Verbs In Language Research Articles

Analisis Kontrastif Konstruksi Kalimat [kaverba] dalam Bahasa Sunda dengan [-rareru] dalam Bahasa Jepang

Basa Sunda and Japanese language have so many similiratity in terms of passive expressions. Both language recognize direct passive utterance and indirect passive utterance. This paper analyzes indirect passive construction of basa Sunda and contrast them to similar construction in Japanese. This paper show that from four of the basa Sunda’s indirect passive construction functions, only two of them comply to the Japanese indirect passive construction semantically. These functions are spontaneus clause (jihatsu) and potential clause (kanou). Despite of the semantic similarity, this paper also show that these type of indirect passive can be constructed from intransitive verbs in both language.

Cинтаксическая сочетаемость глаголов в турецком языке

Cинтаксическая сочетаемость глаголов в турецком языке

A Contrastive Study on Special Meaning of Passive Intransitive Verbs in Japanese and Korean Language

A Contrastive Study on Special Meaning of Passive Intransitive Verbs in Japanese and Korean Language

The Lexicalization Patterns of Old Chinese Motion Verbs and the Manner/ Result Complementarity

Rappaport Hovav and Levin[1,2] propose the manner/result complementarity (MRC), which predicts the non-existence of verbs lexicalizing both manner and result at a time. Scholars [3, 4] argue against the MRC as a general lexical principle governing the lexicalization patterns of verbs by naming verbs which seem to encode both meaning components simultaneously. One type of counterexample verbs are based on the lexicalization properties of typologically different languages. Following Slobin [5], Shi and Wu [6] suggest that manner and result meaning components exhibit complementary distribution in satellite-framed languages but not verb-framed languages. Though Modern Chinese is generally classified as a satellite-framed language, Old Chinese is regarded as a verb-framed language and the lexicalization patterns of Old Chinese motion verbs are also subjected to controversy. Drawing evidence from motion verbs in Old Chinese, this study tries to answer whether the MRC constrains the possible lexicalization patterns of motion verbs in verb-framed languages. Detailed analysis indicates that though typologically different languages may use morphosyntactic devices specific to the language to differentiate verbs falling into different ontological categories, Old Chinese motion verbs conform to the MRC hypothesis.

PROSES AFIKSASI PADA INKORPORASI PELESAPAN VERBA DALAM BAHASA BALI

[Title: The Affixation Process in Verb Incorporation in Balinese Language] The incorporation of verbs in Balinese language requires the morphological process of the word that will replace the verb position. The incorporation process in Balinese is usually followed by affixation process. This article aims to explain the affixation process of incorporating verbs in Balinese language. The source of data of this research is a modern Balinese story book titled Tutur Bali by I Wayan Westa (2013). The data of this research is obtained through library method with technique of note. The data obtained were classified according to the type of affixation that occurs. The classified data were analyzed using the distributional method. The result of analysis is presented by informal method. Based on the analysis that has been conducted, the affixation process found in the case of incorporation of verbs involves the process of prefixation, the process of suffixation, and the process of adding the affix combination. The prefixing process involves the addition of ma- and N-. Furthermore, the process of suffixation includes the addition of the suffix -in. The last morphological process is the addition of a combination of affixes such as N-in, N-ang, ma-an, ma-in, ka-in, -ang-a, and -in-a.

Morphofonemical Verba In Kerinci Language

Research on the morphophonemic process of Kerinci language verb is done with the background of many linguistic problems that have not received attention in Kerinci language and very little documentation has been done to the language of Kerinci. This research is done with awareness of the effort to conserve one of the elements of culture, namely language. This research is a qualitative research with descriptive method, which aims to describe Kerinci language empirically based on the situation or facts that exist in the field and presented with what it is. The informant is a native speaker of Kerinci. Data collection techniques used are recording techniques, elasticity techniques, and techniques refer. Data analysis technique used in this research is transcribing data into writing language, translating data into Indonesian, and analyzing data. To facilitate the analysis, the data already written and translated into Indonesian language is then classified by word category. The result of this research is that there are four rules of morphophonemic process of verb forming affix, ie {maN-}, {N-}, {bar-}, and {ta-}. The four rules of verb-forming merbophonemic in Kerinci, can be classified again into two processes: phoneme change and phoneme removal processes.

Влияние лингвистических и педагогических исследований на временные формы и виды глаголов в английском языке

Влияние лингвистических и педагогических исследований на временные формы и виды глаголов в английском языке

Verbs in speech framing expressions: Comparing English and Spanish

In this study, we explore how direct speech is portrayed in English and SpanishSpeech Framing Expressions(SFEs). The study has two aims. Firstly, we survey the use of verbs in SFEs and offer a comprehensive inventory of those verbs in English and Spanish as representatives of Germanic and Romance languages respectively in order to determine what verb meanings are used to cue direct speech, what lexical resources express these meanings, and how rich and varied these vocabularies are in the two languages. Secondly, the comparisons across the languages provide the basis for a theoretical contribution to the debate about general typological differences in the semantics and lexicalization patterns of verbs in Germanic and Romance languages to the area of verbs for speech and to meaning modelling in general. Five main semantic categories of verbs were identified:speech,activity,perception,cognitionandemotion. We show that Spanish features a much more varied repertoire than English and makes more use of verbs related to the domains of thinking and reasoning, while the physical domain is the preferred one in the English data set. It emerges that even though the same types of lexical resources are available in both languages, the ways of describing direct speech vary greatly.

TRANSLATION SHIFT IN THE TRANSLATED NOVEL OF “TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD” BY FEMMY SYAHRIANNI

The aim of this study were to find out category shift types used in thetranslation of novel To Kill A Bird and to describe of how category shift is translatedin the novel from English into Indonesian. This study were conducted by usingdescriptive qualitative method. The data of the study were words, phrases, andclauses in the novel To Kill A Mockingbird which is translated into Indonesian byFemmy Syahrianni. It was found that there were 280 data in the novel from Englishinto Indonesian. The data analysis were taken by listing and bolding. Documentarysheets used as the instrument to collect the data. The data were analyzed based onMiles and Huberman (2014) by condensation which consists of selecting, focusing,simplifying, abstracting and transforming and then data display by using table inorder to get easy analyzing the data. The result of this study were (1) there were fourtypes of category shifts found in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird namely; structureshifts (36.78%), class shift (27.14%), unit shift (32.5%) and intra-system shift(3.27%). (2) The process of category shifts in the translation novel by havingmodifier-head in source language changed into head-modifier in target language,adverb in source language changed into verb in target language, one unit in sourcelanguage changed into some units in target language. and plural in source languagechanged into singular in target language.

Effects of Surprisal and Locality on Danish Sentence Processing: An Eye-Tracking Investigation.

An eye-tracking experiment in Danish investigates two dominant accounts of sentence processing: locality-based theories that predict a processing advantage for sentences where the distance between the major syntactic heads is minimized, and the surprisal theory which predicts that processing time increases with big changes in the relative entropy of possible parses, sometimes leading to anti-locality effects. We consider both lexicalised surprisal, expressed in conditional trigram probabilities, and syntactic surprisal expressed in the manipulation of the expectedness of the second NP in Danish constructions with two postverbal NP-objects. An eye-tracking experiment showed a clear advantage for local syntactic relations, with only a marginal effect of lexicalised surprisal and no effect of syntactic surprisal. We conclude that surprisal has a relatively marginal effect, which may be clearest for verbs in verb-final languages, while locality is a robust predictor of sentence processing.

ГЛАГОЛИ КРЕТАЊА У СРПСКОМ И ЊИХОВИ ЕНГЛЕСКИ ЕКВИВАЛЕНТИ У РОМАНУ РУСКИ ПРОЗОР ДРАГАНА ВЕЛИКИЋА

У раду се посматрају глаголи у српском језику којима се обележава људско кретање по копну померањем сопствених удова као и њихови преводни еквиваленти у енглеском језику. Глаголи ће бити подељени у неколико група према два основна критеријума, а то су: доминантне диференцијалне семе и усмереност кретања. Грађа је ексцерпирана из романа Руски прозор Драгана Великића објављеног на оба језика.Циљ рада је указивање на сличности и разлике у употреби ових глагола у српском и енглеском на синтаксичком и семантичком плану. Посебно ће бити скренута пажња на улогу префикса код глагола у српском језику и на значења фразних глагола у енглеском језику.

Simple Tenses of the Verb in Kamayo Language

Language is vital in daily basis, it is used to communicate and express ideas and thoughts making each member of the community co-exist harmoniously. Its distinctiveness has significance in social aspects such as the value to access power, influences other people and expresses the identity of a certain ethnic group. In Surigao del Sur, Philippines, Kamayo language has been used by the majority of people living in the mid-eastern part of the province. This is the common language used among the people in daily work, in communication and even in business ventures in the locality. The study aims to analyze the simple tenses of the verb in Kamayo language in the province of Surigao del Sur. The study specifically focuses on identifying the affixes and how these affixes are being used in the simple tenses of the verb in the Kamayo language. This is a qualitative type of research which utilizes a purposive sampling technique and conducted an interview to gather the necessary data in this investigation. It was found in this study that there were 6 affixes used in the tenses of verbs. The six affixes has its own conjugating affixes which is attached as prefix, suffix and circumfix of the Kamayo verb. The affixes cannot be attached anywhere from the root word because it may change its meaning. These conjugating affixes determine the tenses of Kamayo verb whether past, present or future tense. On the other hand, the result clearly implies that language is unique and dynamic. The Kamayo language is being used by the people living in the mid-eastern part of Surigao del Sur.

(Un)Persönliche Strukturen im Lateinischen der Vulgata und ihre hebräischen Parallelen

The phenomenon of impersonal verbs in Indo-European languages, particularly in Latin, is a much discussed issue. Nevertheless, the existence and use of impersonal verbs in the Latin of the Vulgate has never been investigated from a comparative point of view. The main aim of this article is to discuss the use of impersonal verbs in ancient Indo-European languages and Biblical Hebrew on the one hand, while on the other hand this article examines the translation of the impersonal verbs of Biblical Hebrew to the Latin of the Vulgate and its underlying principles.

КОГНИТИВНАЯ ФУНКЦИЯ МЕТАФОРЫ: ОЦЕНКА СО СТОРОНЫ НАБЛЮДАТЕЛЯ (на примере глагольной лексики английского языка)

КОГНИТИВНАЯ ФУНКЦИЯ МЕТАФОРЫ: ОЦЕНКА СО СТОРОНЫ НАБЛЮДАТЕЛЯ (на примере глагольной лексики английского языка)

Non-specific, specific and obscured perception verbs in Baltic languages

Opportunistic perception verbs (‘see’, ‘hear’, as opposed to explorative perception verbs, ‘look’, ‘listen’) express the opportunity for perception and are condition-oriented (exposure, i.e. the perceiver’s exposure to a stimulus), not participant-oriented, in their aspectual structure. The Baltic languages, as other languages in Central, East, and Northern Europe, have specific perception verbs, which are a subtype of opportunistic perception verbs, for the expression of restricted exposure. The lexical character of specificity in Baltic—unlike Russian where it is integrated into a rigid grammatical aspect system—is more favorable for uncovering the underlying semantic factors of specificity, which differ across perceptual systems. Restrictedness of exposure is a scale rather than a dichotomy, and cross-linguistic comparison in parallel texts reveals that specificity is a scale with much variation as to where the borderline between specific and non-specific perception verbs is drawn in the languages of the area. Obscured perception verbs, which emphasize difficulty in discrimination, are another set of condition-oriented perception verbs in Baltic and Russian and are closely related to specific verbs synchronically and diachronically. 
 This paper describes non-specific, specific, and obscured perception verbs in the Baltic languages and attempts to capture their variability within six dimensions (morphology, area, diachrony, specificity, modality, obscured verbs). A precondition for this endeavor is a critique of earlier approaches to the semantics of perception verbs. Nine major biases are identified (nominalism, physiology, discrete features, vision, paradigmatic modelling, aspectual event types, dual nature models, participant orientation, and viewing activity as control). In developing an alternative, the approach greatly profits from Gibson’s ecological psychology and Rock’s theory of indirect perception. 
 

Weather verbs in Latin, German, and other languages. Contrastive and typological remarks

This paper presents an overview of basic sentence patterns containing weather verbs/expressions in Latin and German. This bilateral comparison is then extended towards a multilateral comparison, taking into account some Japanese and Turkish weather verbs/expressions. Furthermore, a tertium comparationis, the so-called “meteo-scale” is sketched out, which places basic sentence patterns describing precipitation processes on a continuum containing two poles, the “phenomenon pole” and the “entity pole”, with intermediate spaces in between. This meteo-scale is illustrated and empirically justified with examples from many Indo-European and non-Indo-European languages. Finally, the meteo-scale is compared to some other typological approaches.

Grammatical Means of Temporality Expression in Translation

Creation problem of model of grammatical means of temporality expression in translation from English into Kazakh and Russian languages is considered in the article. At a choice of translation of transformations of aspectual-temporal categories of a verb from English into Kazakh and Russian languages it is considered not only grammatical compliance of categories of tense, but also the contextual use of a functional and semantic field of verbs, comparison of lexical temporality with positions of concepts, specific to each language world picture, with positions of modern philosophy and logic of language. Authors come to a conclusion that productive use of analytical forms in the Kazakh and English languages is the result of structural features of categories of tense and a type of English and Kazakh languages. Comparison of a phase of actions of a verb in English and Kazakh languages allows creation of reference model of grammatical means of expression of temporality in translation from English into Kazakh and Russian languages on the basis of a functional and semantic field of verbs, comparison of lexical temporality from positions specific on each language picture of the world.Keywords: temporality, category of tense, aspect in English and Kazakh languages, grammatical forms, literary translation, action

Development of a Verb Group Machine Translation System

study reported in this paper considered the translation of English language verbs group to Yoruba language verbs group. The study considered the verb group issue among different issues that affect English to Yoruba machine translation (EYMT) system. The EYMT is a project that started some years back. The EYMT project was experimented and then raised a lot of issues that raise questions. The Yoruba language extinction is of concern to the speakers and researchers. The total dominance of English language over Yoruba language in almost all human endeavours is a major challenge. The linguistic rules and the automata theory are considered for the elicitation of the theoretical framework. The re-write rules were designed for the two languages. The Unified Modelling Language (UML) were used to design the system software, and python programming language was used for the system implementation. The evaluation was carried out using mean opinion score approach. The expert average was 100 percent and that of the experimental subject respondents was 81 percent while that of the developed system was 95 percent. Keywordsgroup, machine translation, Yoruba language, re-write rules, acronyms

A Study on Special Usage of Causative Type Transitive Verbs in Japanese Language

A Study on Special Usage of Causative Type Transitive Verbs in Japanese Language

영어와 성서 히브리어의 몇 가지 문법 용어에 대한 한국어 번역 제안

The present study investigates some grammatical terms in English and Biblical Hebrew (BH), and their Korean translations that may cause misunderstanding: adjective and its translation hyeongyongsa (형용사), verb and its translation dongsa (동사), and stative verb and fientive verb and their translations sangtae dongsa (상태 동사) and dongjak dongsa (동작 동사). The study argues that the grammatical concepts that the English expressions refer to in English and BH differ from the ones that the Korean expressions refer to in Korean.BR First, adjectives in English and BH differ from hyeongyongsas in Korean. Morphologically, adjectives decline whereas hyeongyongsas conjugate. Syntactically, adjectives require a copula to be a predicate while hyeongyongsas need an ending. Therefore, rather than translating adjective as hyeongyongsa, it seems better to invent a new expression like sogseongsa (속성사).BR Second, the category called verb in many languages including English and BH is generally translated as dongsa in Korean. In English, BH, and many other languages, verbs are understood to conjugate morphologically and to be able to be a predicate syntactically. On the other hand, Korean dongsas should meet an additional condition: the fientive meaning. Therefore, the category of verbs and that of dongsas do not overlap well enough, and the latter is not a satisfactory translation of the former. The study suggests seosulsa (서술사) as an alternative.BR Third, verbs are grouped into fientive verbs and stative ones, generally translated as dongjak dongsa and sangtae dongsa. Following the foregoing discussion, dongjak seosulsa (동작 서술사) and sangtae seosulsa (상태 서술사) are to be preferred.