Vital Role In Reduction Research Articles

Particle size and band gap evaluation of green gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with potential applications

Abstract The present study was aimed towards green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using fungal strain (SGSK-7) with assessment of their size using different techniques viz., X-ray diffractormeter, Dynamic light scattering, Atomic force microscopy, FE-Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The intense characteristic diffraction peaks at angle 2Ѳ (38.13˚) presented the crystalline nature of the reduced gold solution and calculation of crystalline size (12 nm) using Scherer’s equation further confirmed synthesis of gold nanoparticles while dynamic light scattering analysis indicated the particle size range of gold nanoparticles between 2 nm to 50 nm. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic (FESEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis of extracellular gold nanoparticles depicts spherical shape of AuNPs of approximately 40 nm. Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy depicted the presence of the gold nanoparticles along with the other biomolecules secreted by fungus which plays vital role in reduction, capping and stabilization of gold nanoparticles. Energy dispersive X-ray, mapping analysis, Zeta potential and UV-Vis spectrophotometery analysis further confirmed the presence and stability of gold nanoparticles, respectively. Zeta potential of gold nanoparticles leads to conclude the neutral nature (-10 mV to 10mV) of the particles. The UV-Visible spectrophotometeric analysis also confirmed the formation of gold nanoparticles with an absorption peak at 547 nm. On the basis of UV-Visible spectra the optical band gap of 2.44 eV is examined. The phylogenetic relatedness of SGSK-7 revealed 99% homology with Aspergillus tamari after sequencing of the ITS region followed by BLAST.

Modelling and analysis of vehicle accident under mixed traffic conditions in Ilu Ababor zone, Ethiopia

Modelling and analysis of traffic accident has vital role in reduction of vehicle accident. This study is aimed to assess the rate traffic accident over the ranges of several years and to model traffic accident with influencing parameters. The data used for study were; Geometry of the road, recorded traffic accidents, traffic volume, surface condition of the road, driver behavior and road infrastructure. The result shows that, the death rate in vehicle accident from 2001 to 2004, 2006 to 2008 and 2009-2010 is increasing. Also, from 2004 to 2006, 2008 to 2009 and 2010 to 2013 shows the decreasing. In major injury, it is increasing in first five years except 2004 which shows some significant change. In the next four years from 2005 to 2009 it shows decreasing except 2007 which shows a significant increasing. From 2010 to 2013 it is decreasing in non-uniform manner. In minor injury due to vehicle accident, it shows increasing in first seven years and decreasing from 2004 to 2013, which improvement in road safety aspect. In property damage, it shows in increasing significantly from 2001 to 2005. After 2005 even though, estimated property lost is increasing or high the number of accidents recorded as property damage is decreasing which shows a little improvement. The important index of vehicle accident in heterogeneous traffic condition is rate of accident which has been computed for four years. Estimated rate of accident for 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 are 152, 98, 469, and 103 respectively. Multiple linear regression model has been developed to show the significance the predictors on the traffic accident. The developed regression model indicates that, lack of geometric design is the major factor that pay role in traffic accident of study area. The determinant of vehicle accident is operating speed. Finally, black spot area in each Woreda has been identified.

Fingerprint Based Anti-Theft Vehicle Security System

India has a high population rate and so is the number of automobiles. With the increase in the automobiles comes the increase in their theft and the present systems lack a few parameters which isn’t being helpful in dealing with this important concern of the vehicle owner. In this time of taking off vehicle, vehicle security has turned into a question of Prime significance, especially in urban cities, where these incidents take place each and every day. Agents owe this expansion in burglaries to the lack of appropriate parking spots in neighborhood and also absence of accessibility of refined security gadgets. Advancement in technology has been proven to be effective in managing vehicle thefts. There is a need to reduce these burglaries/thefts using the required means for vehicle security. Therefore, anti-theft systems play a vital role in reduction of vehicle thefts. Implementation of biometric anti-theft security system has been operational. In this article, there are a few methods of anti-theft vehicle security systems discussed briefly

ID:16006 Successful Dorsal Root Ganglion SCS Trial Following Failed Dorsal Column Trial

Targeting the dorsal root ganglion which consists of cell bodies of the primary sensory neurons can play a vital role in reduction of chronic pain conditions (1). The DRG is involved in the transduction of pain signals to the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral nervous system (PNS) (2).

Statistical analysis of multi job processing in Hadoop environment using schedulers

Hadoop schedulers facilitate effective sharing of system resources among multiple tasks for the purpose of effective completion of jobs. Upon submission of a job, the same will be transferred onto a queue by Hadoop scheduler. Once the transfer is complete, aforesaid job will be split up into multiple tasks and is further distributed among various computing nodes. Herein, performance is directly related to time taken up by aforesaid tasks to complete the assigned job. Optimum distribution of system resources among such tasks play a vital role in reduction of job completion time, and thus can ensure improved performance in relation to the same. Hadoop, by virtue uses FIFO scheduler. In the proposed experiment, FIFO scheduler’s job execution time is discussed and compared with the job execution time of Fair scheduler and Capacity scheduler.

Modal Analysis of Passive Engine Mount Assembly using Finite Element Analysis

Engine mounts play a vital role in reduction of noise and vibration. For an internal combustion engine, there exist two basic dynamic disturbances: a) the firing pulse due to the combustion of fuel in the cylinder and b) the inertia force and torque caused by the rotating and reciprocating parts. The firing pulses will cause a torque to act on the engine block about an axis parallel to the crank. The inertial forces are both parallel to the piston axis and perpendicular to the crank and piston axes. This dissertation describes the finite element approach for modal and static structural analysis of the engine mount used on an inline four-cylinder petrol engine. A 3D model of the mount was created with the help of Solid-Edge V19 software and the same was analysed for natural frequencies and total deformation using Ansys Workbench software. Further, torsional stiffness of the mount was obtained using finite element analysis and validated using experimental testing. Viscoelastic behaviour of rubber has also been discussed with the help of a Generalized Maxwell model (GMM). GMM was chosen after reviewing all the commonly used models. Later, an in-depth analysis of transmissibility was carried out using finite element analysis approach and a 6-DOF Mathematical model approach. Random vibration analysis was carried out and the resulting RMS accelerations were compared with the ISO-2631 standard.

Estimation of Critical Gap Using Maximum Likelihood Method at Unsignalized Intersection: A Case Study in Adama City, Ethiopia

Studying Critical gap and headway distribution has vital role in reduction of traffic problems. Critical gap and its distribution are traffic characteristics that are used in determination of capacity, delay and level of service at unsignalized intersection. Many study has been done on critical gap in developed countries under homogeneous traffic and road conditions. This study is aimed to insight available headway distribution and critical gap of driver in urban intersection under heterogeneous traffic condition and weak lane discipline in developing country like Ethiopia. In this paper three unsignalized intersection in Adama city has been selected on the basis of traffic volume and importance of the intersection. The primary data that were used for this study were traffic volume, available headways, waiting time, geometry of road. By using digital Camera, videos data were recorded; later quantitative data were extracted from videos. Two Statistical Packages that were used in analysis of this study. Statistical Package for Social Science Statistic 20 was used to fit best distribution model of headway. Kolmogorov Smirnov and Anderson Darling testing techniques were conducted to check validity of model for headways in different flow ranges. From hypothesized distributions, exponential, gamma, lognormal and normal distributions were selected for different intersection. It has been indicated that, for higher flow rate lognormal distribution model is best fit in estimating cumulative density function of headway. Critical gaps of drivers for three selected intersections were also computed by using maximum likelihood method. Through Comparison of estimated values indicates that, Franko intersection has highest critical gap of 5.17sec.

“Effect of laser textured dimples on tribological behavior of piston ring and cylinder liner contact at varying load”

Surface texturing is playing a vital role in reduction of friction and wear of sliding components in an engine. The dimple shape, dimple size and area ratio are important texture parameters which needs to be studied for the analysis of friction and wear. The laser surface textured OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) piston ring segments with different dimple diameters like 150 µm, 300 µm, 500 µm respectively for spherical dimples and different dimple sizes like 150 µm, 300 µm, 500 µm for square shaped dimples shapes were used for investigating the tribological performance of OEM piston ring and cylinder liner segments at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and load of 80 N and 150 N. A linear reciprocating tribometer was used to investigate the tribological performance of the pair at a temperature of 150 °C with the SAE20W40 engine oil. The results shows that there is reduction in the coefficient of friction by 33.56%, 19.69% and 18.57% for 150 µm, 300 µm and 500 µm dimple diameter piston ring segments respectively. Also the square shaped dimples of size 150 µm, 300 µm and 500 µm were tested at 80 N and 150 N loading conditions and observed that there is sudden reduction in the coefficient of friction for 150 µm and 500 µm textured ring segments due to increase in loading from 80 N to 150 N. The reduction in the coefficient of friction was observed 14.73% and 6.14% respectively for 150 µm and 500 µm respectively. Thus through this work an attempt has been made to investigate the tribological performance of ring and liner pair at simulated conditions with laser textured dimples.

Knowledge of the Mothers toward Sanitation and Hygiene in relation to Childhood Gastroenteritis in Babylon Province

The negative impact of gastroenteritis in those aged 5 or less in Babylon Province in Central Iraq cannot beunderestimated as it is a serious impediment to the wellbeing and cognitive development of children anda cause of unnecessary death in this resource-strained region of the Middle Eastern country. In this regiondiarrhea is an important clinical presentation at primary health care institutions and other health affiliatedcentres, stands out as a leading cause of admission to many of the emergency hospital wards in Babylon,and a serious and ironically, often reversible cause of loss of precious lives. Regional attitudes in the MiddleEuphrates Region about causes that lead to childhood gastroenteritis vary from rural and urban localities andeven from townships, a cultural issue that is true for most provinces of Iraq.Aim of the study: 1-To study the social and demographic aspects related to sanitation and personal hygieneregarding childhood diarrhea in Babylon Province.2- To determine the local knowledge, of women and care givers about childhood diarrhea.Patients and methods: This cross sectional work was carried in Babylon Province, Iraq. A total 408respondents attending primary health care institutions and pediatric clinics for treatment of diarrhea , duringthe period from first of January 2019 to the first of May 2019.Results and Conclusions: In Babylon Province outbreaks of diarrhea tend to be noticed early in life priorto first year of life despite the fact that around three quarters of infants who contracted gastroenteritis werein compliance with Rota Vaccine timetable schedule. Seven out of ten women were fully knowledgeable ofthe importance immunization against Rota virus and its vital role in reduction of the risk of gastroenteritis.When their children contract diarrhea, a percentage shy of 66% said that they would seek paediatric medicalattention .Respondents whose infants were affected tend to be mostly urban, in their teenage years and lackedproper education. There is a remarkable lack of adequate knowledge about ways of contracting childhoodgastroenteritis.

Microstructure and performance characteristics of acoustic insulation materials from post-consumer recycled denim fabrics

One of the key issues of the 21st century is to reduce the rate of continuously increasing environmental pollution from waste generated by human beings. Use of recycled materials and environmentally friendly approaches to manufacturing can be a good way to deal with these challenges. Similarly, sound pollution has been increasing at an alarming rate due to industrialization and modernization. Use of acoustic insulation materials produced from recycled textile waste can play a vital role in reduction of sound pollution while simultaneously helping reduce municipal solid waste. The goal of this study was to evaluate the recycling of used apparels to produce commercially feasible sustainable products using nonwoven fabrication techniques with a biodegradable thermoplastic binder fiber for possible use as acoustic insulation panels. Recycled denim fibers were used with Sorona® or a PLA binder fiber to successfully produce sound insulation with good performance properties. Maximum transmission loss of about 24 dB and transmission coefficient close to zero at around 1000 Hz were observed. The data indicated that there is a direct correlation between loss of sound transmission with increase in thickness, areal density and decrease in air permeability. When compared with commercially available acoustic insulation material (gypsum board), these products had better insulation properties, indicating that recycled textile products can be used to produce such value-added materials, giving them another useful life before safely disposing in composting environments.

Modelling of Driver’s Gap Acceptance for Evaluation of Traffic Flow Characteristics at Unsignalized Intersection in Urban Area, Ethiopia

Introduction: Studying microscopic traffic flow characteristics has vital role in reduction of traffic problems. Gap acceptance and waiting time are traffic characteristics that are used in capacity, delay and level of service at unsignalized intersection. A lot of studies related to gap acceptance and waiting time has been done in developed countries under homogeneous traffic and road conditions. Objectives: This study is aimed to insight gap acceptance and waiting time behavior of merging or crossing vehicles in urban intersection under heterogeneous traffic condition and weak lane discipline in developing country like Ethiopia. Methods: In this paper three unsignalized intersection in Adama city has been selected on the basis of traffic volume and importance of the intersection. The primary data that were used for this study were traffic volume, speed, headway, waiting time, geometry of road, gap accepted and rejected. By using digital Camera, videos data were recorded; later quantitative data were extracted from videos. Two Statistical Packages that were used in analysis of this study. Minitab 19 was used for developing regression models of waiting time and gap acceptance for two maneuver types namely traffic turning to left and turning right from minor road. Result: Dichotomous generalized linear regression model (logit model) has been used to predict gap acceptance probability and validated by Hosmer-Lemeshow testing techniques to identify the goodness of model. The waiting time of drivers to accept and reject available gaps for three selected intersections were about 26sec, 24sec and 20sec. From the developed nonlinear model traffic turning to left moving with average speed 30kmph, average headway of 10sec and minor road traffic volume 2000PCu/Hr, increasing 25% major road traffic volume makes to double waiting time on minor road. Increasing major road traffic volume by 50% makes to quadruple waiting time.

Improved power generation by dispersing the uniform and non-uniform partial shades in solar photovoltaic array

Partial shading plays a vital role in reduction of output power from Solar Photo-Voltaic (SPV) array. In SPV arrays, power loss is dependent on shading patterns, shading area and level of irradiation. In this work, Chaotic Baker Map (CBM) technique is proposed, to reduce the mismatch power losses due to partial shading. This technique focuses on reducing the power loss by spreading the partial shading effect across the entire array without changing its electrical connections. The efficacy of the proposed system is analyzed and compared with conventional configurations such as, Series Parallel, Total Cross Tied, Bridge Link and Honey Comb configurations during different uniform and non-uniform shading conditions for 4 × 4 and 6 × 6 SPV Arrays. From the comparative results, it is observed that the proposed image processing based Chaotic Baker Map improves the output power and reduces the power loss under all shading conditions. As the proposed configuration doesn’t involve complex algorithms, it is ideally suitable for Building Integrated PV (BIPV) systems and large size solar farms without any complications.

Investigating the Use of UPFC Device for Reduction of SPA in a Power System

The phase angle associated with the voltage of an AC power system under real and reactive power balanced operating condition is referred to as Standing Phage Angle (SPA) of the bus. During restoration of power system EHV/HV transmission line, it is to be ensured that SPA across the breakers of the two ends of the disconnected line (i.e. the difference of SPA between the two ends of the disconnected line) has to be below the prescribed value for the category of the line. Closing breakers with large SPA across the two ends of a transmission line could damage the system equipments, and could lead to system outage. This paper aims at investigating the possible use of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) device for reduction of SPA in a power system. For this purpose, sensitivity relation between change in SPA across two end buses of a disconnected transmission line and the change in power flow through the line having UPFC device have been formulated. The sensitivity relations are used to reschedule the power flow through the line having UPFC device to reduce SPA across the line to be re-connected. Simulations were carried out on IEEE 118 to examine the applicability of the proposed method. It has been observed during simulation that the voltage magnitude of series controller of UPFC plays vital role in reduction of excessive SPA process.

Synthesis and chemosensing of nitrofurazone using olive oil based silver nanoparticles (O-AgNPs)

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using Olive oil (O-AgNPs) as reducing as well as capping agent and extensively characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared, energy disperse spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy. The chrome yellow color solution of O-AgNPs show the typical absorption maximum at 430nm. FTIR analysis revealed that the carbonyl (CO) groups of Olive oil plays the most vital role in reduction of Ag+ and the nanoparticles synthesis. The morphology of O-AgNPs were found spherical in nature, while the size of O-AgNPs ranges between 35 to 65nm as established by AFM and DLS studies, respectively. Stability of O-AgNPs studied by varying storage period, temperature, salt and pH of the medium were found quite stable probably because of oil suspension nature. Despite potent antimicrobial, anti-biofilm and biofilm eradicating activities, O-AgNPs were found to be non-toxic on cell lines. Moreover, chemosensing properties of the O-AgNPs were also tested against different drugs. The O-AgNPs showed high selectivity towards nitrofurazone (NFZ) with the lowest detection limit of 1.88μM as was monitored by UV–vis spectroscopy. The mechanism of O-AgNPs interaction with drug was followed by DLS suggest that NFZ induces a time dependent nanoparticles aggregation.

Biological Unit operation for waste water treatment: Aerobic Process

Dairy is one of the major industries causing water pollution. Considering the increased milk demand, the dairy industry in India is expected to grow rapidly and have the waste generation and related environmental problems are also assumed increased importance. Poorly treated wastewater with high level of pollutants caused by poor design, operation or treatment systems creates major environmental problems when discharged to the surface land or water. Aerobic biological treatment methods depend on microorganisms grown in an oxygenrich environment to oxidize organics to carbon dioxide, water, and cellular material. activated sludge is used to indicate the sludge which is obtained by settling sewage in presence of abundant oxygen. The activated sludge is biologically active and it contains a great number of aerobic bacteria and other microorganisms which have a got an unusual property to oxidize the organic matter. The activated sludge process has been employed extensively throughout the world in its conventional form and modified forms Various unit operations like physical, chemical and biological can play vital role in reduction of the waste water. Aerobic treatment of biological waste water like activated sludge, trickling filter, RBC, aerated lagoon with advance aerobic treatment unit SBR and summery of aerobic treatment unit with advantages and disadvantages are to be discussed in article.

URBAN TREES FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND MANAGEMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE & DISASTERS

Climate change is responsible to increase the frequency of disasters and environmental protection is priority particularly for forests. Trees in urban area are important natural and cultural resources which provide many benefits. The tree canopy has greater impact and play vital role in reduction of carbon emissions released from industrial activities. The present study is carried out in industrial areas to screen the carbon sequestration potential of trees in relation with pollutant load. The carbon sequestration potential of a tree depends on biomass of a tree. Biomass can be estimated by tree height and DBH. In industrial area trees are considered as a green belt asset and are act as sinks for excess CO2 in the atmosphere. The amount of carbon stored in a tree depending upon its biomass and growth pattern of a tree. In the present study the native species such as Fucus bengalensis, Artocarpus sps. and Mangifera indica reported higher rates of carbon accumulation. In addition these trees also help to strengthen the ecosystem services therefore alleviating global warming.

Extracellular hydration, cardiovascular risk, and the interstitium: a three-dimensional view

Volume expansion is a major contributor to poor cardiovascular outcomes in kidney disease. The relationship of extracellular volume (ECV) overload to cardiovascular changes in chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains speculative. Recent studies are challenging traditional concepts and providing new insight into mechanisms and the relationship of ECV to cardiovascular health. A dynamic role of the extracellular interstitium in inducing cardiovascular risk is emerging in CKD.

Cost Modeling for SOC Modules Testing

The complexity of the system design is increasing very rapidly as the number of transistors on Integrated Circuits (IC) doubles as per Moore's law. There is big challenge of testing this comp lex VLSI circuit, in which whole system is integrated into a single chip called System on Ch ip (SOC). Cost of testing the SOC is also increasing with comp lexity. Cost modeling plays a vital role in reduction of test cost and time to market. This paper includes the cost modeling of the SOC Module testing which contains both analog and digital modules. The various test cost parameters and equations are considered fro m the prev ious work. The mathematical relations are developed for cost modeling to test the SOC further cost modeling equations are modeled in Graphical User Interface (GUI) in MATLA B, which can be used as a cost estimat ion tool. A case study is done to calculate the cost of the SOC testing due to Logic Built in Self Test (LBIST) and Memory Built in Self Test (MBIST). VLSI Test engineers can take the benefits of such cost estimat ion tools for test planning.

Antioxidant Effect of Dietary Supplement Withania somnifera L. Reduce Blood Glucose Levels in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

The phenolic compounds and flavonoids were determined from the extracts of Withania somnifera root (WSREt) and leaf (WSLEt). The WSREt has 28.26 mg/g total phenolic compounds and 17.32 mg/g flavonoids, whereas WSLEt has 5.4 mg/g total phenolic compounds and 5.1 mg/g flavonoids. The WSREt, WSLEt and glibenclamide were orally administered daily to diabetic rats for 8 weeks. After the treatment, the levels of urine sugar, blood glucose, liver glycogen, and antioxidants like vitamin C and E in plasma and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in liver, kidney and heart were determined. Diabetic rats showed a significant (p < 0.05) elevation in glucose and TBARS and a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in glycogen, vitamin C and E, SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, and GSH levels when compared to normal control rats. Administration of WSREt, WSLEt and glibenclamide to diabetic rats restored the levels to normal. In the light of aforesaid facts, it is suggested that the presence of phenolic compounds including flavonoids in W. somnifera root and leaf extracts and their antioxidant activity may play a vital role in reduction of blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

The effect of seatbelt legislation on hospital admissions with road traffic injuries in an oil-rich, fast-developing country

The objective of the study was to examine the effect of seat-belt legislation on hospital admissions with road traffic injuries and was designed as a retrospective descriptive study. All motor vehicle crashes recorded during the period 2001 – 2004 were extracted from the Emergency Medical Service Department. Details of the crashes, injuries and safety devices used were studied. The present study revealed that safety belt usage rates have increased from 8% in 2001 to 67% in 2004 among patients admitted to hospital with injury after road traffic crashes. The admission rate of patients with road traffic injuries per 100 000 population reduced by 17.7%. The enforcement of the seat-belt legislation played a vital role in reduction of hospital admissions due to road traffic crashes.