehicle production, expenditure for transportation, and total freight transport volume. The specific key obstacle factors at the indicator level were different in the nine cities.

Modeling of Passenger Flows Analysis System of Low-carbon Transportation in a Smart City

The paper examines the impact of the increase in passenger traffic in public transport on environmental pollution, as well as the search for ways to reduce emissions of carbon-containing compounds caused by the growth of the planet’s population, the number of vehicles that transport them, and the amount of emissions that these vehicles generate. The object of research is the system of passenger transportation in a smart city. Through correlation-regression analysis of passenger flows in a regional city with a population of fewer than 1 million registered residents, the paper identifies a functional dependence between the volume of passenger transportation by public transport and the volume of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmospheric air from mobile sources of pollution, which include all types of automobile and electric transport. It was established that the optimization of the public transport network plays a decisive role in the implementation of low-carbon transportation. Conceptual provisions for the creation of an intelligent system for the organization of low-carbon passenger transportation in a smart city were proposed, which were displayed using activity, state, and deployment diagrams. The optimization of the routes of the public transport system is proposed to be implemented through the concept of adding a new passenger, supplementing the route, and adapting public transport networks to the needs of consumers and the demand for transport to achieve the goals of the concept of a smart city - reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The scientific novelty of the proposed intelligent system concept consists of the use of an integrated approach to the optimization of vehicle routes in a smart city to reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere.

Development of High-Speed Railway Network in Europe: A Case Study of Ukraine

The current task today is the development of theoretical and methodological approaches, as well as practical recommendations for determining the technical feasibility of creating high-speed railway (HSR) lines in the European context. The development of railways in individual countries, followed by the creation of a pan-European high-speed railway network, has raised questions about the compatibility of the technical systems of individual national HSRs. This paper addresses these issues using the example of Ukraine. The research is based on an analysis of scientific developments related to the design of HSR lines and the synthesis of European experience in identifying priority route directions in Ukraine. For comparing various scenarios for the development of railway connections, the authors have developed a forecasting and efficiency assessment model based on the Net Present Value (NPV) indicator. It has been demonstrated that considering the population attracted to HSR and the volume of transit passenger transportation alone is insufficient to achieve the normative investment payback. This situation can only be rectified by implementing mixed traffic involving high-speed passenger trains and accelerated freight trains. However, mixed traffic of passenger and freight trains on high-speed rail lines may face numerous issues and constraints that require careful planning and coordination.

DETERMINATION OF THE FREQUENCY OF NATURAL OSCILLATIONS OF THE ELEMENTS OF THE MECHANICAL SYSTEM OF THE MOTOR CARRIAGE ROLLING STOCK

The article is devoted to highlighting the peculiarities of determining the frequencies of natural oscillations of the elements of the mechanical system of modern rolling stock. A significant volume of passenger transportation in suburban traffic on railway networks of Ukraine is carried out by the operating fleet of rolling stock, most of which are operated overtime. Taking into account the relatively slow pace of renewal of Ukrzaliznytsia's rolling stock fleet, scientific research aimed at maintaining a high level of technical and economic indicators of electric trains in operation becomes especially important. Therefore, research aimed at improving performance indicators of structural elements of rolling stock should be considered relevant. As one of the most responsible units of the mechanical system of modern rolling stock, the crew part can be singled out, which includes a traction electric drive, during the operation of which the phenomenon of jolts is observed in some modes of operation. Such a phenomenon is observed in resonant modes of operation, that is, the coincidence of the frequencies of natural and forced oscillations, which negatively affects the reliability and durability of the mechanical system as a whole. Therefore, the task of identifying resonant frequencies and eliminating the manifestation of the negative phenomenon of resonance arises. One of the possible ways to solve the given problem is to adjust the operation of the traction drive mechanism in non-resonant modes, which in turn requires research on the torsional oscillations of the mechanical drive system. The article presents an approach using geometric models of the design elements of the traction drive of electric trains, the corresponding mathematical model, and the results of modeling the shape of the frequency of natural oscillations of the traction drive of an electric train. Based on the results of the calculations, it was determined that the form of natural oscillation frequencies of the considered mechanical system has a two-node character. The proposed approach is based on the use of a tabular form of calculation of recurrent formulas. Based on the results of the research, recommendations are given for the further use of the obtained results. Keywords: motor-wagon rolling stock, electric train, traction drive, self-oscillations.

ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSPORT VOLUME OF PASSENGERS AND CARGO ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE WARSAW-OKĘCIE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (POLAND)

Currently, the branch of air transport is one of the most dynamically developing branches of transport. Modern air transport systems provide relatively high quality of services in terms of satisfaction, preferences, and tastes of potential recipients, passengers, and freight operators. Air transport systems use highly advanced technologies, equipment, infrastructure, and appropriate rules and procedures in order to ensure the desired quality of services. The article presents an analysis of the volume of passenger and cargo transport in air transport on the example of the Warszawa Okęcie International Airport (Poland). The analysis covered the years from 2011 to 2021. In addition, the market of air services, and air connections with Warszawa Okęcie International Airport were characterized.

Trends in Development of Chinese-Russian Relations in the Field of Railway Transport

The article analyses the nature of transport relations between Russia and China in order to identify the main trends and forecasts regarding development of cooperation between the two countries in this area.A brief excursion into the history of interaction of partners includes the retrospective of construction of mainlines that served to increase the efficiency of transportation.The emphasis in the analysis of prospects is on improvement of transit routes within the framework of «One Belt One Road» and «Eastern Polygon» projects. Information is provided on construction of new and modernisation of existing railway lines with involvement of Chinese and Russian investment, including a bridge over the Amur River, the Kerak tunnel, and development of transit transportation through Kazakhstan and Mongolia. The role of transportation for effective cooperation in the energy field is emphasised.The article considers two types of transportation - freight and passenger. In both cases, there is a steady increase in interaction since in case of cargo transportation, the partnership has a beneficial effect on energy integration, while the efficiency of passenger logistics is determined by the railway connection between the cities of Russia and China.The cooperation of Russian and Chinese companies in the field of advanced technologies and investments in the field of high­speed rail transport is noted.The conclusion is made about the mutually beneficial nature and prospects of strengthening cooperation in the field of railway transport, its role in development of the region and transport infrastructure, as well as in increasing the volume of cargo and passenger transportation.

Tracking Availability of SDG 9.1 Indicators Regarding Transport Infrastructure Using the Example of G20 Member Countries

The increased interest in implementation of the sustainable development agenda requires an objective assessment of the success of progress towards the set sustainable development goals and objectives.The objective of the study described in the article is to consider the availability of transport indicators for SDG 9.1 («Develop high-quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and cross-border infrastructure, in order to support economic development and human well­being, with particular attention to ensuring affordable and equitable access for all») on the example of G20 countries, as well as to assess the completeness of the data provided by the countries. The information and empirical base of the study is based on data from the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. The study used general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, and classification.The result of data processing is an assessment of data availability and calculation of the data completeness index for G20 countries. The authors proposed additions to the monitored indicators in terms of the volume of passenger and cargo transportation by modes of transport, and also substantiated the need to introduce a new indicator «volume of investment in infrastructure by mode of transport».

Estimation of annual volumes of public transportation in a city

Problem. The task of determining the annual volumes of public transportation in a city is relevant when addressing almost any issue related to processes in the field of public transport, as it provides decision-makers with data on the actual state of passenger traffic on the routes. These data reflect the current operating conditions of carriers and the level of passenger service and thus present the extent to which public transport is fulfilling its primary task of providing transportation for the population. Goal. The goal is development of a methodology for calculating annual passenger transportation volumes based on a sample tabular survey of urban routes. Methodology. The paper presents a methodology for transitioning from passenger transportation volumes obtained based on field observations of public transport operations to annual transportation volumes. The reliability of the forecast can be improved by estimating probabilistically the boundaries of the interval of possible values of the on-time traffic volume and accepting the lower boundary of the interval as a guaranteed estimate of the desired value of the traffic volume with a given probability. Results. A methodology has been developed that allows predicting the annual volume of passenger transportation by urban transport based on sample observations. It allows you to estimate the guaranteed volume of public transportation in the city for a year with a given probability, which provides the customer with additional information when forecasting the annual volume of public transport work based on the average value. Originality. The presented methodology consists of the new transition method from sample daily volumes of passenger transportation to total annual volumes. Practical value. Forecasting the volume of the passenger transportation is the most influential component in setting tariffs for transportation services. The developed methodology allows obtaining the required values of annual volumes with a high degree of accuracy, based on actual transportation volumes, and is of practical interest to local authorities.

Impact of controlling railway fares on the financial shortfall of Sri Lanka railways (SLR)

Although envisaged as the means of delivering an attractive and efficient mode of public transport, Sri Lanka Railways (SLR) has incurred a financial shortfall since the mid-1900s. To overcome this financial shortfall SLR, a government department needs to adopt strategies that enhance its total revenue or reduce recurrent expenditure. Passenger revenue and freight revenue are major components of the total revenue of SLR. These are determined by fares and the volume of passenger and freight transport. This study examines the impact of government controls on railway fares on the financial shortfall of SLR. To do this, it analyses the effects of the railway passenger and freight revenue components of the financial statements from 1977 to 2018. An in-depth descriptive and graphical analysis is performed using secondary data to find the impact of these variables. The study ascertains that the long-term financial shortfall of SLR is attributable to two factors: SLR charges relatively low passenger fares charged by SLR compared with public bus transport, and it does not revise its fares in line with changes in the bus. This study recommends that decision-makers and planners formulate a railway fare policy that is revised in line with bus fares and adopt measures to enhance the quality and level of service delivered by SLR.

Development of intelligent transport systems of Ukraine

The article determines that the possibilities of the extensive direction of meeting the needs of society in increasing the volume of passenger transportation by increasing the number of vehicles are largely exhausted, especially in large cities. A generalization of the modern development of intelligent transport systems (ITS) in Ukraine was carried out in two directions. The direction of introduction of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) into vehicles is highlighted. Reasonable expediency of the MaaS (Mobility as a service) direction of regulating passenger flows. The importance of ITS implementation in Ukraine is highlighted. The goals of ITS development and the possibility of their application are considered. The main traffic management systems are outlined using the example of GPS tracking in the city of Lviv. Important aspects of the development of ITS in Ukraine are disclosed and the development of ITS of Ukraine is presented, in order to increase road safety. It has been proven that under the conditions of a well-developed intelligent transport system, non-stop synchronized traffic on streets and roads is ensured.

КОМПЛЕКСНИЙ АНАЛІЗ РОБОТИ ТРАНСПОРТНОЇ СИСТЕМИ УКРАЇНИ В СФЕРІ ПАСАЖИРСЬКИХ ПЕРЕВЕЗЕНЬ

The transport system of Ukraine aims to meet the requirements of public production and national security, to have an extensive infrastructure for the provision of the entire range of transport services and to ensure Ukraine's foreign economic ties. Modern problems of the country lead to changes in indicators of the functioning of production, trade, tourism, etc., and above all, they are reflected in indicators of passenger traffic and the number of passengers transported by various modes of transport. The special position of passenger transportation is determined by their high socio-economic importance in the life of society and the fulfillment of one of the most important guarantees of the state – freedom of movement. The volume of passenger transportation is determined by the population and transport mobility, however, transport mobility is influenced by many factors that cannot be calculated. The general unsolved problem of this direction is the constant change of statistical data in different conditions in which the country is located, this is economic instability and the state of war, which leads to general problems both in the state and in the transport industry. As shown by development trends, further fluctuations in the volume of passenger transportation should be expected in the future, given the forecasted moderate growth of the economy of trade and tourism. Accordingly, there is a need for constant updating of statistical data by means of an analysis of the functioning of the transport system in the field of passenger transportation, as well as updating and correcting improvement methods in relation to its functioning, which confirms the relevance of the chosen topic. Therefore, the relevance of the research lies in conducting a comprehensive analysis of the operation of the transport system in the field of passenger transportation and, on the basis of that, proposals to increase their efficiency. In this research, the author conducted an analysis of the dynamics and structure of passenger transportation by various types of transport. The structure of the ratio of indicators of passenger transportation is determined. The dynamics of passenger turnover of the transport system of Ukraine for the period from 2015 to 2022 was studied. The trends of changes in indicators of the dynamics of passenger traffic in modern realities and the identification and study of factors affecting the change in passenger traffic are determined.

Marketing analysis of the transport services market

In the modern conditions of martial law, the strategic importance of the accelerated development of the production infrastructure, in particular the transport system, which plays a key role in the reliable transportation of material resources, is determined. Ensuring the high quality of transport services becomes a critical factor in the competitive struggle, contributing to the increase in production efficiency and the growth of enterprise revenues. Solving transport problems and managing processes in the transport sector are of great importance for increasing the overall efficiency of the country's economy, given that the development of the transport complex directly affects the level of economic development. The purpose of the article is to conduct a marketing analysis of transport services in Ukraine, to identify key factors and trends of this segment, as well as to search for promising directions for further development. The results of the analysis of world statistical data confirm the relevance of the researched topic. Ukraine, despite a small reduction in the volume of transportation, ranks 26th in the world in terms of the volume of passenger transportation. The author revealed the general dynamics of the Ukrainian automobile passenger transport sector and its position in the global context, which requires attention to the improvement of strategic decisions and pricing policy in this area in order to ensure sustainable development in conditions of active competition. The analysis of research in the field of transport services market confirms the high level of interest of the scientific community in the study of this issue, revealing more than 700 publications. The steady increase in the number of publications shows the global distribution of interest in different countries, and the visualization map of keyword clusters indicates the main thematic areas of research aimed at marketing analysis, consumer behavior, customer portrait, service and marketing tools. The author's marketing analysis confirms that Sharry's target audience highly values reliable, comfortable and affordable means of travel, responding positively to a wide range of routes and innovations that the company constantly implements. Based on the results of the marketing analysis, the author identified ways to improve the marketing activity of the Sharry.eu service.

E-Government Development in European Countries: Socio-Economic and Environmental Aspects

The purpose of the paper is to analyse the relationship between digitalisation of public services (e-government) and ESG factors (environmental, social and economic factors). As public administration is a major stakeholder influencing sustainable development and state governments are aiming to digitise their services, there is a need to better understand the effect of the digital revolution on ESG. This article aims to study the relationship between the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) and ESG factors in 26 European countries. The linear ordering method TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) was used for the study, followed by the Perkal index and the method of optimal predictors’ selection—the Hellwig method. The study is based on the Eurostat data (in the period 2003–2020), and the analysis includes ten variables: Share of environmental taxes in GDP; Exposure to dust air pollution; Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector—carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, etc. (energy, industry, agriculture, forestry, waste management) (thousands of tonnes); Passenger transport volume in relation to GDP; At risk of poverty or social exclusion; Percentage of people satisfied with their financial situation among people aged 16+; Share of the ICT sector in GDP; Unemployment rate of people aged 20–64; Research and development expenditure in all sectors; GDP per capita. The in-depth analysis offers a matrix that represents the relationships between environmental taxes and the development of e-government. The main finding reveals statistically significant relationships between the EGDI and aggregate variables representing the environmental, social and economic spheres. It indicates a genuine, positive impact of digitalised administrative processes on sustainable development. It also seems to confirm that investments in digital infrastructure and government e-services bring multiple long-term benefits and contribute directly to all three domains relevant to the sustainability of modern development. The results of the analysis can be found useful by governments and governmental institutions as informing digitalisation strategies aimed at balancing the development of e-services and their support infrastructure. Nowadays, when planning strategic actions, one should take into account the social, economic and environmental impact of the digitalisation processes.

Forecasting the volume of passenger transportation by inland water transport

The article discusses the currently used methods of forecasting passenger traffic volumes. The authors considered both statistical forecasting methods based on the construction of trend lines, and methods that take into account, in addition to the trend values of traffic volume indicators, other factors that affect the forecast values of passenger transport. On the example of water transport, the forecast values of traffic volumes were calculated by various methods, and the analysis of the calculation results was carried out.

Implementation of COVID-19 measures in railway operation in the Slovak Republic

Rail transport has a crucial role to play not only in the EU’s strategy for a sustainable transport sector, but also in terms of economic and social cohesion. It contributes significantly to the mix of transport modes in the EU, while providing clean mobility and a high degree of efficiency. Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the volume of passenger and freight rail transport has fallen sharply due to constraints and lower demand for transport. Several players in the rail market had to close down. Rail operators had to face a sharp decline in transport services. In 2020, the demand for passenger transport was significantly lower than in the previous year. Thus, railway undertakings were not able to pay the charges for access to the railway infrastructure during the emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Infrastructure managers had the opportunity to temporarily reduce, waive or defer these charges. The negative economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic could reduce or significantly endanger their financial viability for market stakeholders. Reducing charges for access to railway infrastructure is just one of the few measures that will help railway undertakings to function better. The paper focuses on the analysis of the impact of the pandemic and the implemented measures on the passenger rail sector in the Slovak Republic and on the development of rail passenger and freight transport during the pandemic. It summarizes the proposed measures against the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in rail transport in Slovakia.

Implementation of COVID-19 measures in railway operation in the Slovak Republic

Rail transport has a crucial role to play not only in the EU’s strategy for a sustainable transport sector, but also in terms of economic and social cohesion. It contributes significantly to the mix of transport modes in the EU, while providing clean mobility and a high degree of efficiency. Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the volume of passenger and freight rail transport has fallen sharply due to constraints and lower demand for transport. Several players in the rail market had to close down. Rail operators had to face a sharp decline in transport services. In 2020, the demand for passenger transport was significantly lower than in the previous year. Thus, railway undertakings were not able to pay the charges for access to the railway infrastructure during the emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Infrastructure managers had the opportunity to temporarily reduce, waive or defer these charges. The negative economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic could reduce or significantly endanger their financial viability for market stakeholders. Reducing charges for access to railway infrastructure is just one of the few measures that will help railway undertakings to function better. The paper focuses on the analysis of the impact of the pandemic and the implemented measures on the passenger rail sector in the Slovak Republic and on the development of rail passenger and freight transport during the pandemic. It summarizes the proposed measures against the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in rail transport in Slovakia.

Forecasting the Volume of Tourism Services in Uzbekistan

The aim of the present research is to assess the impact of factors such as welfare, infrastructure, security, and the environment on inbound tourism as well as to develop its forecast. Six proxy indicators of the above-mentioned factors were selected as variables, namely, welfare (real GDP per capita, life expectancy, consumer price index), infrastructure (passenger transportation volume), security (total recorded crimes), and the environment (CO2 emissions). We used a time series-univariate ARIMA model to forecast the inbound tourism in the Republic of Uzbekistan, and applied the ARDL model to assess the impact of lagged real GDP per capita on inbound tourism in both the short and long terms. The results of our research show that security and welfare significantly affect the inflow of foreign tourists in the country, along with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, the effects of which are expected to persist beyond 2026.

Development of air transport in industry 4.0: Prospects, prerequisites, challenges

The article analyzes the economic activity of air transport in Ukraine, formed ideas about the state and prospects for improving the competitiveness of domestic airlines in the market of passenger air service. The indicators of airlines activity have been analyzed and the dynamics of passenger and cargo air transportation volume has been shown. The directions of development of air transport in the conditions of Industry 4.0 and the basic principles of transition of air transport to Industry 4.0 are suggested. The unfavorable situations affecting the level of air transportation in Ukraine and some ways to overcome the crisis phenomena were determined. The authors have formed the main trends in the development of air transport and identified internal and external influencing factors. The analysis of strategic potential and possibilities of aviation transport development has been performed. Practical recommendations are given for increasing the competitiveness of the Ukrainian aviation market.

An empirical analysis of driving factors of Xi’an hub economic development

In order to promote Xi’an’s economic development as an export-oriented hub, 7 indicators, including GDP, foreign trade volume, investment volume, passenger transport volume, freight volume, post and telecommunications business income, and the number of industrial enterprises above designated size, are selected to analyze the development of the hub economy through multiple linear regression analysis method. The results show that foreign trade, passenger traffic and post and telecommunications business revenues are significant to the economic development of Xi’an hub. However, the freight volume, investment and the number of enterprises above designated size have not passed the inspection. According to self-organization theory, the countermeasures for Xi’an to develop the hub economy are puts forward.