Extraction Volume Research Articles

Optimization and stability analysis of citric acid-assisted extraction of Lonicera caerulea pomace

This study employed both response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) to optimize the technological conditions for citric acid-assisted extraction of bioactive components from Lonicera caerulea pomace. We optimized the contents of polyphenols and crude polysaccharides in the extract based on extraction volume, temperature, and time. The ANN model exhibited superior predictability and accuracy compared to the RSM model. Using citric acid solution with a pH of 2 as the extraction agent, the optimal conditions were a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:36, an extraction temperature of 63 °C, and an extraction time of 4 h. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that citric acid-assisted extraction destroyed the surface microstructure of Lonicera caerulea pomace, facilitating the release of bound substances. Furthermore, a storage stability experiment demonstrated that retention rates of polyphenols, polysaccharides, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity in powdered Lonicera caerulea pomace extract remained above 90% after 4 weeks at 4 °C in the dark. Anthocyanin, a primary polyphenol in Lonicera caerulea, correlated significantly with antioxidant activity, as confirmed by PCA results.

Phenotypic Evaluation of Saccharum spp. Genotypes during the Plant-Cane Crop for Biomass Production in Northcentral Mississippi

Saccharum is relatively new to 33° N latitude. S. spontaneum readily hybridizes with commercial sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) and lends cold tolerance and greater yield to the hybrid progeny, called energycane. Since 2007, there have been numerous new hybrid and backcross energycane genotypes developed but there is a paucity of information about them. Twenty energycane genotypes were tested in the first season of growth from cane propagules (plant cane; PC) against Ho 02-113 (a control) for two site-years in northcentral Mississippi. Grand (exponential) growth continued into October. The prevailing paradigm is that tonnage is what matters. Except for percentage cellulose, all factors tested (dry matter yield, extractable juice volume, °Brix, theoretical ethanol from fermentation, theoretical ethanol from cellulose, and total theoretical ethanol) were greater from the second site-location compared to the first. Dry matter yield (DMY) and total theoretical ethanol yield (TTEY) were moderately correlated. Over the two years of this test only Ho 14-9213 exceeded in mean DMY of Ho 02-113. Sixteen of the 19 test genotypes in this test equaled or exceeded the mean TTEY of Ho 02-113.

Use of Technogenic Mineral Formations: Current State, Identified Trends

It has been established that there is a constant increase in the accumulation of waste within the borders of the RF, in which the main share consists of waste from mining. The correlation between the annual mass of waste generated from technogenic mineral formations (TMF) and the volume of mineral extraction and the specific share of the open-pit mining method has been determined. The distribution of accumulated waste across the Federal Districts has been identified and the situation with their use has been characterized. It was noted that in the Federal Districts with the largest volume of accumulated waste, the percent of their involvement in secondary circulation for the period 2019–2022 decreases (relative decrease percent 41.2–7.2%). A conclusion is made about the unsatisfactory state of affairs in the field of application of SWM, which requires the number of measures to solve problems that complicate the introduction of man-made deposits into economic circulation.

Simulated-use evaluation of rapid ChannelCheck™ cleaning test for optimal detection of organic residues in flexible endoscope channels

The need to monitor manual cleaning of high-risk endoscopes is recommended or more so required by the current endoscope reprocessing guidelines. The objective of this study was to establish the optimal extraction volume for colonoscopes and bronchoscopes and demonstrate the extraction efficacy for the ChannelCheck™ rapid test. The test soil utilized as a positive control was ATS2015 containing 20% defibrinated bovine blood. The extraction from the instrument channel of a colonoscope and bronchoscope was evaluated to establish the optimal extraction volume and the extraction efficacy for protein, carbohydrate and haemoglobin. Of the extraction volumes tested, 10mL was optimal for both colonoscopes and bronchoscopes. The extraction efficacy was 91% for carbohydrate, 83.7% for haemoglobin and 82.4% for protein. The limit of detection for these analytes by the ChannelCheck rapid test meet or exceed the established levels that correlate with adequate manual cleaning of flexible endoscopes.

Classification of deep and shallow groundwater wells based on machine learning in the Hebei Plain North China

Accurately determining the extraction volumes from various aquifers is crucial for effectively managing groundwater overexploitation. A key initial step in quantifying extracted groundwater volumes involves the classification of groundwater wells as either deep or shallow. This study evaluated 881,872 groundwater wells in the Hebei Plain, applying machine learning techniques to classify wells with unknown depths. Through the hydrogeological borehole data, the groundwater wells with known depth are divided into deep wells and shallow wells. Four machine learning algorithms—Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression, and Naive Bayes—were employed to classify groundwater wells with unknown depths. The accuracy of these models was validated using known-depth well classifications. The results reveal that the Random Forest algorithm exhibited the highest performance among the models, achieving an overall accuracy of 91.23%. According to the Random Forest model, 43.51% of groundwater wells with unknown depths were classified as deep, while 56.49% were classified as shallow. The study also found that wells in areas where salinity exceeds 2 g/L are primarily deep groundwater wells. These findings provide valuable technical insight for groundwater well decommissioning and facilitate the assessment of extracted volumes of deep and shallow groundwater.

Optimization of iron nanoparticle sizethrough green synthesis using leaf extract from selective members of citrus family

Nanoparticles (NPs) are known for their unique attributes due to their small size that lies in atomic domain. The unique properties of NPs have prompted researchers to explore ways to make these materials with controlled size and morphology. The green synthesis of NPs is the most promising way of preparing NPs due to its convenience, environmentally friendly nature and cost effectiveness. This research work was mainly concerned with the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles (INPs) using three members of the citrus family (i.e., grapefruit, lemon, orange) under direct heating and ultrasound mediated conditions. The prepared NPs were investigated by different characterization techniques including Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results revealed and demonstrated that the NPs thus formed differed not only in their sizes but also in the number of phases in PSA. The NPs prepared from extract of grapefruit leaves showed uniformity when lower concentration of extract was used; however, when higher volume were used formation of two phases was observed. In the case of ultrasound mediated synthesis, the formation of two phases was observed even at lower volume of grapefruit leave extract. In the case of nanoparticles (NPs) prepared using lemon leaf extract, both heating and ultrasound-mediated conditions resulted in the formation of multiple phases. Conversely, for NPs prepared with orange leaf extract, ultrasound-mediated conditions consistently led to the formation of a single phase, regardless of the volume of plant extract used. However, the size of these phases varied, showing an irregular trend with the volume of the plant extract. The FTIR spectra, DLS results, and SEM images reflected quite drastic differences in NPs before and after calcination. All synthesized NPs exhibited the same surface plasmon resonance of 700 nm.

National trends in the use of aquatic bioresources

The article examines the domestic trends in the use of aquatic biological resources for more than a century. Until the early 1950s, inland waters, primarily the Caspian and Azov Seas, played a key role. Total catch volumes did not exceed 2 million tons. Anthropogenic impact has led to global negative changes in the ecosystems of the south seas of our country. The fishery importance of inland reservoirs has significantly decreased. The active development of oceanic fishing in the 1960s and 1980s made it possible to increase the volume of extraction of aquatic biological resources to 10−11 million tons. Starting in 2018 Access to the use of aquatic biological resources largely depends on the involvement of domestic industrial companies in the construction of new ships at Russian shipyards. The proven reserves of even traditionally mined hydrobionts make it possible to fully ensure the fishing capacities of all vessels currently under construction and under design. The contribution of commercial fish farming to the total production of domestic fish products in the foreseeable future, apparently, will not exceed 10%.

Effect of precipitating agent, N2 gas, extract volume and pH on the magnetic properties of magnetite nanoparticles by green synthesis from aqueous pomegranate peel extract.

Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPMNPs) have attracted considerable attention in biomedicine, particularly magnetic hyperthermia for cancer treatment. However, the development of efficient and eco-friendly methods for synthesizing SPMNPs remains a challenge. This study reports on a green synthesis approach for SPMNPs using pomegranate peel extract as a stabilizing agent. The effects of various synthesis parameters, including the type of precipitating agent (NH3 and NaOH), N2 gas, extract volume, and pH, were systematically investigated with regard to the size, morphology, and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. The results showed that reducing the volume of the extract increased the saturation magnetization of the nanoparticles. N2 gas was found to be essential in preventing the oxidation of the nanoparticles. The type of precipitating agent also affected the size and magnetization of the nanoparticles, with NaOH leading to the synthesis of SPMNPs with higher magnetization (∼4times) compared to NH3. Additionally, nanoparticles synthesized at pH 10 exhibited higher magnetization than those synthesized at pH 8 and 12. In conclusion, the optimized synthesis conditions significantly affected the magnetization and stability of SPMNPs. These nanoparticles are suitable for use in magnetic nanofluid hyperthermia applications.

Development of an ecofriendly dispersive liquid phase microextraction method for the preconcentration of β-blockers in waste and environmental samples

Effective sample preparation is crucial in instrumental analysis to enhance selectivity, sensitivity, and instrument protection. The current trend of miniaturization in liquid–liquid extraction aims to conserve solvents and promote environmental sustainability. Liquid phase microextraction, requiring only small volumes of the extractant, facilitates sample preconcentration without the need for evaporation and reconstitution. This study presents the development of an eco-friendly dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method employing solidification of floating organic droplets for the determination of five β-blocker drugs in waste and environmental samples. The optimization of key variables affecting extraction efficiency, including extractant type and volume, pH of the diluent, dispersion technique, vortexing, and centrifugation time, was carried out. Optimal results were achieved using 50 μL of dodecanol as the extractant, 1 min of vortexing for dispersion, followed by 2 min of centrifugation for phase separation. The sample was then subjected to a 5 min cooling in an ice bath to solidify the dodecanol before UHPLC/UV analysis. The method yielded enrichment factors within the range of 23–55. The applicability of this approach was demonstrated in laboratory waste and environmental water analysis, with acceptable % recoveries ranging from 98.07 % to 101.83 % and %RSD below 1.96. Moreover, we assessed the method’s performance and greenness with ComplexGAPI, BAGI, and carbon footprint. This method not only provides high efficiency and reliability but also aligns with the principles of sustainablility.

Biosynthesized gold nanoparticles for enhanced determination of nicotine in heated tobacco products

An electrochemical sensor for nicotine determination in heated tobacco products (HTPs) was developed using biosynthesized AuNPs from Ceiba pentandra leaf extract. The biosynthesis process was optimized by investigating the effects of HauCl4 concentration, extract volume, reaction temperature, and time on the formation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The biosynthesized AuNPs were characterized using various techniques, confirming their crystallinity, spherical morphology, and uniform size distribution with an average diameter of 19.8 ± 3.6 nm. The AuNP modified glassy carbon electrode (AuNP/GCE) exhibited enhanced electrochemical performance compared to the bare GCE, facilitating efficient oxidation of nicotine. The AuNP/GCE sensor demonstrated a wide linear range of 0.02–280 µmol L−1 and a low limit of detection of 0.01 µmol L−1 for nicotine determination. The sensor showed excellent selectivity towards nicotine in the presence of common interfering substances, with negligible responses (<5 % change) to uric acid, paracetamol, glucose, melamine, L-cysteine, and dopamine. The AuNP/GCE sensor's applicability was validated by analyzing nicotine levels in real HTP samples, with excellent recovery rates (97.6–102.4 %) and good agreement with the HPLC (R2 = 0.998). The biosynthesized AuNP-based electrochemical sensor offers a rapid, sensitive, eco-friendly, and cost-effective approach for nicotine determination in HTPs, providing a valuable tool for quality control and regulatory purposes.

Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Monoon longifolium leave extract for biological applications

The present study deals with the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using the Monoonlongifolium (M. longifolium) leaf extract. The prepared ZnO NPs were characterized by XRD, FTIR, UV–Vis, TGA/DTA, and SEM. The synthesis parameters, such as plant extract volume (10–50 mL), heating duration (15 min), zinc nitrate concentration (1 mM), reaction time (1 h), and temperature (60 °C), were optimized. The synthesized ZnO NPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcusaureus (22 ± 0.57 mm) and Escherichiacoli (19 ± 1 mm), as well as antifungal activity against Candidaalbicans (21 ± 0.16 mm), as determined by the agar-well-diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ZnO-NPs against S. aureus (6.25µg/mL) and E. coli (12.5 µg/mL), respectively, while the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was 25 µg/mL against Candidaalbicans. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of the ZnO NPs ranged from 0 to 78% (IC50 = 12.5 μg/mL). These results demonstrate the potential of the synthesized ZnO NPs as effective antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant agents.

Extractive Fed-Batch Bioacetone Fermentation with Free Cell and Immobilized Clostridium Saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 in a Large Extractant Volume

Extractive Fed-Batch Bioacetone Fermentation with Free Cell and Immobilized Clostridium Saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 in a Large Extractant Volume

Statistical Analysis Applied to the Production of Mirto Liqueur

Preparation of myrtle liqueur through ethanol-based extraction is a widely employed methodology. Nevertheless, optimization of existing processes is possible, especially through a modern statistical multivariate approach. In this context, a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach was used to quantitatively assess for the first time the effect of the time, ethanol concentration, temperature, and the ratio between the Myrtus communis berries’ weight and the extractant volume (v/w) on the amounts of anthocyanins, volatile compounds and dry residues in the liqueur. The kinetic profile relative to the volatile fraction variation during the process was described by gas chromatography (GC), while spectrophotometric analysis allowed quantification of the total anthocyanins and total polyphenols. Multiple response analysis showed that the maximum efficiencies in terms of the considered parameters (desirability function) were reached by setting the temperature to 25 °C and the ethanol percentage to 96% after 20 days of processing. Some hints as to the chemical instability and not negligible sensitivity of anthocyanins in relation to the experimental conditions for longer extraction times were also observed. The statistical model represents a novel tool for industrial production of myrtle liqueur.

Preliminary Study: Antimicrobial Permeation and Release Rates of Biocellulose Wound Dressing Produced Using Acetobacter Xylinum 0416 in Pineapple Peel Waste Culture

Modern wound dressings are employed to hasten the healing of damaged skin. Alginate, foam, hydrogel, hydrocolloid and film are contemporary wound dressings. These contemporary wound dressings are effective for treating wounds because they keep moisture in the wound to help the skin of the damaged tissue heal. Another application for biocellulose (BC) is as a material for treating wounds. This is because biocellulose can absorb exudates from skin wounds and has a considerable water-holding capacity. Because pineapple peel waste has a high concentration of glucose and fructose, it can be used as a fermentation medium to make biocellulose. The manufacture of biocellulose also makes use of the bacterium Acetobacter xylinum 0416. The biocellulose fermentation process lasts five days at 30 °C in an incubator with static conditions. Utilising antimicrobial agents such as silver nanoparticle compounds, Moringa oleifera, or Melastoma malabathricum leaf extract will improve the antibacterial capabilities of biocellulose. The growth of A. xylinum 0416 indicates an exponential phase at 48 hours, where the number of bacterial cells increases, and the process of transferring 20% of the inoculum to the fermentation medium is carried out. BC fermentation in 6-well plates with 3 ml of pineapple peel extract volume at 30°C and pH 5.15 recorded the highest BC wet weight reading at 1.740g and an average of 1.393g. Low concentrations of silver nanoparticles and Moringa leaf extract at 0.02mg/ml, 5mg/l and 0.0125mg/l showed a good effect against the pathogen. The water absorption capacity of the raw BC shows a good absorption value of 144.84.

Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Allium Sativum Extract: Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity Against Nosocomial Bacteria

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are receiving considerable interest in different fields because of their outstanding features. This study investigated the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Allium sativum (garlic) extract and rigorously assessed their antibacterial efficacy against a panel of clinically relevant nosocomial pathogens. The obtained ZnO was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. ZnO NPs synthesized using A. sativum extract demonstrated dose-dependent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited the highest susceptibility to the green-synthesized ZnO NPs. Significantly, ZnO NPs synthesized using 3 mL of A. sativum extract displayed superior antibacterial activity compared to those with higher extract volumes. Furthermore, green-synthesized ZnO NPs exhibited significantly enhanced activity compared to conventionally produced (pure) ZnO NPs, particularly against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. These findings underscore the potential of A. sativum-mediated ZnO NP synthesis as a sustainable and highly effective strategy to combat multi-drug resistant bacteria, offering a promising direction for developing novel antibacterial therapeutics.

Characterization of Cichorium intybus L. Extract in Preventing Oxidative DNA Base Damage Using Gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS/MS)

Free radicals are unstable and are known for electron deficiency. This state renders DNA, proteins, and various biomolecules susceptible to detrimental interactions, leading to damage. However, this process can be regulated by antioxidants produced naturally on-site or externally through food or herbal supplements. In recent years, interest in characterizing alternative, natural and safe antioxidants obtained from plant sources has been increasing. Within this context, Cichorium intybus L. has garnered attention for its notable antioxidant content. In our previous study, we determined optimum conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction of antioxidants from Cichorium intybus L. using central composite design-response surface methodology. In this study, the quantitative determination of phenolics in the extract prepared under optimal conditions was undertaken employing high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The study’s primary goal is to investigate the impact of the extract derived from Cichorium intybus on the formation of products resulting from oxidative damage to DNA bases by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). For this purpose, different volumes of extract were added to the DNA + Fenton medium. When 25 µL of extract were added, 239.98 ± 5.81 ng of damaged product/mg DNA was present. 233.12 ± 5.63 ng of damaged product/mg DNA were obtained for 50 µL of extract and 165.76 ± 4.58 ng of damaged product/mg DNA for 100 µL. This study shows that Cichorium intybus has potential therapeutic effects on supporting antioxidant defenses and reducing oxidative DNA damage.

Green preparation of tertiary-phase titanium oxide nanopowder using Chlorella sp. aqueous extract

Herein, a novel green synthesis of tertiary-phase titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) using an aqueous extract of Chlorella sp. was reported for the first time. The TiO2 NPs were prepared using various extract volume concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 % v/v) and subsequently calcinated at 600 °C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed that the concentration ranging from 5 to 15 % v/v algae extract resulted in mixed phases of anatase, brookite, and rutile, while the extract concentration of 20 % v/v yielded mixed phases of anatase and brookite. The phase transformation from anatase to rutile decreased with increasing extract concentration. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the average grain size of the control TiO2 was 90 nm, whereas that of algae mediated TiO2 NPs was 10–20 nm. The concentration of algae extract was a very significant parameter for the phase transformation and particle size reduction of TiO2 NPs. The tertiary phase 10 % and 15 % algae mediated TiO2 powder also exhibited reaction rate constants (k) similar to the binary phase 20 % TiO2, despite containing lower anatase content. The present work demonstrated the successful synthesis of tertiary phases TiO2 nanopowder using microalgae Chlorella extract as a biogenic capping agent.

Highly stable reinforced nanostructure of silver-decorated on graphene oxide phytosynthesized through central composite design for antibacterial activity: Green and eco-friendly method

In this study, the simultaneous effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, and ratio of AgNO3 and Curcuma longa extract on the nanoparticle size in the silver nanoparticles@graphene oxide (Ag@GO) nanocomposite were thoroughly investigated via the central composite design model (CCD). The obtained results showed that all parameters played a crucial role in the change in the AgNPs size. Indeed, the synthesis conditions were determined to be 31.9 min, 60.22 °C, and volume ratio between AgNO3 and extract of 0.96 (mL/mL) according to the simulated model, while these were determined at 32 min, 60 °C, and 1.0 (mL/mL) of AgNO3:extract volume ratio in empirical experiments. Under these conditions, the average particle size of the AgNPs was determined to be 22.19 nm, which showed a negligible deviation as compared to the experimental result (23.47 nm). Furthermore, the characterization of the Ag@GO was also assessed, in which the AgNPs affirmed the presence of spherical shapes evenly distributed on the GO sheets through XPS spectra, XRD pattern, TEM, and AFM images results. In addition, the as-prepared material also shows a great antibacterial performance against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains with the IC50 values of 2.70 and 2.86 μg/mL at the bacteria density of 108 CFU/mL. Besides, the stability of the Ag@GO material in the form of suspension after 3 months was also evaluated, in which insignificant changes in the morphological structure were observed as compared to the initial sample. The aforementioned results exerted the great potential of the as-prepared material as an antibacterial agent in medicinal applications.

Optimizing CuO nanoparticle synthesis via walnut green husk extract utilizing response surface methodology

Fabrication of CuO nanoparticles (NPs), popular nanostructures, through green synthesis using plant extracts, offers distinct advantages, fostering their broad application. In this study, CuO NPs were synthesized utilizing walnut green husk aqueous extract, and their production was optimized by investigating the impact of three factors: extract volume, copper acetate concentration, and reaction time, employing response surface methodology (RSM) with a face-centered central composite design (CCD). A statistically significant and adequate linear model (p-value <0.0001, R2: 0.98) effectively described the influence of these factors on the CuO NPs production, with the extract volume exerting the highest impact, followed by copper acetate concentration, and reaction time demonstrating the least impact. The NPs, produced under conditions of 1 mM salt concentration and 1 mL extract per 10 mL reaction over 1 h, were characterized. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy revealed nearly spherical NPs with an average size of 54.03 nm and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 194 nm. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the elemental composition and the presence of extract biomolecules in the NP coating. The fabricated NPs exhibited an amorphous and monodisperse nature, with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 82.61 nm.

Guide for Optimization of Olive Leaf Extraction and Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesis as an Initial Step for Pilot Plant Design.

This account presents the results of two successful optimization processes. First, a polyphenol-rich aqueous olive extract was obtained and then silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized with high efficiency. Selected parameters for both processes were optimized based on the procedure of the Box-Behnken multifactorial design. The independent variables in the extraction process were the biomass/water ratio, temperature, and time. For AgNPs synthesis, the independent variables were the volume of olive extract, temperature, and process duration. The relationship between the process parameters was visualized graphically by using the response surface methodology. A high fit of the experimental data with the predicted models was shown. The regression coefficients were high, 0.9936 for extraction and 0.9757 for AgNPs biosynthesis. The extraction efficiency under its optimal conditions was as follows: biomass/solvent ratio 0.016, temperature 80 °C for 80 min, and yield 160.67 [μg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/mL]. The highest yield of AgNPs synthesis, equal to 1.955, was obtained when it was carried out for 50 min at 75 °C with the application of 11 mL of extract. Studies on the AgNPs suspension's stability depending on the extract amount were demonstrated. A physicochemical analysis using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy images, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for AgNPs obtained under optimal conditions was shown. Finally, a pilot-scale biosynthesis of AgNPs was designed.