Verbs In Language Research Articles

#ALL versus ALL in American Sign Language (ASL)

This paper extends a visible pattern (‘iconicity’) that has been observed in sign language verbs and adjectives to quantification in American Sign Language (ASL). The Event Visibility Hypothesis (EVH) states that boundedness is morphophonologically encoded in articulation of a rapid deceleration of movement at the end of a sign (aka end-marking). Here the EVH is applied to the two ASL quantifiers glossed #ALL and ALL. Doing so accounts for the semantic distinction between them: ALL is definite (bounded), whereas #ALL is underspecified for definiteness (unbounded).

On the path of time: temporal motion in typological perspective

ABSTRACTThe Moving Ego and Moving Time metaphors have provided a fertile testing ground for the psychological reality of space–time metaphors. Despite this, little research has targeted the linguistic patterns used in these two mappings. To fill that gap, the current study uses corpus data to examine the use of motion verbs in two typologically different languages, English and Spanish. We first investigated the relative frequency of the two metaphors. Whereas we observed no difference in frequency in the Spanish data, our findings indicated that in English, Moving Time expressions are more prevalent than are Moving Ego expressions. Second, we focused on the patterns of use of the verbs themselves, asking whether well-known typological patterns in the expression of spatial motion would carry over to temporal motion. Specifically, we examined the frequencies of temporal uses of path and manner verbs in English and in Spanish. Contra the patterns observed in space, we observed a preference for path verbs in both languages, with this preference more strongly evident in English than in Spanish. In addition, our findings revealed greater use of motion verbs in temporal expressions in Spanish compared to English. These findings begin to outline constraints on the aspects of spatial conceptualization that are likely to be reused in the conceptualization of time.

Argument Structure of the Verb in Albanian Linguistic

In this paper we attempt to address the argumentative structure of the verb in Albanian language. It is an almost common opinion that in the syntactic studies of Albanian language the way how they deal with phenomena, conceptions, ideas are logical. The verb forms the nucleus (core) of the sentence. It assigns to other components of the syntagm the semantic roles they will carry and their structure. In generative linguistics the necessary ingredients are called arguments, while the non-essentials are called adjuncts. As a corpus we will have the treatment of various authors on this issue, the most representative of Albanian language grammar. Different views of Albanian scholars are presented in this issue in the Albanian syntax.

Comparative analysis of the English and German modal verbs

The article is focused on the problem of comparison of modal verbs in both languages – German and English. The comparative analysis is given on the base of use of this or that modal verb in different cases: in different tenses, mood taking into account their different functions. A special attention is paid to perfect infinitive forms of verbs and to the German modal verbs in particular which are used in perfect forms. All the examples are given in three languages – German, English and Ukrainian. When the use of modal verbs does not correlate in the given languages the explanation of this difference and all the possible versions of translation are given. We have provided the comparison of modal verbs and the modal patterns in German and English having different degrees of assumption, including the tables with a triple translation of a sentence, as well as the translation into the mother tongue, pointing an approximate degree of probability. In the article we also have made an attempt to consider the examples of using substitutes for modal verbs, which have different functions of modality. The examples of the modal verbs use in the Subjunctive mood and the possible variants of its translation are given. While comparing the use of modal verbs in German and English we have found definite similarities and some differences in the meanings of their grammar forms. The examples were taken from both German and English bilingual dictionaries and from the internet sites. Having made a substantial research of the material we may state that there is a certain coincidence in the meaning of approximately 80% of modal verbs in these languages and a difference in the use of the complex grammatical forms of modal verbs in both languages and the differences while translating them.

Вторичные значения глагола чык= ~ сых= ‘выходить’ в тюркских языках Южной Сибири и кыпчакских языках

The article describes the semantic structure of one of the most polysemantic motion verbs in Turkic languages, namely the verb čïq= ~ sïx= and the correlating Tuvan verb ün=. The secondary meanings of these verbs in South- ern Siberian Turkic languages (Altai, Khakas, Tuvan) are analyzed in comparison with Kipchak languages. The verb čïq= ~ sïx= has been actively developing its meaning since it was fixed in the ancient Turkic monuments. This verb was found to possess similar meanings in various Turkic languages. At the same time, čïq= ~ sïx= is combined with different words in these languages. Regional values or values specific to specific languages are also detected. The languages under consideration are divided according to the action values expressed by constructions with the verb čïq= and its analogs: the beginning in the Turkic languages of Siberia and the completion, exhaustion of action in non-Siberian languages. It may be a manifestation of Mongolian influence on the Siberian languages, since the semantics of initialization is characteristic of the Mongolian gar=, the semantic structure of which is almost similar to the Turkic čïq= and ün=. The secondary meanings of the verb considered reflect the representations of linguistic groups associated with such concepts as top / bottom, previous / subsequent (in time). The semantics of čïq= ~ sïx= and ün= reflects the spatial-temporal aspect of the Turkic world view. These verbs combine the meanings of various vectors of direction (horizontally and vertically), as well as motions taking place on various spatial-temporal intervals, including the opposite ones: the manifestation of an object / the beginning of an action (to appear / to begin; to begin, to start some activity); the action during some space-time interval (to overcome any space / to overcome any period; to happen, to occur); the disappearance of an object / the completion of an action (to disappear / to come to an end; to finish, to complete some activity).

Каузативные конструкции с глаголами волевого воздействия в бурятском и русском языках

Каузативные конструкции с глаголами волевого воздействия в бурятском и русском языках

Лексико-семантическая группа глаголов, называющих трудовую деятельность

The article deals with the study of the lexical and semantic group of verbs dedicated to labor activity. The material for the study was the number of verbs chosen from L.G. Babenko’s explanatory dictionaries (1999, 2007). During the scientific research, thematic groups of verbs with the meanings of intellectual and physical labor were identified. Verbs with semantics “intellectual work” are divided into two groups: verbs denoting creative individual labor, and verbs denoting organizational work. The verbs that describe physical labor are divided into four groups: verbs denoting hard physical labor, types of manual work (art crafts and needlework), types of design and architectural works, and also types of garden-field work. The article emphasizes, that in the Russian language verbs denoting work activity are very numerous, various and quite frequent in use.

The first person singular pronoun topic as attention-getter in interaction: A study of qá mà in Longxi Qiang

This paper explores the multifunctionality of qá mà [first-person singular pronoun + topic marker] in Longxi Qiang, a Tibeto-Burman language. The commonality of the various functions of qá mà is attention-getting. Previous researchers have focused on how imperative perception verbs in various languages, such as ‘look’ and ‘listen’, developed into pragmatic markers with an attention-getting function. The self-position of the speaker indicated by the deictic pronoun qá ‘I’ determines its attention-getting usage, that is, attracting the hearer's attention to the speaker's utterance. This paper also describes a new function of the particle ma, constraining the hearer's interpretation of the upcoming segment, that is rarely reported in the deeply contacted Mandarin Chinese. Context dependency allows for semantic change in the situations of language use. Speakers invite hearers to exploit conversational implicatures in different contexts (Inter)subjectification is the main mechanism of the semantic change of qá mà from ideational to interpersonal and textual meaning.

STRUCTURAL AND WORD-FORMATIVE FEATURES OF VERBS OF BEHAVIOR IN THE TATAR LANGUAGE

The articles are devoted to the study of one of the lexico-semantic groups of verbs in the Tatar language – behavioral verbs, which mean the action and actions of a person who has received one or another social coloring: This group of verbs differs from the verbs of other lexico-semantic groups by specific features: they represent the principles of human behavior in society. The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that the Tatar language does not study the structural-word-and-phraseological features of the verbs of behavior that would contribute to a complete and comprehensive analysis of the lexical structure of the grammar. In the article, the derivational possibilities of the Tatar language verbs at the level of the word-derivative paradigm are determined. In particular, the structural specificity of this verbal vocabulary was revealed, word-derivative values of suffixes forming behavioral verbs were revealed, as well as a number of auxiliary and modifying participles were also demonstrated. The analysis of structural and word-formative possibilities of verbs of behavior allows to reveal the specificity of relations between derivational and semantic segments of verbs of this group, and will also serve as a material for the study of the semantic relationship between motivating and motivated words.

What the analysis of extended meaning of terms can reveal about verb semantic frame structure

ABSTRACT By disabling two traditional constraints on general-language one-verb sub-events, Goldberg shows that: (i) a verb can specify both manner and result or change of location; and (ii) the profiled event of one verb need not be causally related to the evoked background frame event. This study develops Goldberg's claims further to show that a single verb can meet (i) and (ii) at the same time. For this purpose, two polysemic terminological verbs and their arguments were analyzed as they occur in concordances extracted from a corpus of naturally running texts from the specialized knowledge domain of environmental science. The meanings of these verbs and of their arguments were formalized in the Environmental Event Frame as described by Faber et al. The basic senses of the verbs in ordinary language were compared with their extended terminological meanings to determine how meaning extension structures and constrains the event-based semantic frame evoked by each of the sub-senses of the verbs. Striking differences were found in the nature and composition of the semantic frames of the pairs of senses compared. This type of semantic frame asymmetry in polysemic verbs that satisfy criteria (i) and (ii) further enriches Goldberg’s theory of verb semantics and event-structure construal.

Transivity and Intransivity in Albanian Language

In this paper we study the transitive and intransitive verbs in Albanian. The transitory view shows that the action of the transmitter passes over the transient or the target, that is, an action from the transient passes to the transient, then this shows that the traditional concept of transient has a semantic basis. According to the possibility or inability to get a straight line in sentences, verbs are divided into two large groups: transitive and intransitive. A transitive verb is a verb that receives one or more objects, while an intransitive verb is a verb that does not receive objects. (object). Verbs that need two arguments, the subject and a direct object are called mono-transitive verbs, while verbs that take two objects (arguments), a direct and indirect objects are called intransitive verbs. The syntactically transitive verb class includes a larger set of verbs in Albanian. The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze transitive and intransitive verbs in Albanian language. This research on transitive and intransitive is based on these hypotheses: The concept of transitivity in the Albanian language is applicable; As far as the Albanian language is concerned, we think that among other things productivity in transitive alternatives has to do with another feature that is the use of clinical objects; Apart from the structure of the argument, the verb also has the semantic structure. We will use the descriptive, analytical, and statistical approach in dealing with this paper. As a corpus for this paper, we have two types of texts, a literary and a non-literary respectively the daily press and a literary work. The research questions are; does the belonging of a verb in the transitive or intransitive group depend on its lexical meaning in the context in which it is used? In what classes of verbs do we classify ergative verbs in Albanian language?

The Relationship between Transitive and Intransitive Verbs in English Language

In the current research, the researcher employs descriptive method (library research) to elaborate on the relationship and differentiation between the English language transitive and intransitive verbs. The first parts explore the theoretical framework of the relationship and differentiation equipped with various sentences samples. The next part discusses the implications for English language teachers in coping with some grammatical confusion. Finally, some solutions as well as recommendations are proposed.

STRUKTUR SEMANTIS VERBA ‘NAIK’ DALAM BAHASA JEPANG

This article focuses in analyzing the semantic structure of ‘go up’ verb in Japanese language. The data was collected from newspaper article from website asahi.com by observation method and note-taking techniques. The data was analyzed using distribution method. Distribution method was used to analyze semantic structure by using Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) theory developed by Goddard and Wierzbicka (2014). The results shows that ‘go up’ verb in Japanese Language consists of verb noru, noboru, and agaru. Each verb had distinctive features that differentiate one verb to the others.

VERBA LEMPAR BAHASA BALI: KAJIAN METABAHASA SEMANTIK ALAMI

Throwing verbs in Balinese language have several lexicon variations which show differention of context meaning. The lexicon variations for the word ‘throw’ depend on what is used to throw, the extent of the throw, the target of the throw, and the effects caused by the throw. This verb analysis is examined based on the Natural Semantics Metalanguage (NSM) approach which is a modern semantic study initiated by Wierzbicka (1996) which aims to describe the lexical, grammatical, and illocutionary meaning of a language. The results obtained that throwing verbs can be divided into two groups, namely based on the target throwing (nyabat, nyampar, nylampar, nylémpang, nimpug, and medut), and without target throwing (nguerang and ngentungang). Verbs meaning 'throwing' in Balinese only has one prototype, that is, the prototype of action and this prototype also only has one default meaning type, namely the type of doing: thrown, and semantic verb structure which means 'throwing' in Balinese has a syntactic pattern NSM X does something at Y and something happens to Y.

Accounting for the asymmetrical interpretation of thematic and non-thematic verbs in L2 English

AbstractThis study presents data from an experiment on the interpretation of thematic and non-thematic verbs in second language (L2) English by three groups of adult native Chinese speakers and a group of native English speakers. English allows non-thematic verbs to raise but requires thematic verbs to remainin-situ. In contrast, neither thematic nor non-thematic verbs are allowed to raise in Chinese. The results indicate that there is a discrepancy between native and non-native mental representations of the grammars concerned; whereas native grammars require English thematic verbs to remainin-situbut allow non-thematic verbs to raise, neither thematic nor non-thematic verbs are allowed to raise in learners L2 English grammars. Results of the study argue against theValueless Features Hypothesis(Eubank 1993/94. On the transfer of parametric values in L2 development.Language Acquisition3. 183–208, 1994. Optionality and the initial state in L2 development. In T. Hoekstra & B. Schwartz (eds),Language acquisition studies in generative grammar: Papers in Honour of Kenneth Wexler from the 1991 GLOW Workshop, 369–388. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1996. Negation in early German-English interlanguage: More valueless features in the L2 initial state.Second Language Research12. 73–106.), which posits that the L1 syntactic features of INFL are initially inert and are not transferred. Instead, the results support theInterpretability Hypothesis(Tsimpli and Dimitrakopoulou 2007. The interpretability hypothesis: Evidence from wh-interrogatives in second language acquisition.Second Language Research23. 215–242.), which argues for the inaccessibility of uninterpretable syntactic features beyond a critical period. In particular, it is argued that uninterpretable syntactic features not selected during early stages of primary language acquisition become inaccessible in subsequent language acquisition. The results suggest that there may be cases where apparent target-like performance conceals non-target-like underlying competence.

Investigating Distribution of Practice Effects for the Learning of Foreign Language Verb Morphology in the Young Learner Classroom

AbstractWithin limited‐input language classrooms, understanding the effect of distribution of practice (spacing between practice) on learning is critical, yet evidence is conflicting and of limited relevance for young learners. For second language (L2) grammar learning, some studies reveal advantages for spacing of 7 days or more, but others for shorter spacing. Further, little is known about the role of cognitive individual differences (e.g., language analytic ability; LAA) in mediating practice distribution effects for L2 grammatical knowledge development and retention. To address this gap, this classroom‐based study investigated whether distribution of practice and LAA moderated the effectiveness of explicit, input‐based grammar instruction for young first language (L1) English learners of French (aged 8 to 11). The study revealed minimal differences between longer (7‐day) versus shorter (3.5‐day) spacing of practice for learning a French verb inflection subsystem, at either posttest or delayed posttest. Minimal group‐level gains and substantial within‐group variation in performance at posttests were observed. Accuracy of practice during training and LAA were significantly associated with posttest performance under both practice schedules. These findings indicated that within an ecologically valid classroom context, differences in distribution of practice had limited impact on learner performance on our tests; rather, individual learner differences were more critical in moderating learning. This highlights the importance of considering individual learner differences in the development of resources and the potential of digital tools for dynamically adapting instruction to suit individuals.

A Contrast Study of Usages of Movement Verbs in Korean and Vietnamese―Focusing 'gada/oda' and 'đi/đến'―

본 연구의 목적은 한국어 이동 동사 ‘가다/오다’와 베트남어 이동 동사 ‘đi/ đến’의 사용법을 대조하는 것이다. 이를 위해 ‘가다/오다’를 베트남어로 번역할 때, 어떻게 번역이 되는지, 어떠한 내용이 표현되는지를 자세히 살펴보았다. 이 분석을 통해 한국어 ‘가다/오다’와 베트남어 ‘đi/đến’의 유사점과 차이점을 밝히고 양언어의 이동 동사에 대한 구문상의 용법을 확인하였다.The purpose of this study is to compare and contrast the usage of the Korean motion verbs ‘gada/oda’ and the Vietnamese motion verbs ‘đi/đến’. This study specifically examined how the Korean words ‘gada/oda is interpreted into Vietnamese, how its content is expressed back and forth and what kind of expression will appear, depending on the vocabulary and content of the sentence. The similarities and differences in usage of ‘gada/oda’ and ‘đi/đến’ were identified and the syntactic usage of moving verbs in both languages was confirmed.

VERBA PERBUATAN DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA

The aims of this research are (1) to describe the form of action verb in the Indonesian language, (2) determine the affixes maker of action verb in the Indonesian language, (3) describe the semantic valence level of action verb in Indonesian language, and (4) describe the semantic role marker valence level of action verb in Indonesian language. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The data of this research covers sentences which have action verb on them. The data collection was taken from (1) newspaper of Suara Merdeka (Maret 2018), (2) Kumpulan Cerpen Agama Apa yang Pantas Bagi Pohon Pohon (2016), (3) novel Dilan (2015), and (4) the book of Sejarah Indonesia Kelas XI (2017). The method used in this research was observed attentively by taking note technique. The data analysis method used in this research was to distribute evenly method with direct divide-element technique, reserve side technique, expansion technique, form-changed technique, and read markup technique. This research describes in an informal method. The result of this research as follows (1) the form of the action verb is an infinitive verb and the descend of affixes, (2) the affixes of action verb in the Indonesian language are prefixes: meng-, ber-, and ter-. Confix ber-an and the combination of affixes ber- / –an; meng- / –kan; and meng- / -i, (3) the semantic valence level of action verb in Indonesian language are (a) Agentive-Verb-Object- (Location), (b) Agentive-Verb-Object-Benefactive, (c) Agentive-Verb-Benefactive–Object, (d) Experience-Verb-Object, (e) Experience-Verb-Object-(Time), (f) Experience-Verb-Object-(Location), (g) Agentive-Verb-Location, (h) Agentive-Verb-Location-(Time), (i) Instrument-Verb-Location, and (j) Instrument-Verb-Object. The semantic role marker valence level of action verb in Indonesian language are (a) proposition : oleh as the role of Agentive, (b) proposition : untuk and kepada as the role of Benefactive; (c) preposition : di, ke, and dari as the role of Location; (d) preposition pada and nomina which indicates time as the role of Time; (e) proposition: dengan as the role of Instrument; and (f) proposition : dari as the role of Source.

Sufiks Pembentuk Verba Transitif Dan Intransitif Dalam Bahasa Jepang

(Title: Suffix Formers of Transitive And Intransitive Verbs In Japanese Language) This research aims to explain the process of formation verbs from the suffix of transitive and intransitive verb formers and their meanings. The data in this research were taken from Asahi Shinbun website, More Zasshi, News Livedoor and various other Japanese websites. The method which used in this research is descriptive method, and for data analysis using agih method. The theory which used in this research are verb, derivation and verb-forming suffix theory. The results of the research show that (1) There are 5 types of verb-forming suffixes: suffix –garu,-maru, -meru, -mu, and –suru, (2) Suffix –garu can be attached to adjective-i, adjective-na and -tai forms that can produce transitive and intransitive verbs (3) Suffix -maru can be attached to adjective-i and produce the intransitive verb (4) Suffix -meru can be attached to adjective-i and produce the transitive verb (5) Suffix -mu can be attached to adjective-i which can produce transitive and intransitive verbs (6) Suffix -suru can be attached to nouns and adverbs that can produce transitive or intransitive verbs (7) Some of verb-forming suffix can changes the meaning of the original word and some just changes the application.

Структурные особенности функционирования глаголов с частицей шведском языке в сравнении фразовыми глаголами английского языка на примере материалов политического дискурса

Структурные особенности функционирования глаголов с частицей шведском языке в сравнении фразовыми глаголами английского языка на примере материалов политического дискурса