Veterinary Preparations Research Articles

Parenteral ivermectin in Strongyloides hyperinfection

Strongyloides hyperinfection, unresponsive to oral ivermectin and oral albendazole, was controlled by subcutaneous administration of a veterinary preparation of ivermectin.

Potential Infections Related to Anabolic Steroid Injection in Young Adolescents

To the Editor. In their article “Anabolic Steroid Use by Male and Female Middle School Students,” Faigenbaum et al1 indicate that 2.7% of middle school students (grades 5 through 7) report anabolic steroid use. Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AS) can be administered orally or intramuscularly; the latter is the route of administration for 50% of AS users.2 It has been indicated previously that 25% of students who report AS use share needles for injection.3 Therefore, this young and relatively uneducated AS user group is potentially at risk for infections related to injection. We conducted a MEDLINE (1966–1998) and AIDSLINE (1980–1998) world literature review to examine references that attributed infections to AS injection.We found infections attributable to the multi-person use of needles and syringes and improper injection techniques in 11 individuals. None of these cases were among children or younger adolescents. The mean age of these individuals was 25 years (mean, 18–37 years). Three separate cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection occurred in male, heterosexual bodybuilders who shared needles that were used for AS injection on multiple occasions.4–6 One of the individuals who was diagnosed with HIV infection also acquired hepatitis B through shared AS needles.4 Two cases of thigh abscesses were discovered in male and female professional weight lifters who injected a veterinary preparation of stanozolol contaminated with Mycobacterium smegmatis.7 Two case reports of staphylococcal gluteal abscesses developed in young bodybuilders 18 and 21 years of age.8 The steroids were injected by other weight lifters who were not trained in sterile injection technique. A staphylococcal abscess occurred in a 24-year-old bodybuilder who reported, for financial reasons, reusing needles on multiple occasions.9 Pectoral and deltoid abscesses were reported in a 20-year-old AS injector who had injected his AS preparation and then returned the needle to the vial to inject into another muscle group.10 The patient was thought to have contaminated his multi-dosage vial with skin flora and subsequently spread the infection.10 A counterfeit AS preparation contaminated with Pseudomonas spp was responsible for a deep gluteal abscess in one AS injector.11 Immune suppression secondary to long-term AS use may have contributed to Candida albicans endophthalmitis in a 24-year-old athlete who reported a 2-year history of injecting AS.12Serious infections attributable to AS injection have been reported in young adult professional and recreational athletes. Many of these young adult athletes appeared to have limited education about sterile injection technique and limited access to sterile needles and syringes. It is doubtful that adolescent middle school students have better education or easier access to needles and syringes. Although a harm reduction model may be appropriate for older athletes with a longer history of use, it is of paramount importance to encourage adolescents to abstain from AS use and injection. Intervention strategies to lower the intent to use AS among adolescents should include education regarding the potential infectious complications related to injection. Further studies that examine the prevalence and incidence of blood-borne pathogens and behavioral studies of the injection practices among AS users are needed.This work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse K20 Grant DA00268 to Dr Josiah D. Rich.

The development of formulated preparation with albendazole: [formula omitted], T.Kalynjuk, L.Zarooma, Y.Kosenko∗, V.Lubynec' Department of Drugs Technology, Lviv State Medical University, Pekarska 69, 290010, Lviv-10, Ukraine ∗State Scientific-research Control Institute of Veterinary Preparations and Fodder Additives, Donetska 11, 290019, Lviv-19, Ukraine

The development of formulated preparation with albendazole: [formula omitted], T.Kalynjuk, L.Zarooma, Y.Kosenko∗, V.Lubynec' Department of Drugs Technology, Lviv State Medical University, Pekarska 69, 290010, Lviv-10, Ukraine ∗State Scientific-research Control Institute of Veterinary Preparations and Fodder Additives, Donetska 11, 290019, Lviv-19, Ukraine

Introduction of Mhorr gazelle Gazella dama mhorr in Bou‐Hedma National Park, Tunisia

Since 1968 the Mhorr gazelle Gazella dama mhorr has been extinct in the wild. In October 1994 4.10 Mhorr gazelles were transferred from Almeria to the Bou‐Hedma National Park, Tunisia. The Park is open shrub habitat dominated by an extensive cover of Acacia raddiana (–tortilis) trees, similar to that of the former range of the species. The gazelles were maintained in a 10 ha acclimatization enclosure for 5 months before being released into a 2000 ha total protection zone. This paper describes the introduction of the gazelles to native food species, veterinary preparations, social relationships and dominance, pattern of activity and flight distance of the introduced animals. Three days after release into the protected area the new herd was joined by five Mhorr gazelles which had already been living in the Park, making a group of 19 animals.

Immobilization of bacterial proteases on water-solved polymer by means of electron beam

Possibility of electron beam usage for proteases' immobilization on 1,4-polyalkylene oxide (1,4-PAO) was studied to obtain biologically active complex for multi-purpose usage. It is shown that immobilization of Bacillus Subtilis protease takes place due to free-radical linking of enzyme and carrier with formation of mycellium-like structures. Immobilization improves heat resistance of enzyme up to 60°C without substrate and up to 80°C in presence of substrate, widens range of pH activity in comparison with non-immobilized forms. Immobilized proteases do not contain peroxides or long-live radicals. Our results permitted to create technologies for production of medical and veterinary preparations, active components for wool washing agents and leather fabrication technology.

Testing for natural and synthetic anabolic agents in human urine.

This paper describes a comprehensive method for the detection of natural and synthetic anabolic agents, including some veterinary preparations such as trenbolone, zeranol (a non-steroidal agent) and clenbuterol (a beta 2-agonist). For the natural steroids such as testosterone, the precise determination of urinary androgens during routine procedures allowed the description of statistical distribution of relevant parameters of the endogenous steroid profile amongst male athletes. The validity of the results is discussed, taking into account some factors that may cause the degradation of the specimen.

Use of enzyme immunoassay and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to detect and confirm identity of dexamethasone in equine blood

Summary An enzyme immunoassay (eia) was developed for detection of dexamethasone in equine blood. Dexamethasone 21-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin was used for immunization of rabbits, and prednisolone 21-hemisuccinate-horseradish peroxidase was used as enzyme conjugate. The assay had sensitivity in the low-picogram range (detection limit, 0.3 pg/well, 50% inhibition of binding at 4.5 ± 0.7 pg/well). Apart from Cortisol, which was recognized by the antiserum at concentration > 8.5 ng/ml, the dexamethasone antiserum failed to interfere with endogenous steroids, but cross-reacted with triamcinolone, flumethasone, and betamethasone. Thus, the antiserum was used to perform simultaneous screening for these synthetic glucocorticoids and to confirm their identity by combining reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (rp-hplc) and eia. The immunoreactivity obtained by direct serum measurements was characterized by means of 2 independent rp-hplc systems. Serum extracts were submitted to rp-hplc systems I and II, and the fractions were tested by eia. Immunoreactive peaks were identified by comparing their retention time with that of the standard glucocorticoids used for calibration. Coinjection of an internal standard (methylprednisolone) in rp-hplc system II yielded reproducible relative retention times. The effectiveness of the test system was evaluated, using blood from a horse treated with commonly used veterinary preparations of dexamethasone. Administration of the free alcohol of dexamethasone and of dexamethasone 21-trioxaundecanoate, both given iv, was detected, and the identity of each was confirmed for up to 48 hours. Intramuscular administration of dexamethasone 21-isonicotinate was continued for at least 14 days after injection of a therapeutic dose. The technique provided higher sensitivity and practicability than do analytic techniques currently available for glucocorticoid testing in horses and proved reliable in confirming the identity of dexamethasone, triamcinolone, flumethasone, and betamethasone in equine blood samples.

The role of procaine in adverse reactions to procaine penicillin in horses

Procaine penicillin is a commonly used antibiotic in equine medicine but its use is associated with a substantial incidence of adverse reactions. Soluble procaine concentrations were determined by HPLC in several commercially available procaine penicillin preparations, including some that were involved in adverse reactions. The mean (+/- SEM) soluble procaine concentrations in the veterinary preparations was 20.18 +/- 5.07 mg/ml, which was higher than the concentration in the only procaine penicillin preparation for use in humans in Australia of 7.3 mg/ml. Heating the veterinary procaine penicillin preparations to 50 degrees C for 1 day led to a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in the amount of soluble procaine. Heating to 50 degrees C for 7 days also produced a significant (P less than 0.02) increase. Soluble procaine tended to return to baseline concentrations when veterinary procaine penicillin preparations were heated to 50 degrees C for 2 days then stored for 7 days at room temperature. Administration of procaine HCl intravenously (IV) at 2, 5, and 10 mg/kg produced behavioural, locomotor and vascular reactions, which were clinically similar to those reported in adverse reactions to procaine penicillin. The more severe reactions occurred at higher doses, although different horses responded variably at the same dose. Some adverse reactions lead to recumbency but none were fatal. The blood procaine concentrations 1 min after IV administration averaged 19.0 +/- 12.6 and 25.3 +/- 16 micrograms/ml at 2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, respectively. Ten min after administration, blood procaine concentrations were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in the 5 mg/kg group than in the 2.5 mg/kg group. Intramuscular (IM) procaine HCl at 5 mg/kg produced significantly lower (P less than 0.001) blood concentrations than similar IV doses, and, in contrast to the IV doses, the amount of procaine in the blood was significantly higher 5 and 10 min after administration than it was after 1 min. Mild excitatory reactions in 4/5 horses were noted 5 to 10 min after IM administration. Administration of diazepam 20 s before procaine HCl prevented the excitatory adverse reaction in 2/2 horses, but administration after the procaine did not influence the outcome.

Prescribing of drugs for food-producing animals in Norway. Information about withdrawal times.

The prescribing of drugs for food-producing animals in Norway was investigated with special emphasis on written information given about withdrawal times. The study was designed as a cross-sectional prescription survey. Of 1518 prescriptions for food-producing animals, it was concluded that 1224 of the prescriptions were for drugs requiring withdrawal times for meat, milk or eggs. Of these 1224 prescriptions, 82.8% were for veterinary preparations, 6.6% were for human preparations and 10.6% were for other drugs. For 20.8% of the prescriptions, information about withdrawal time(s) was missing. For prescriptions for veterinary preparations this figure was 5.9%, and for prescriptions for human preparations and other drugs 95.1% and 90.8%, respectively. For veterinary preparations approved for the intended species, as many as 99.2% gave information about withdrawal times on the drug container label. Lack of information about withdrawal times might give rise to drug residues in food for human consumption and thus pose a potential hazard to human health.

Prescribing of veterinary and human preparations for animals in Norway. Was the preparation approved for the animal species for which it was prescribed?

The prescribing of drugs for use in veterinary medicine in Norway was investigated through a cross-sectional survey. Of the 8741 prescriptions issued for animals included in this study 22% were for drug use in veterinarians' practices. Drugs from all but one therapeutic group were prescribed for use in animals. On average, 49% of the prescriptions were for veterinary preparations, 43% were for human preparations, and 8% were for formulations prepared by pharmacies. Of prescriptions for specific animal species, 27% of the preparations were not approved for the intended animal species. The corresponding figures for prescriptions of veterinary and human preparations were 7% and 41%, respectively. Of prescriptions for production animals 17% of the preparations were not approved for the intended animal species, and for pets this figure was 30%.

An evaluation of the information given on veterinary prescriptions in Norway. Compliance with the legal regulations

Compliance with Norwegian legal regulations for veterinary prescriptions was investigated and evaluated. The study was designed as a cross-sectional prescription survey, and the prescriptions were recorded in Dbase III. Of the 6505 written and telephone prescriptions collected only about one in five fulfilled the legal requirements, namely, giving information about the animal species the drug was intended for, indication for the prescribed drug and directions for use. On average 86% contained information about the animal species, while 26% and 80%, respectively, contained formation about the indication for the prescribed drug and directions for use. The number of prescriptions on which indication and directions for use were given, was significantly higher for written prescriptions than for telephone prescriptions, and for prescriptions of human preparations compared with prescriptions of veterinary preparations. For pets, the number of prescriptions containing directions for use was significantly higher than for production animals. The proportion of prescriptions for pets giving a statement of the indication was not significantly different from prescriptions for production animals.

High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of ampicillin and cloxacillin and its application to an intramammary veterinary preparation

Reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultra-violet detection has been used for the simultaneous identification and determination of ampicillin, cloxacillin and some of their degradation products following their extraction from an intramammary preparation used in veterinary medicine. Extraction of the intramammary base into petroleum ether (40–60°C) and partition of the penicillins into the mobile phase gave a mean recovery of 100.8% for ampicillin with coefficient of variation of 1.0 and 103.4% for cloxacillin with coefficient of variation of 1.2 (n=6). Using optimised HPLC conditions ampicillin eluted in approximately 2 min and cloxacillin in approximately 8 min. The overall method was found to be stability indicating, since cloxacillin and ampicillin eluted independently of their degradation products.

Inhibition of viscero-somatic reflexes accompanies the defence reaction

Alphaxalone has been used as an intravenous anesthetic in combination with alphadolone, which enhances the solubility of alphaxalone, and was marketed under the trade name Althesin. It is no longer available for human use as the preparation caused severe anaphylactic reactions, although a veterinary preparation is still available. Alphaxalone is a steroid and acts as a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors …

Human ivermectin exposure

Ivermectin is a veterinary antiparasitic medication for domestic animals. Two cases of human exposure to veterinary preparations of ivermectin are reported. Patient number one accidentally self-injected ivermectin and developed nausea, pallor, and transient pain and numbness in the affected extremity. Patient number two, a 4-year-old child, ingested an unknown amount of the paste preparation and remained asymptomatic. As ivermectin is being used with increasing frequency in veterinary medicine, more human exposures may be anticipated.

Studies related to the metabolism of anabolic steroids in the horse: a gas chromatographic mass spectrometric method to confirm the administration of 19-nortestosterone or its esters to horses.

A method is described to confirm the presence of 19-nortestosterone metabolites in urine after the administration of veterinary preparations of this anabolic steroid to horses. The method is based upon the detection, by gas chromatography mass spectrometry or selected ion monitoring, of an isomer of estrane-3,17-diol in the urine.

Seasonal Fluctuations in the Concentration of BHC Residues in Butter

AbstractMarked seasonal changes in the BHC content of butter in Northern Ireland are reported. Levels of alpha‐BHC rise to a maximum of between 0.5 and 0.9 mg/kg on a fat basis in January and February, falling to between 0.02 and 0.04 mg/kg in late summer and early autumn. The use of veterinary preparations containing technical BHC for the control of lice infection in the winter months would appear to be responsible for such fluctuations. Maximum BHC contamination of milk in January and February probably arises by direct ingestion or skin absorption of externally applied BHC and subsequent transfer from the bloodstream to the milk fat. A later smaller contamination peak in the April/May period is probably due to mobilisation of BHC stored in the body fat of the animals during the first weeks after parturition.

Über das Verhalten ausgewählter Tierarzneimittel bei der technologischen Verarbeitung der Milch

Since the extensive veterinary-hygienic treatment of herds with insecticidal veterinary preparations may lead to milk contamination, the authors studied the behaviour of some active agents (butonate, dichlorvos (DDVP), trichlorphon, naled, carbaryl, hexachloro-p-xylene and rafoxanide) during the industrial processing of milk to fluid milk, cream, butter, cheese and milk powder, and during the storage of these products. Small-scale model experiments served to investigate the effects of pasteurization (74 and 95 degrees C.), separation and churning as well as of the processing to milk powder and cheese. Analyses for residues were performed by thin-layer chromatography, colorimetry and with the aid of the isotope technique. From the viewpoint of milk processing, the use of TCP and, in part, that of DDVP may be considered as less critical due to their hydrophilic properties and rapid degradation. In view of their lipophilic behaviour, the use of butonate, carbaryl, rafoxanide and hexachloro-p-xylene as active agents in veterinary preparations for milk cows must be regarded as problematic. The utilization of naled is also problematic due to the fact that the toxicology of its metabolites is not yet sufficiently known.

Collaborative Study of the Determination of Dichlorophene in Veterinary Preparations by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry

Abstract Dichlorophene is determined in veterinary preparations by a liquid-liquid extraction and UV quantitation. Eight collaborators each analyzed 4 commercial preparations and one synthetic mixture. The average recovery for dichlorophene in the synthetic mixture is 100.3% with a standard deviation of 2.13. The standard deviations obtained for the 5 samples range from 0.13 to 3.69 with coefficients of variation from 0.69 to 3.43. It is recommended that the method be adopted as official first action.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Fluroral and Uranine in Milk

Summary To render antibiotic-containing milk easily recognizable, it has been suggested that a dye marker be added to veterinary antibiotic preparations which are to be infused into the udder. Ideally, the dye would be eliminated from the udder at the same rate as the antibiotic, and the milk should be discarded as long as a trace of dye was detected. A mixture of two fluorescein dyes, (Fluroral and Uranine), has shown promise for this purpose. To properly evaluate such a procedure, quantitative methods for measuring the marker content of milk were needed. Therefore, simple and rapid spectrophotometric methods have been devised for the quantitative determination of fat-soluble fluorescein (fluroral) and water-soluble fluorescein (uranine) in milk. Reproducibility values ranged from 92 to 100%, and recovery values from 94 to 103%.

Use of Markers in Veterinary Preparations for the Detection of Antibiotics in Milk

Use of Markers in Veterinary Preparations for the Detection of Antibiotics in Milk