VLDL Levels Research Articles

The Relation of Biomarkers in Serum Non-Alcohol Fatty Liver Disease with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and NAFLD Obese among Adults in Basrah Governorate

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the term for a range of conditions caused by a build-up of fat in the liver. The goal of the study was to determine the link between lipid damage (MDA), enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and various biochemical indicators in patients with NAFLD who had diabetes and obese adults. This study included comparison 100 patients and healthy control group, aged 18 to 75 years while BMI range from 15.9 to 50.9 Kg/m2. Enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)); non-enzymatic antioxidants (GSH, vit E and direct and total bilirubin); lipid damage (malondialdehyde (MDA)), and biochemical markers (liver enzyme (ALT, AST & ALP), glucose, Albumin and lipid profile in the serum samples were measured. The NAFLD with DM and obese adult showed increasing of glucose, BMI, ALT, AST, ALP, T. CHOL, LDL, TG, VLDL, SOD and CAT levels excepted HDL. It showed a decreasing. Whereas decrease of Vitamin E and ALB levels compared to control group. Our findings show that the serum enzymatic anti-oxidant, non-enzymatic anti-oxidant, dyslipidemia and liver disfunction and vitamin E decrease are tightly and independently related to NAFLD with diabetes and obese adult status.

ANTIDIABETIC PROPENSITY OF Tetracarpidium conophorum (AFRICAN WALNUT) SEED IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a metabolic condition that could lead to high morbidity and mortality. Current therapies for DM are not without adverse effects and do not restore normal glucose balance. Consequently, this investigation aimed to assess the anti-diabetic propensity of Tetracarpidium conophorum seed on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Thirty-six Wistar rats were split into six groups of six rats each. Rats in groups 2 to 6 were induced with 150 mg/kg of Alloxan monohydrate. Animals in groups 1 and 2 were untreated; those in group 3 were administered Glibenclamide, while animals in groups 4, 5, and 6 were treated with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight of Tetracarpidium conophorum for 21 days. Blood glucose level and lipid profile were evaluated at the end of the period in all studied groups. In comparison to the normal control group and the diabetic control group, Tetracarpidium conophorum seed-extract administration resulted in lower glucose, TC, TG, LDL-C, and VLDL levels, while also increasing HDL levels (P0.05). Therefore, it may be inferred that consumption Tetracarpidium conophorum seed extracts orally for 21 days at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg each had positive effects on hypoglycemia. Further evidence that it may be helpful in the management and prevention of diabetes came from its effects on blood lipids and glucose levels in diabetic rats.

25-Hydroxycholecalciferol levels and its equation with lipid parameters and Insulin sensitivity in obese and non-obese young adults: A pilot study

Abstract Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency and Obesity are the two prevailing health issues of the globe, with India being no exception. The sub optimal Vitamin D levels is associated with an elevated risk of a number of chronic disorders including malignancy, inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Obesity breeds metabolic disharmony. Recent data reports Vitamin D deficiency being more prevalent among the obese. Objective: This study is undertaken to see the association of Vitamin D levels with Body Mass Index (BMI), Lipid parameters and Insulin resistance in a sample population representing the urban Indian youth. Materials and Method: Fifty five apparently healthy young adults of 18 to 22 years age were recruited in this study and their serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol(25OHD), serum insulin, Total Cholesterol, High Density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), Low Density lipoprotein- cholesterol (LDL-c) and Triglyceride (TGL) levels were estimated. Insulin resistance(IR) was derived using the Homeostasis Model Assessment equation. Based on BMI, the participants were divided into Obese group with BMI ≥ 25 (n=21) and non-obese group with BMI < 25 (n=34). Result: 25OHD levels were almost same in both Groups (Obese11.1 ± 4.6 ng/ml and non-obese 11.0 ± 5.2 ng/ml). Serum total cholesterol, VLDL and insulin levels were significantly increased in the Obese group(p= 0.005, p= 0.015 and p=0.054 respectively) when compared to the non-obese group. We found statistically significant association between 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD) and TGL/HDL ratio in the Obese group. Conclusion: In this pilot study we have unravelled the subtle onset of metabolic derangement in Obese individuals with Vitamin D deficiency.

Potential anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic activities of alpha-pinene in diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease characterised by high levels of glucose in the blood, resulting from a relative or absolute deficiency in the action of insulin. It is now clear that a state of chronic low- level inflammation is closely associated with the pathophysiology of DM, which may contribute to the long-term effects of the disease. Some monoterpenes, compounds present in oils from various aromatic plants, such as β- pinene, have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, the current study sought to assess the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and anti-inflammatory effects of α-pinene, an isomer of β-pinene, in diabetic rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats (200–250 g) received a single injection of alloxan (40 mg/kg) through the penile vein to induce diabetes. Diabetic animals were orally treated with vehicle or α-pinene (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) or glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) for seven consecutive days. On the last day of treatment, blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and the anti-inflammatory effect of α-pinene was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced paw edema and carrageenan-induced peritonitis models. Results: The treatment with the monoterpene decreased blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, LDL, HDL, AST and ALT levels when compared to the vehicle group. Likewise, the association α-pinene + glibenclamide also decreased blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The oral treatment with α-pinene inhibited carrageenan-induced recruitment of total leukocytes to the peritoneal cavity and also inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema. Alpha-pinene showed significant hypoglycemic and hypolipemic activity at doses 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg. The strongest anti-inflammatory activity of α-pinene was observed at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Finally, these findings suggest that α-pinene may have anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and hypolipemic properties. Its anti-inflammatory properties are probably an asset for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. However, new preclinical tests are required to elucidate the mechanism of action by which α-pinene exerts its activity.

Assessment of lipid profile with HbA1c in type 2 diabetic Iraqi patients

Insulin-induced hyperglycemia is the hallmark of diabetes mellitus (DM), including various metabolic disorders. Diabetic people are more likely to develop dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity. Type 2 diabetes ‎(T2DM), the most common illness, is generally asymptomatic in its early stages and can go misdiagnosed for years. Diabetes screening may be beneficial in some cases since early identification and treatment can lessen the burden of diabetes and its consequences.‎ This study aimed to find the relationship between Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ‎and lipid profile components in T2DM‎ patients. Methods: This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was performed on the control group and T2DM patients in ‎Medical City in Baghdad between March and June 2021‎. A total of 90 patients with T2DM and ‎‎45 healthy control were included in this study. In the control group, healthy volunteer individuals participated. For all subjects, HbA1c, fasting blood sugar/FBS, and lipid profile (Total Cholesterol/TC, Triglyceride/TG, High-density Lipoprotein/HDL, Low-density Lipoprotein/LDL, and Very Low-density Lipoprotein/VLDL) were assessed. Among T2DM patients, 62.22% (n= 56) were male, and 37.78% (n= ‎‎34) were female. Mean ± SD levels of HbA1c, TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, HDL, and FBS were 7.33±0.56 ‎‎% (168.21±9.23, 146.10±9.64, 137.23±8.32, 41.05±5.86, 43.85±6.17, and ‎‎208.81±52.1) mg/dl respectively in the T2DM group. In the control group, ‎the Mean ± SD results of the same parameters were 4.91±0.27%, ‎‎(171.20±3.57, 116.60±8.25, 105.05±2.11, 41.83±4.92, 44.04±5.54, ‎‎96.20±7.8) mg/dl respectively. Results demonstrated statistically significant ‎‎differences between T2DM patients and control groups in HbA1c ‎‎(p equal to 0.0025), TG ‎(p equal to 0.015), LDL ‎ ‎(p=0.0029),‎ and FBS ‎(p=0.02‎). Pearson correlation analysis of HbA1c with other variables showed a significant ‎positive correlation with serum TC, TG, LDL, and ‎FBS ‎(r=0.573, P<0.01; ‎r=0.655, P <0.001; r=0.498, P<0.05‎; r=0.691, ‎P<‎0.001‎; ‎‏respectively). At the same time, the data showed a negative connection between HbA1c and HDL (r= - 0.562, P<0.01). The findings of this study reveal that diabetic people do not have a satisfactory HbA1c level. Furthermore, HbA1c shows a significant correlation with TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL, whereas it has a significant negative correlation with HDL. The study's findings showed that HbA1c might be a useful marker for predicting dyslipidemia in T2DM patients. Keywords: T2DM, Lipid profile, HbA1c.

Serum lipid profile among Sudanese patients diagnosed with hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is a term for overactive tissue within the thyroid gland, human hyperthyroidism is accompanied by multiple abnormalities with increased energy expenditure and excessive mobilization and utilization of metabolic substrates. The aim of this study is to investigate the concentration of serum lipid profiles in Sudanese patient with hyperthyroidism in Khartoum state. Analytical case control hospital base study recruited 50 patients diagnosed with hyperthyroidism compare with 50 control group, attended at Military Hospital, Khartoum state from January to April 2021. The results data show that the ages of hyperthyroidism were ranging (20-72 years). TSH and T3 were significantly increased in hyperthyroidism patients compared with control group. T4 on the other hand show no significant difference between hyperthyroidism patients (p=0.353) and control group. Total Cholesterol show significant increase in hyperthyroid patients when compared to control group, while the remaining Lipid profile (triglycerides (T.G), LDL-c HDL-c and VLDL) show no significant increase in hyperthyroidism patients compared to control group, T.G (p= .107), HDL-c (p= .189), and LDL-c (P=.113 ), VLDL-c (P=.506 ).The study show significant positive correlation between the levels of TSH and VLDL (r=0.396, P= 0.004). Positive correlation between the levels of T3 and total cholesterol (r=0.406, P= 0.003), positive correlation between the levels of T3 and LDL-c (r=0.296, P= 0.037). In conclusions, the hyperthyroidism causes significant increases of serum total Cholesterol, and other lipid profile remains normal.

CLINICAL EFFICACY OF HIGH DOSE WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS SUPPLEMENTATION ON LIPID PROFILE IN PRE-HYPERTENSIVE SUBJECTS

Background: Hypertension (HTN) is one of the preventable cardiovascular diseases (CVD) but it causes significant morbidity and mortality. Recently, incidence of pre-hypertension is increasing and it has a greater chance of developing into HTN. Dyslipidemia is one of the main risk factors for the development of CVD among the pre-hypertensive subjects. Water soluble vitamins display potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and also elicits favorable effect on lipid profile in HTN. In this backdrop, the present study was carried out to evaluate the supplementation of water-soluble vitamins on lipid profile in pre-hypertensive patients. Methods: This was a randomized, single blinded, and placebo-controlled study conducted on 60 pre-hypertensive subjects and was allocated into water soluble vitamins group (n=30) and received Becosules capsule for 4 months and placebo group (n=30) received starch capsule for 4 months. The blood was withdrawn at 2–4 months and the lipid profiles such as total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C, and VLDL were measured. Then, the lipid profiles were compared with in the group and between the groups at 2–4 months using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results: In this study, the triglycerides and VLDL level were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in water soluble vitamin groups as compared to the placebo groups. Meanwhile there was no significant alteration in the total cholesterol, HDL-C, and LDL-C level between the groups. Conclusion: Thus, the study shows that water soluble vitamins displayed significant anti-dyslipidemia effect in pre-hypertension and might also confer protection in the future progression of HTN.

The Aging Process: A Metabolomics Perspective.

Aging process is characterized by a progressive decline of several organic, physiological, and metabolic functions whose precise mechanism remains unclear. Metabolomics allows the identification of several metabolites and may contribute to clarifying the aging-regulated metabolic pathways. We aimed to investigate aging-related serum metabolic changes using a metabolomics approach. Fasting blood serum samples from 138 apparently healthy individuals (20-70 years old, 56% men) were analyzed by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) and Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS), and for clinical markers. Associations of the metabolic profile with age were explored via Correlations (r); Metabolite Set Enrichment Analysis; Multiple Linear Regression; and Aging Metabolism Breakpoint. The age increase was positively correlated (0.212 ≤ r ≤ 0.370, p < 0.05) with the clinical markers (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, triacylglyceride, and glucose levels); negatively correlated (-0.285 ≤ r ≤ -0.214, p < 0.05) with tryptophan, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, asparagine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine levels, but positively (0.237 ≤ r ≤ 0.269, p < 0.05) with aspartate and ornithine levels. These metabolites resulted in three enriched pathways: valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation, urea cycle, and ammonia recycling. Additionally, serum metabolic levels of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, isoleucine, aspartate, and ornithine explained 27.3% of the age variation, with the aging metabolism breakpoint occurring after the third decade of life. These results indicate that the aging process is potentially associated with reduced serum branched-chain amino acid levels (especially after the third decade of life) and progressively increased levels of serum metabolites indicative of the urea cycle.

Ameliorative effects of quercetin against hepatic toxicity of oral sub-chronic co-exposure to aluminum oxide nanoparticles and lead-acetate in male rats

The present study was designed to evaluate the probable ameliorative role of quercetin (QCN) against oxidative hepatotoxicity induced by aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3NPs) with a diameter < 30 nm and lead acetate (Pb) co-exposure in adult male Sprague–Dawley rats. Rats were weighed and allocated to seven groups (n = 10 each) and were treated orally via orogastric gavage for 60 successive days: rats of the 1st group were kept as control given distilled water (1 ml/kg), rats of the 2nd group received 2 ml/kg BW/day corn oil; rats of the 3rd group were administered 20 mg/kg BW QCN/day; rats of the 4th group received 100 mg/kg BW Al2O3NPs; rats of the 5th group received 50 mg/kg BW Pb; rats of the 6th group co-received Al2O3NPs and Pb at the same previous doses; and rats of the 7th group were co-administered Al2O3NPs, Pb, and QCN at the same previous doses. At the end of the experiment, serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total, direct, indirect bilirubin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, VLDL, and LDL were estimated. The hepatic oxidative stress biomarkers as superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were also evaluated. Finally, the histopathological and histomorphometric evaluations and the residues of Al and Pb in hepatic tissues were assessed. Al2O3NPs and/or Pb exposure significantly elevated lipid peroxidation levels and considerably altered the hepatic biochemical parameters; nevertheless, QCN significantly reduced hepatic enzymes compared to toxicant exposed groups. Additionally, QCN significantly improved Al2O3NPs-afforded liver tissue damage, as established in microscopic findings on the liver in the group treated with Al2O3NPs + Pb. Conclusively, QCN could be a candidate natural agent to safeguard the liver versus the co-harmful impacts of Al2O3NPs and Pb toxicity.

Acute toxicity and genotoxicity assessment of PgTeL, a lectin from pomegranate sarcotesta, in mice

• PgTeL did not show hemolytic and cytotoxic effects in vitro . • It also did not cause toxicity when administered intraperitoneally in mice. • No damage to genetic material was observed. • PgTeL induced an increase in HDL levels and a decrease in TG and LDL levels, suggesting a hypolidemic effect. • The results open several possibilities for the application of PgTeL in vivo . PgTeL is a chitin-binding lectin from Punica granatum sarcotesta and shows antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms of medical interest. PgTeL did not show cytotoxicity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells; however, there have been no studies to date on PgTeL toxicity in vivo . The present study evaluated PgTeL for cytotoxicity in murine splenocyte cells, in vitro hemolytic activity, and in vivo acute toxicity and genotoxicity in mice. In the acute toxicity assay with PgTeL at 100 mg/kg (i.p.), behavioral, biochemical, hematological, hemostatic, and histopathological parameters were evaluated. Comet and micronucleus tests were performed to assess the genotoxicity. After 24 h of incubation, there was only a slight decrease in splenocyte viability in treatments with PgTeL at 200 μg/mL (13.2%) and 100 μg/mL (9.9%) when compared to the control. No damage to the membranes of erythrocytes (0% hemolysis) was observed when they were incubated with all concentrations (3.9–1000 µg/mL) of PgTeL. There were no behavioral, hematological, hemostatic, or histopathological abnormalities in the in vivo acute toxicity assay. PgTeL caused an increase in HDL levels and decreased levels of triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL. The results provide several possibilities for the application of PgTeL in vivo , such as in formulations with antimicrobial potential.

Antioxidant, Anti-Obesity, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Polyphenol Rich Star Anise (Illicium verum) Tea in High-Fat-Sugar Diet-Induced Obesity Rat Model.

Star anise (Illicium verum Hook. fil.) is commonly utilized as a culinary and medicinal fruit and is most famous in indigenous systems of medicine. The present research work aims to appraise and validate the potential of polyphenol-rich star anise tea (SAT) on oxidative stress, obesity and related biochemical parameters in high-fat-sugar-diet (HFSD)-induced obesity model in rats. SAT was prepared using the traditional method in warm water. The Reverse Phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis was performed for the simultaneous determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in SAT. Two doses (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) were selected to investigate the anti-obesity potential of SAT using HFSD-induced obese rat model. Major (>5 mg/100 mL) phenolic acids in SAT were p-coumeric acid, gallic aid, cinamic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid while catechin and rutin were the major flavonoids detected in the SAT. SAT exhibited 51.3% DPPH radical scavenging activity. In vivo study showed that higher doses of SAT (500 mg/kg body weight) significantly reduced the body weight increase (74.82%) and BMI (0.64 g/cm2). Moreover, significant reductions in the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and VLDL were recorded in all the treatment groups in comparison to the HFSDC group. Furthermore, SAT reduced the alterations in MDA, SOD and GSH levels of experimental groups thus showing the potential against oxidative stress. The SAT-500 group showed a significant decrease in the elevated kidney and liver weights and atherogenic index in comparison to the HFSDC group. The present study proved that SAT exhibited strong protective effects against obesity and oxidative stress, especially at higher doses.

PMON31 IL-4 Serum Levels Correlate with Triglycerides and VLDL in African American males

Abstract Background Cytokines can play dual roles in diseases, while they signal the activation of the immune system, their mechanism of action results in inflammation. Low grade inflammation is often associated with metabolic diseases and a network of serum cytokines. IL-4 has been found to play a pro-inflammatory role in many conditions surrounding inflammation such as: atopic dermatitis and asthma. As it pertains to lipid metabolism IL4 has been shown to play a protective role in mice. A previous study has shown that IL4 regulates glucose and lipid metabolism by increasing sensitivity to insulin, inhibiting adipogenesis, and increasing glucose tolerance. Dysfunction in lipid metabolism can lead to other metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. The molecular characterization of IL4's effect in metabolic diseases has yet to be completed. IL4 has been shown to correlate with serum triglyceride and cholesterol, VLDL levels. However, further studies must be carried out to illuminate the molecular cause of these relationships as well as other relationships among metabolic diseases. Methods A total of 68 serum samples were collected from 34 obese, normal HbA1c and 34 obese, elevated HbA1c African American men. Clinical metabolic parameters were determined using standard commercial kits administered by Laboratory Corporation of America. Thirty chemokines/cytokines were measured using a multiplexing assay Luminex X-MAP® technology. Descriptive statistics were computed for each variable for participants with normal and elevated HbA1c. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. A series of unpaired t-test were computed to determine if there were significant differences between participants with and without elevated HbA1c. Pairwise Pearson Correlation (r) test was computed for each variable. Results In participants with normal HbA1c levels, IL-4 is positively correlated with VLDL (R= 0.6175, P=0.0014). There was no significant correlation in participants with elevated HbA1c in this study (R=0.08168, P=0.1758). Total cholesterol did not have any significant correlation with IL4 in this study; however, there was a positive correlation with IL-4 (R=0.6269, P=0.0013) and triglycerides in participants with normal HbA1c, no correlation seen in this study in participants with high HbA1c. Conclusion This data suggests that IL4-JAK-STAT pathway may play a role in the regulation of IL4, triglycerides, and VLDL in males. The correlations between IL-4 and both serum triglyceride and serum cholesterol, VLDL levels prompt the need to further study possible molecular relationships with other inflammatory biomarkers for metabolic diseases. Presentation: Monday, June 13, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.

Anti-Obesity Effect Of Bark Of Ficus Racemosa In High Fat Diet Induced Obese Rats

Method: In high fat diet induced obese rats, obesity-related characteristics, including body weight, serum biochemical parameterswere assessed. At the end of the experimental histological analysis were carried out. Obesity was induced in Wistar rats using a HFD for first 25days. Then from 25th day to 50th day of study F. racemosa is given in dose of 90 mg/kg and 270mg/kg along with HFD. On 0, 25th, 50th day, body weight, histological changes and other parameters were recorded. Result: Bark powder of F. racemosa significantly reduced the absolute body weight. Ingestion of HFD containing F. racemosa to rat exhibited reduction in lipid parameters. High dose (270 mg/kg b.w) of F. racemosa significantly reduced the levels of triglyceride and VLDL whereas there were few differences observed in LDL and cholesterol. Treatment groups do not exhibited any substantial decrease in BSL. Minimal changes (+1) are found in liver tissues of F. racemose and B. prionitis treated groups. Furthermore, there is a mild fatty deposition is found.Conclusion: The results imply that F. racemose (at higher dose 270 mg/kg body) has anti-obesity effects in obesity-induced rats.

Effect of Smoking on Low-Density Lipoproteins Level in Human.

Smoking destroys the vascular system, increases plaque deposits in atherosclerosis, and increases inflammation. The present study was performed to determine the effect of smoking on the levels of low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein in smokers. A cross-control study was carried out in the outpatient clinic in Baghdad, Iraq. The study was carried out 60 by individuals from February 2021 to July 2021. Participants in this study included adult smokers and non-smokers of both genders, and the levels of LDL and VLDL were determined using an Automatic Chemistry Analyze. The results revealed that the total number of smokers was 60 individuals from both genders; there was a significant difference in mean low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein levels. There is a significant difference in LDL Values between non-smokers and smokers (129.853±7.880; P<0.05). Non-smokers showed lower LDL values (104.460±7.950; P<0.05). Regarding VLDL values, results revealed that smokers were showing higher values than a non-smoker (49.641±4.02), (28.986±1.676) respectively, P<0.05). LDL and VLDL levels are more prevalent in current cigarette smokers than in non-smokers. Heavy smokers have higher LDL and VLDL values for a cigarette than non-smokers, which is consistent with observations in other populations.

Evaluation of in vivo Antidiabetic, Antidyslipidemic and in vitro Anti-Oxidant Activity of Extract and Solvent Fractions of Discopodium penninervum Hoschst Leaf in Mice: Normoglycemic and Streptozocin-Induced Model.

Diabetes mellitus has become a huge global public health and economic issue. The shortcomings of current medicines, as well as their serious side effects, prompted a focused quest for natural medicinal agents. In Ethiopia, the leaf of Discopodium penninervum Hoschst has been utilized in the traditional health system to treat diabetes. The goal of this study was to confirm the anti-diabetic, anti-dyslipidemia, and anti-oxidant activity of Discopodium penninervum Hoschst leaf in both in vitro and in vivo. In the normoglycemic, glucose-loaded, and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse models, the blood glucose-lowering effects of extract and solvent fractions of the leaf of Discopodium penninervum Hoschst were tested. The weight and lipid profile of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were assessed after treatment with leaf extract and solvent fractions for 14 days. The DPPH test was used to assess the antioxidant activity of the plant leaf extract. In the normoglycemic model and glucose loaded test, the leaf extract of Discopodium penninervum Hoschst demonstrated significant blood glucose decrease (34.1%, p<0.001) and 44.5%, p<0.001, respectively, when compared to the normal control. When compared to a diabetic control group, extract and solvent fractions significantly (p<0.001) reduced blood glucose levels on the 14th day in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic model. In addition, serum TC, STG, TG, LDL, and VLDL levels were reduced significantly (p<0.001). IC50 values of leaf extract and a standard medication (ascorbic acid) in the antioxidant activity test were 4.1g/mL and 10.23g/mL, respectively. The hydro-alcoholic leaf extract and solvent fractions of Discopodium penninervum Hoschst leaves have demonstrated blood glucose-lowering effect, which justify ethnobotanical use, and can therefore be used as a good insight for new anti-diabetic medication source with a call for additional studies.

Assessment of serum lipid profile in patients with oral potentially malignant disorders

Background: To assess the serum lipid profile in oral potentially malignant disorder patients. Materials & methods: A total of 40 subjects were enrolled. Age of the patients was 40 to 70 years. 20 clinically diagnosed with oral potentially malignant disorders were included in this study. 20 healthy individuals, who had no complaint or any major illness in the recent past, were included in the study as controls. Laboratory investigations were done. Blood samples were collected. Plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL were calculated. Result was analysed using SPSS software. Results: In group I, the triglycerides level was 135.62 mg/dl and in group II, the triglycerides level was 195.3 mg/dl. A statistically significant P < 0.001, decrease in mean plasma triglyceride level is observed in the oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) group as compared with the control group. In group I, levels of HDL, LDL and VLDL were 50.62 mg/dl, 90.36 mg/dl and 22.63 mg/dl whereas in control group the levels were 74.82 mg/dl, 108.46 mg/dl and 34.66 mg/dl respectively. Statistically significant P < 0.001 decrease of plasma LDL levels is observed in the oral potentially malignant disorder as compared to the control group. Conclusion: The change in lipid levels can have a diagnostic role in oral potentially malignant disorder patients.

Fructose Consumption Causes Cell Death through ER Stress in Pancreas and Changes Biochemical Parameters in Blood

Fructose is the natural sugar found in fruits. This sugar is widely used in all ready-made foods, especially in soft drinks. The study aims to examine how fructose consumption affects biochemical parameters in blood and whether it causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-caused cell death in pancreatic tissue. Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into control and fructose groups. Control animals (n=7) had free access to tap water, and standard pellet, fructose group (n=7) was given 20% fructose in drinking water for eight weeks. The consumption of food and fluid of the rats were measured daily during the experiment. The lipid levels and total oxidant/antioxidant statuses in serum were analyzed. Grp-78, IRE1-α, PERK, ATF-4, and -6, CHOP, and Caspase (Cas)-3/-8/-9/-12 mRNA expression levels in pancreas were detected. Fructose intake increased TG and VLDL levels in serum, and the mRNA expression levels of Grp-78, IRE-1α, PERK, ATF-4, -6 and Cas-3/-8/-9/-12 in pancreas with fructose consumption as compared with control group. Fructose consumption may cause disruption of lipid profile and oxidant/antioxidant balance, as well as trigger ER stress and thus cause programmed cell death. This will lead to the development of many diseases.

Comparison of Lipid Profile in Insulin Dependent Diabetic Patients and Control Groups

Background: Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is a worldwide health problem. In diabetic patients’ high levels of cholesterol leads to atherosclerosis and coronary heart diseases. Aim and Objective: Our objective was to investigate the comparison of dyslipidemia in insulin dependent diabetic patients and control group. Methods: A cross sectional study was done on 48 people in which 24 were insulin dependent diabetic patients and 24 were normal people, sample were taken from Gulab Devi hospital, Lahore. Blood samples were collected from both the patients and the control group after an overnight fasting for lipid profile and serum was separated from the whole blood by centrifugation. Samples were analyzed and the data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Results: In this study increased triglycerides levels 21(87.5%), cholesterol levels 10(41.66%), LDL levels 8(33%), VLDL 21(87.5%) levels and decreased HDL levels 6(25%) were found in insulin dependent diabetic patients. Conclusion: We concluded that the levels of Cholesterol, Triglyceride, LDL and VLDL were increased in insulin dependent diabetic patients while HDL levels were low. Keywords: Lipid profile, Insulin dependent diabetes.

To Investigate the Associations of Dyslipidemia and BMI, as Risk Factors Leading to Insulin Resistance and Development of Type2 Diabetes Mellitus in Baqubah City

Insulin resistance is a condition in which persons with type 2 diabetes make insulin but is unable to use it properly to transfer glucose into cells, resulting in high blood glucose levels. Obesity, particularly visceral fat (fat surrounding the organs) is a major cause of insulin resistance. The homeostasis model evaluation is the gold standard method for determining whether or not a person is insulin resistant. This article tries to investigate the development of the values of some parameters among type 2- diabetic patients versus normal levels of healthy control groups these parameters included FBS, HbAIc (%), FIL, HOMAIR age BMI and lipid profile. The results found that the means values of FBS(mg/dl), HbAIc (%), FIL (miu /L), HOMAIR were (175.96± 39.68, 9.74±1.82 , 18.99±5.98 , 8.136±2.53) respectively versus normal levels of control group (85.44±7.58, 4.92±.500 , 5.79 ± 0.5, 1.22±0.17). While means of age and BMI (kg/m²) of cases were (54.27±13.35, 32.20±2.23) versus the mean for the control group (47.12±10.77, 26.04±1.65) respectively. The levels of total cholesterol (mg/dl), triglycerides (mg/dl), LDL (mg/dl) and VLDL (mg/dl) among type-2 diabetic patients were(238.19±8.27, 183.48±7.66, 117.20±8.59, 36.69±4.28) respectively versus normal concentrations among control groups with mean values (146.03±7.48, 137.54±7.43, 87.55±6.92, 23.6±5.58) respectively, While the mean value of HDL-C was (40.34±9.82) in patients and (52.31± 4.94) in control. In all these parameters there were highly significant differences between case and control (with (p-value= &gt;0.001) and the mean values of patients with type 2 DM were more than control except the values of HDL-C were in patients less than in control. This study found that the results of the tests FBS, HbAIc (%), age BMI and lipid profile in patients with diabetes type 2 in comparison to the control group have a significant correlation with FIL, HOMAIR.

Assessment of lipid profile with HbA1c in type 2 diabetic Iraqi patients

Insulin-induced hyperglycemia is the hallmark of diabetes mellitus (DM), including various metabolic disorders. Diabetic people are more likely to develop dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity. Type 2 diabetes ‎(T2DM), the most common illness, is generally asymptomatic in its early stages and can go misdiagnosed for years. Diabetes screening may be beneficial in some cases since early identification and treatment can lessen the burden of diabetes and its consequences.‎ This study aimed to find the relationship between Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ‎and lipid profile components in T2DM‎ patients. This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was performed on the control group and T2DM patients in ‎Medical City in Baghdad between March and June 2021‎. A total of 90 patients with T2DM and ‎‎45 healthy control were included in this study. In the control group, healthy volunteer individuals participated. For all subjects, HbA1c, fasting blood sugar/FBS, and lipid profile (Total Cholesterol/TC, Triglyceride/TG, High-density Lipoprotein/HDL, Low-density Lipoprotein/LDL, and Very Low-density Lipoprotein/VLDL) were assessed. Among T2DM patients 62.22% (n= 56) were male and 37.78% (n= ‎‎34) were female. Mean ± SD levels of HbA1c, TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, HDL, and FBS were 7.33±0.56 ‎‎% (168.21±9.23, 146.10±9.64, 137.23±8.32, 41.05±5.86, 43.85±6.17, and ‎‎208.81±52.1) mg/dl respectively in the T2DM group. In the control group, ‎the Mean ± SD results of the same parameters were 4.91±0.27%, ‎‎(171.20±3.57, 116.60±8.25, 105.05±2.11, 41.83±4.92, 44.04±5.54, ‎‎96.20±7.8) mg/dl respectively. Results demonstrated statistically significant ‎‎differences between T2DM patients and control groups in HbA1c ‎‎(p equal to 0.0025), TG ‎(p equal to 0.015), LDL ‎ ‎(p=0.0029),‎ and FBS ‎(p=0.02‎). Pearson correlation analysis of HbA1c with other variables showed a significant ‎positive correlation with serum TC, TG, LDL, and ‎FBS ‎(r=0.573, P&lt;0.01; ‎r=0.655, P &lt;0.001; r=0.498, P&lt;0.05‎; r=0.691, ‎P&lt;‎0.001‎; ‎‏respectively). While the data showed a negative connection between HbA1c and HDL (r= - 0.562, P&lt;0.01) The findings of this study reveal that diabetic people do not have a satisfactory HbA1c level. Furthermore, HbA1c shows a significant correlation with TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL, whereas it has a significant negative correlation with HDL. The study showed that HbA1c might be useful for predicting dyslipidemia in T2DM patients. Keywords: T2DM, Lipid profile, HbA1c.