Violation Of Fundamental Rights Research Articles

La resistenza del giudicato alla violazione del principio di legalità penale

Deve-se submeter à atenta avaliação crítica a tese da jurisprudência e de uma parte da doutrina italiana segundo a qual a “coisa julgada” penal deveria “ceder” diante das violações dos direitos convencionais definidos pelo THDH, e das garantias constitucionais derivantes das intervenções da Corte Constitucional. O presente artigo analisa os espaços de conformidade do trânsito em julgado penal diante do juiz da execução segundo o “direito vivente”, e sobre seus relativos limites em razão da lei processual vivente. As mesmas exceções da força executiva da sentença irrevogável, previstas pelo c.p.p. taxativamente, confirmam a “intangibilidade” da “coisa julgada” e tornam implausível a hipótese de sua derrocada.

Gender-Based Violence (GBV) and Law Enforcement in Lebanon

Gender-based violence (GBV) is often considered a private or family matter caused by insignificant misunderstandings and is often ludicrously justified by traditional patriarchy that links masculinity with violence. Such perceptions are not only used to decriminalize serious physical, sexual, psychological, emotional, economic, and societal offenses and limit the reporting of such dangerous violations of fundamental rights; such perceptions are also widely employed in male-dominated societies, such as Arab societies, to downplay the profound damage caused by GBV, especially to women and girls.

A audiência de custódia e seu papel como instrumento constitucional de concretização de direitos

This article deals with the institution, in Brazil, of the custody hearing (also called a presentation hearing) from a perspective of a custodian. It is a qualitative research structured from the theory of fundamental rights and protection of the dignity of the human person. In order to do so, the authors analyze the established rules for the custody hearing in international human rights treaties, as well as their incorporation into the Brazilian legal system. In the same way, the authors analyze the situation of the Brazilian prison system and possible violations of fundamental rights in it. Following, the authors specifically address the custodial audience and its importance in the realization of rights, presenting its final considerations.Keywords: Human rights, criminal proceedings, prison, custody hearing, presentation audience, dignity of human person, realization of rights.

Mutual trust and rights in EU criminal and asylum law: Three phases of evolution and the uncharted territory beyond blind trust

This article examines the evolving relationship of mutual trust and fundamental rights in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice. The ECJ has long prioritized the effectiveness of instruments based on mutual trust through an unimpeded system of mutual recognition. Arguments based on a violation of fundamental rights were taken to contradict the presumption of compliance, refute mutual trust, and hinder automatic mutual recognition. The ECJ has now accepted, both in criminal and asylum law, that the presumption of compliance is not conclusive and mutual trust is not blind. The article observes an emergent, but carefully controlled dynamic of rights-based assessment through case-by-case analysis, illustrating three phases of mutual trust, but argues that this dynamic is slow, unclear and inadequate. It suggests that national authorities should take a proactive role, promoting real and constructive relationships of trust, allowing an individual assessment of rights violations via rights-based review. The latter is based on a proper understanding of trust, as an evolving concept based on evidence. Respect for rights, terminological clarity, enhanced judicial communication, and acknowledgment of shared values are the way forward.

Fundamental Labour Rights, Platform Work and Human-Rights Protection of Non-Standard Workers

The spread of non-standard forms of employment in industrialised and developing countries over the last decades has prompted an extensive debate on how to reshape labour regulation to accommodate these new formats. However, limited attention has been devoted to the access of non-standard workers to fundamental labour rights. This chapter aims at reorienting the debate towards these neglected dimensions of labour regulation. In particular, it focuses on the risks affecting work in the so-called ‘gig’ or ‘platform’ economy, since the relative novelty of these forms of work may obscure the difficulties these workers face in enjoying fundamental labour rights. Platform workers, together with casual workers and some self-employed workers not only are more exposed to violations of fundamental rights but are also often excluded from the legal scope of application of these rights, which are sometimes reserved to workers in an employment relationship. This is particularly true for collective labour rights, as self-employed workers, including sham self-employed persons and platform workers, who are often deprived of full access to the rights of freedom of association and collective bargaining. This happens, for instance, when their collective activities are found to be in breach of antitrust regulation. This chapter maintains that preventing self-employed workers who do not own a genuine and significant business organisation from bargaining collectively is at odds with the recognition of the right to collective bargaining as a human and a fundamental right. Consequently, it argues that only self-employed individuals who do not provide ‘labour’ but instead provide services using an independent, genuine and significant business organisation that they own and manage can have their right to bargain collectively restricted.

The public/private divide: an analysis of American law relative to recruiting and transfer policies in interscholastic athletics

ABSTRACTCompetitive balance within interscholastic athletics in the United States is governed by state athletic associations. The policies derived by these associations vary by state and are meant to ensure high school athletic teams have an equitable chance of athletic success, especially in post-season tournament competition. Two specific policy types, recruiting and transfer restrictions, are often designed to safeguard against schools targeting specific athletes, or students choosing schools based on athletic motives. These policies are particularly challenging to create and enforce when private schools are involved, as private schools admit students differently than public schools and because private schools tend to have disproportionately high levels of athletic success. Consequently, legal cases challenging recruiting and transfer policies often include private high schools where violations of fundamental rights are alleged. A thorough review of such cases revealed that state athletic associations are generally supported by the courts to create and enforce recruiting and transfer limitations.

Violations of fundamental rights of children and adolescents through violence

Objective: to describe the violations of the fundamental rights of children and adolescents through violence. Methods: cross-sectional study of notifications of violations collected from the Information System on Protection to Children and Adolescents. Descriptive and analytical analyses were carried out by means of Chi-square tests for associations. Results: among the notifications, 61.2% were related to family and community living; 18.3% to education, culture, sport and leisure; 11.5% to freedom, respect and dignity; 8.5% to life and health; and 0.5% to professionalization and protection at work. There were 541 notifications making reference to violence, which included: 47.5% of sexual nature; white girls, 6 to 12 years old, and students, as main victims; and family members as the main perpetrators. Gender, age and schooling were associated with sexual violence. Conclusion: the fundamental rights of children and adolescents have been violated in most cases by the occurrence of violence of sexual, psychological, and physical nature, and negligence.

Kolizija i konkurencija ljudskih prava i sloboda u nemačkom pravu

Along with vertical effect of fundamental rights, which is undisputable, a more detailed analysis of the bonding-clause from Article 1, Paragraph 3 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany has shown that fundamental rights can also develop a horizontal effect. Although in the field of private law the principle of the freedom of contract and autonomy of the will are predominant, in cases of legal dispute, courts are obligated to consider fundamental rights of the parties involved within application of law and in particular when interpreting general clauses. In this respect, in the area of private law it is possible to determine an indirect effect of fundamental rights. Accordingly, fundamental rights which are established by constitution take effect in all areas of law, binding all courts both of ordinary and special jurisdiction, which are obligated to apply them directly. Fundamental rights can collide when two or more legal entities claim their own, most frequently different fundamental rights within the same facts of the case. In addition, there can also be a collision between fundamental rights and other constitutional principles. The problem of Constitutional law collision in German theory and case law is resolved by the principle of practical concordance, which is based on mutual balancing of the colliding interests protected by constitution. In doing so the Federal Constitutional court takes all relevant facts of the individual case into consideration. Contrary to the collision of fundamental rights, the competition of fundamental rights refers to the problem of proper application of the law, when in a particular case several different fundamental rights may be applied. In this regard, the division between freedom rights and equality rights is of major importance. If both freedom rights and equality rights are claimed, the Federal Constitutional court generally undertakes a cumulative examination of the violation of both rights. If violations of fundamental rights of the same group are claimed, certain relations of logical and normative primacy can be established. On the other hand, if there is no relation of primacy between the fundamental rights of the same group, possible violations of the fundamental rights have to be examined cumulatively.

"השטן הוא בפרטים הטכנולוגיים": על צווי חסימה והפרטת האכיפה בעקבות חוק זכות יוצרים (תיקון מס' 5), התשע"ט – 2019 Blocking Orders Under Israeli Copyright Law

תיקון 5 לחוק זכות יוצרים מבקש להסדיר, בין היתר, סעד טכנולוגי חדש - הגבלת גישה למקור תוכן. התיקון מסמיך את בית המשפט להוציא צווי הגבלה המופנים כלפי ספק גישה לרשת תקשורת אלקטרונית, ומורים להם להגביל את הגישה למקור תוכן, כולו או חלקו, אם מתקיימת פעילות מפרה לגבי עיקר התוכן שבו. ייחודם של צווים אלה נובע מאופיו הטכנולוגי של הסעד אותו הם מציעים. ראשית, יישום הצווים נעשה על-ידי אמצעים טכנולוגיים דינמיים ובלתי שקופים. הפרטים הטכניים של אמצעי הגבלת הגישה ויישומו הטכנולוגי של הצו הם המגדירים את היקף ההגנה הניתנת בפועל לזכויותיהם המהותיות של בעלי זכות יוצרים ומשקפים את נקודת האיזון בין זכויותיהם לאילו של בעלי תכנים, ספקי גישה וציבור המשתמשים. היקף תחולתם של צווי ההגבלה, האפקטיביות שלהם והשלכותיהם על זכויות יסוד, דוגמת חופש הביטוי והזכות לפרטיות, נגזרים מפרטיה הטכניים של טכנולוגיית החסימה המשמשת ליישום הצו. נובע מכך שהאחריות לעיצוב התשתית הטכנולוגית הנחוצה לטיפול בצווי ההגבלה, על כל השלכותיה החוקתיות, מוטלת על ספקי גישה הפועלים למקסום רווחים, בכפוף לשקול דעתם העסקי. עיצוב פרטי שכזה עלול להיות דינמי, מוטה ובלתי צודק. ללא הנחייה מפורטת מצד בית המשפט מהו מנגנון ביצוע הצווים הראוי, לרבות מהם אמצעי ההגבלה המידתיים ביותר, וללא פיקוח ציבורי בדיעבד על אופן הגבלת הגישה הלכה למעשה, מתעורר חשש ממשי לפגיעה בשלטון החוק ולסטייה חדה מהאיזון העדין שבין ההגנה על זכות היוצרים לבין זכויות יסוד אחרות. שנית, צווי הגבלת גישה כפופים להליך משפטי מקוצר ופשוט, המתקיים מראש, לעיתים ללא דיון אדברסרי בעניין שאלת ההפרה. בכך מהווים צווים אלה חלק מן הנטיה הגוברת להמיר הליכים משפטיים של אכיפה, הכרוכים בבירור העובדות והכרעה בין זכויות מתחרות, בהליכי מניעה. הליכים אלה אינם מספקים ערובה מספקת להגנה על האינטרס הציבורי. המאמר מנתח את ההסדר בחוק למתן סעד טכנולוגי של צו הגבלת גישה למקור תוכן, מסביר את ייחודיותו ומצביע על הסכנות הכרוכות ביישום לא מבוקר של סעד זה מבחינת שלטון החוק וזכויות יסוד. English Abstract: Blocking orders are technological reliefs sought to disable access to websites mostly containing copyright infringing content. They are occasionally result-tailored, requiring Internet Service Providers, which are not direct parties to the legal dispute, to take the necessary digital measures to block access to a specific website. Yet, website blocking may be pursued through varied digital measures, each of which has its own special attributes in terms of exactness, efficiency and cost. The technical details of the digital measures applied ultimately define the scope and breadth of fundamental rights, including free speech and access to information. Nevertheless, biased Internet Service Providers – and not authorized public officials – are coerced to define the effective boundaries of technological reliefs, consequently reshaping the balances underlining copyright law. Pending legislation in Israel sets a formal judicial procedure for obtaining blocking orders. The proposed procedure is subject to ex-ante judicial review without providing any guidance in relation to the order’s future implementation. This is insufficient to guard against misuse of enforcement power. The practical implementation of blocking orders is concealed behind a veil of dynamic technicalities and private considerations. As they flourish on an ever-changing digital landscape, they must be adaptive to change, what makes them even less predictable. Without ex-post reevaluation of blocking orders, potential violations of fundamental rights may remain unchecked. This paper highlights the unique attributes of blocking orders, examines their procedural framework and explores their challenges to fundamental rights.

The Systemic Violation of Section 26(1): An Appeal for Structural Relief by the Judiciary

In 2014, a year supposedly marked to celebrate twenty years of democracy and the transformation of our housing regime from one being grossly discriminatory to a welfare-orientated legal system that functions under the auspices of the rights and values entrenched in the Constitution the poorest households in South Africa remain subject to not only intolerable housing conditions, but also unlawful state evictions. The housing jurisprudence has developed certain indicators of the state’s constitutional obligations and these indicators constitute the courts’ conception of its expectations of the state in complex housing disputes that generally concern homelessness/landlessness. However, recent state actions taken in contravention of section 26 indicate the systemic violation of the right to the extent that it is deprived of all meaning. With the required cognisance of the courts’ inherent competencies, concerns for separation of powers boundaries and an inclination to maintain a high level of deference in polycentric matters with economic and social consequences for the community, the courts are obliged to hold government accountable and vindicate the violation of fundamental rights. A form of reparation is therefore required that is able to address these violations in a systemic manner, without usurping the functions of the executive. Structural relief is apt in such instances, provided that it is structured in a specific manner to address immediate and long-term housing needs in a way consistent with other constitutional provisions and the underlying values of the Constitution. A once-off form of relief is inappropriate to counter the systemic violation of the right of access to adequate housing.On the other hand, a structural interdict is different to the extent that it can consist of different remedial phases over which the court retains jurisdiction to ensure that the state complies with its section 26(2) obligations. Throughout this process of supervision the court should encourage a dialogue between the different stakeholders and assist with predeterminations of the kinds of governmental actions that would be unreasonable, procedurally unfair and generally in contravention of the Constitution.

Integrating Brain Science and Law: Neuroscientific Evidence and Legal Perspectives on Protecting Individual Liberties.

Advances in neuroscientific techniques have found increasingly broader applications, including in legal neuroscience (or “neurolaw”), where experts in the brain sciences are called to testify in the courtroom. But does the incursion of neuroscience into the legal sphere constitute a threat to individual liberties? And what legal protections are there against such threats? In this paper, we outline individual rights as they interact with neuroscientific methods. We then proceed to examine the current uses of neuroscientific evidence, and ultimately determine whether the rights of the individual are endangered by such approaches. Based on our analysis, we conclude that while federal evidence rules constitute a substantial hurdle for the use of neuroscientific evidence, more ethical safeguards are needed to protect against future violations of fundamental rights. Finally, we assert that it will be increasingly imperative for the legal and neuroscientific communities to work together to better define the limits, capabilities, and intended direction of neuroscientific methods applicable for use in law.

El derecho a la verdad en las violaciones graves a Derechos Humanos. Caso San Fernando, México)

Es deber de todo Estado democrático garantizar el Derecho a la Verdad, mismo que deriva de los órdenes jurídicos nacional e internacional. A pesar de su reciente determinación, este derecho es de suma importancia al permitir el conocimiento de eventos que por su naturaleza ofenden profundamente no sólo a los individuos, sino a la sociedad e incluso a la humanidad misma. En México La principal garantía legal de este derecho, la constituye la Ley General de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información Pública (antes la Ley General de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información Pública, vigente cuando tuvo verificativo el caso que se analiza) que prevé la publicidad de las averiguaciones previas relativas a violaciones graves de Derechos Humanos, puesto que dichas violaciones exceden el interés particular a la privacidad. Empero, la redacción lacónica del texto legal no permite identificar la autoridad o instancia facultada para calificar la gravedad de las violaciones cometidas, sin obviar el debate sobre si es posible hablar de grados de gravedad entre las violaciones de los derechos fundamentales. La ausencia de una atribución legal específica a determinada instancia o autoridad anula el principio de máxima publicidad al que está sujeta la información gubernamental y obstaculiza el ejercicio del derecho a la verdad que debe gozar la ciudadanía de todo estado democrático ante situaciones de violaciones graves a los derechos humanos, como lo es la masacre ocurrida en San Fernando, Tamaulipas en 2010. Palabras clave: Derecho a la verdad, Violaciones graves a derechos humanos, Transparencia, Masacre San Fernando.

La dimensión objetiva de los derechos fundamentales en México

The purpose of this paper is to address the objective dimension of fundamental rights in Mexico. Perceiving fundamental rights in their objective facet has three main consequences: the irradiation effect of rights, the mandates regarding action by the State, and the horizontal effectiveness of rights. This last aspect appears to be the most problematic, not so much because of its theoretical construction, but primarily with respect to its adjective solution, since amparo proceedings against final judicial decisions for which there is no legal remedy or recourse still seem to be inadmisible against violations of fundamental rights that originate with third parties. Since the major theoretical and practical developments on this subject come largely from Germany, the doctrine of that country is resorted to repeatedly. It also has influenced nearly all the European countries, which is why the authors also refer to the doctrine and jurisprudence of Spain. In analyzing the contributions of these countries, the authors examine the text of their own country’s constitution and its constitutional jurisprudence in an effort to identify how these theories are being adopted in Mexico.

Youth perceptions of violence against women through a sexist chant in the football stadium: an exploratory analysis

Gender-based violence and violence against women (VAW) refers to any violation of fundamental rights. However, some forms of VAW are viewed as unproblematic, acceptable and deserved. Taking into account that sexist chants in football stadiums reinforce VAW, the purpose of the study is to determine how a group of adolescents can normalize or challenge an example of sexist chants. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted and the participants were asked to discuss to what extent the actions could be considered as gender-based violence. Most of the youth were highly unconscious of the sexist nature of the video and only a few recognized it as gender-based violence. Such awareness is essential in order to recognize the discrimination and prejudices, but especially, characteristic of VAW in football stadiums. Therefore, the implementation of a new pedagogy in order to reduce VAW in and outside the school is absolutely mandatory.

The Supreme Court of India: A People’s Court?

The Supreme Court of India has long been thought of as a court for the common people. This perception is rooted in the Indian constitution, which grants the Supreme Court original jurisdiction to hear cases alleging violation of fundamental rights. The Court has also embraced this vision of its role, and conceives of itself as an institution of “last resort for the oppressed and bewildered.” In a judgment from 1987, it expressly notes that it gives greater access to certain marginalized groups: this Court has always regarded the poor and the disadvantaged as entitled to preferential consideration than the rich and the affluent, the businessmen and the industrialists. The reason is that the weaker sections of Indian humanity have been deprived of justice for long, long years: they have had no access to justice on account of their poverty, ignorance and illiteracy. . . . The majority of the people of our country are subjected to this denial of access to justice and, overtaken by despair and helplessness, they continue to remain victims of an exploitative society where economic power is concentrated in the hands of a few and it is used for perpetuation of domination over large masses of human beings. This court has always, therefore, regarded it as its duty to come to the rescue of these deprived and vulnerable sections of Indian humanity in order to help them realise their economic and social entitlements and to bring to an end their oppression and exploitation. The Court’s self-conscious pro-poor discursion is most evident in its public interest jurisprudence, through which the Court removed many procedural barriers to accessing the Court; and assumed wide ranging remedial powers to ameliorate a range of socio-economic injustices.

El acoso en el trabajo: algunos aspectos doctrinarios, jurisprudenciales y legales del acoso moral y sexual en Chile

The conduct of enforcement or persecution can call it "Conduct of harassment", which is of particular interest for the right to work in the cases in which a siege within the employment relationship and harassment occurs and during its term, distinguishing between harassment or workplace harassment and harassment or sexual harassment, hypothesis prejudicial for those involved in the relationship of work and in particular of fundamental rights. While attitudes in both institutions have sorne overlap (siege of the hechor, absence of consent ofthe victim and the prejudice in employment or occupation), relevant differences are recognized. Thus, in the workplace harassment, harassment not aims to obtain a sexual favor, and must also have a certain regularity or more or less extended duration in time. lnstead, in the sexual harassment a single fact that magazine sufficient severity can satisfy the illicit labour, without requiring a repeated or more or less prolonged duration. The work develops both hypotheses of harassment labour, referring to its regulation, concept, violation of fundamental rights and other violations, element, features and reception of these institutions in the jurisprudence and doctrine.

Accountability 2.0: Towards a Special Responsibility for Internet Intermediaries

On May 16th, 2011, the UN Special Rapporteur for the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression issued its Annual Report to the Human Rights Council, devoted to the issue of freedom of expression on the Internet. The Report highlighted inter alia a number of challenges to the enjoyment of such right in the cyberspace, including arbitrary blocking and filtering of content, disconnection of users from the Internet and inadequate protection of the right to privacy. While the need to tackle these problems has been recognized and discussed in multiple fora over the last decade, both the strategic use of Internet and communication services by the Egyptian and Syrian regimes and the recent discovery of the existence of extensive surveillance conducted by the United States’ National Security Agency brought to the fore the instrumental importance of overcoming some of these challenges for the promotion of democracy. In fact, in all three examples mentioned above governments faced the technical obstacle of having to request the intermediaries of information on the Internet (namely, internet providers, social networks and search engines) to shut down specific user accounts, provide user data, or limit the scope of their services altogether. In light of the rights and principles highlighted by the Special Rapporteur, this paper poses the questions of what international law has to say regarding these practices, and importantly, how compliance with international law can be secured (or at least, induced) in this domain. For this purpose, the paper focuses on the role of Internet intermediaries in enabling or preventing the violation of human rights, and more particularly, freedom of expression and privacy. After defining the category of intermediaries (section 1) and the international rules and standards applicable to this type of interaction (section 2), a third section of the paper proposes interpretative criteria that would enable Internet intermediaries not only to function as effective “choke points” for illegal content, but also to stand up against flagrant violations of fundamental rights.

Derecho a la intimidad en las redes sociales de internet en Colombia.

El artículo ilustra uno de los temas más controversiales, en términos de lo jurídico y la comunicación, presentes en los inicios del siglo XXI: las redes sociales en Internet, que surgen como una respuesta a la naturaleza humana de comunicarse y de establecer vínculos personales, profesionales y sentimentales. Puesto que no existe una relación personal y directa con la persona con quien se está interactuando, puede haber lugar a vulneración de derechos fundamentales que se relacionan con el fuero interno de las personas. En el marco virtual de las redes sociales, es fácil proyectar un perfil que refleje una identidad que, en algunos casos, no corresponde a la realidad. El ambiente interactivo virtual se presta para que la persona que está al otro lado del computador suplante una identidad, como sucede con los individuos que solicitan amistad de personas con fines delictivos y ponen en riesgo la integridad y honra de las personas. La afectación del derecho a la intimidad desde las redes sociales es evidente, sea por terceros o por la misma persona titular que expone su vida privada sin medir las consecuencias y el impacto social, dada la rapidez de la difusión de la información que permite Internet.

Wearing White Aprons at Work Place-a Metacognition from Medico-legal Point of View

Wearing a white apron during duty hours is a debatable issue. Whether white apron is considered uniform like uniform code of armed forces and Constitution demands its mandatory use or is it a violation of fundamental right of a physician? The effects of white aprons on patients’ feelings and on their perceptions about the doctor has been studied extensively by different scholars but few articles point towards the conflicts of opinions and lack of clarity in this subject. The question regarding use of white aprons in commercials is also a subject of debate. Thus this article is an attempt on the part of the authors to review the literature and search for a rational view.

Disapplication of Austrian Law Denying Compensation for Bereavement Damages: A Judgment by Italian Supreme Court on the Notion of “Public Policy”

This paper addresses the application of Article 4 and Article 26 (“Public Policy of the forum”) of Rome II Regulation specifically in relation to claims for bereavement damages in cross-border fatal accidents. It does so by first illustrating an Italian Supreme Court’s judgment that disapplied Austrian law denying awards for nonpecuniary damages to secondary victims. This precedent and other developments, including recent ECJ judgments on Motor Insurance Directives, show that there are grounds for national judges to limit the negative effects of Article 4: the ‘public policy’ rule can be an effective weapon against any denial of or any relevant restriction to victims’ right to full and fair compensation. More in general this paper’s conclusion is that a national judge, pursuant to Article 26, is entitled to disapply the foreign law which, in contrast with his internal public policy, would require him to discriminate in peius among victims suffering violations of fundamental rights.