Basic Verbs Research Articles

The Subcategorization of Derived Verbs in Kifipa

This paper aims at investigating Subcategorizations of derived verbs in Kifipa. Kifipa is a Bantu language spoken in south-west Tanzania by the people denoted to as Wafipa. Wafipa live in a bigger area between Lake Rukwa and Lake Tanganyika. Currently, the area is located in Rukwa region. Verbs are subcategorized differently in different languages. In isolating languages, verb subcategorization is a syntactic study while in Bantu languages verb subcategorization is a morphosyntactic study. In some languages derivation does not affect the subcategorization of verbs except passive while in other languages especially Bantu, derivation (verb extension) alters the subcategorization of basic verbs. The paper focuses on three morpho-syntactic aspects of derived verbs in Kifipa. The paper is guided by the theory known as Government and Binding theory and Burzio’s Generalization Principle in particular. Burzio’s generalization is the work of a linguist known as Luigi Burzio in 1986. Burzio's generalization deals with the organization of verb harmony, and how these verbs behave towards their arguments. In his theory, Burzio came up with a general classification of verbs. Qualitative approach and explanatory research design were employed in the analysis and presentation of data. A sample of six respondents from Matai and Singiwe villages were selected using snowball sampling technique on the basis of age and language ability. Data were collected through sentence questionnaires, grammaticality judgements and extraction from written materials. The findings reveal that Kifipa has three subcategories of derived verbs including the verbs which allow only a single argument, the verbs which allow the occurrence of two or three arguments and lastly the super transitive verbs which allow the occurrence of more than three arguments which is a result of the co-occurrence of two or more extension suffixes. Extension affixes in Kifipa affects the subcategory as they increase the number of arguments these extensions are applicative and causative verb extensions. On the other hand, extensions such as passive, reciprocal, stative and reflexive decrease the number of arguments while extension such as intensive does not affect the arguments of the verb.

Derivational models with prefixes in Macedonian verbs of motion

The aim of this paper is to present the most frequent models of prefixation of the verbs of motion in Macedonian and their semantics. More precisely, it shows which prefixes carry their primary spatial meaning in the derived verb and which have lost their spatial meaning and are grammaticalized (convey only specific aspectual meaning, i.e., inchoativity, delimitation, etc.) Such prefixes in Macedonian are ??- expressing inchoativity (????? ?start going?, ?????? ?start running?, etc.) and ??- expressing delimitation (?????? ?walk for a while/limited period??, ??????? ?swim for a while/ limited period??, etc.). The analysis shows that the choice of the prefix depends on the semantics of the base verbs, especially on the type of situation which a specific subclass of verbs of motion denotes (activities vs. actions or processes).

Google Translate Performance in Translating English Passive Voice into Indonesian

A scant number of Google Translate users and researchers continue to be skeptical of the current Google Translate's performance as a machine translation tool. As English passive voice translation often brings problems, especially when translated into Indonesian which rich of affixes, this study works to analyze the way Google Translate (MT) translates English passive voice into Indonesian and to investigate whether Google Translate (MT) can do modulation. The data in this research were in the form of clauses and sentences with passive voice taken from corpus data. It included 497 news articles from the online news platform ‘GlobalVoices,' which were processed with AntConc 3.5.8 software. The data in this research were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively to achieve broad objectives, depth of understanding, and the corroboration. Meanwhile, the comparative methods were used to analyze both source and target texts. Through the cautious process of collecting and analyzing the data, the results showed that (1) GT (via NMT) was able to translate the English passive voice by distinguishing morphological changes in Indonesian passive voice (2) GT was able to modulate English passive voice into Indonesian base verbs and Indonesian active voice.

Hybrid Verbs of English Origin with the Suffix -inti Lithuanian Jargon: Morphology and Adaptive Features

The article analyses 198 hybrid verbs of English origin with the suffix -inti and 187 prefix derivatives from the Lithuanian slang and non-standard dictionary. The study reveals that borrows with affixal adaptation are always adapted to the linguistic system, because there weren’t any borrowed verbs without Lithuanian affix detected: phonetically adapted borrowed verbs from English are rare and used as adverbs. A small part of the verbs has no basic words, they are morphologically adapted with the suffix -inti. Word borrowing can be semantically based on the new meanings, but a number of verbs can be interpreted as trendy variants of non-standard language. Most of the verbs with the suffix -inti has basic words. The adaptation of the new borrowings is directly related with the popular suffixes of the Lithuanian standard language. Slang lexicon tends to copy standart language models and integrate into Lithuanian language derivative paradigms. Slang prefixes derived from basic verbs with the suffix -inti are formed regularly, slang derivatives take over the prefixes of the standard language.

On Aspect, Biaspectuality, and Tenses in the History of Polish

By common consent, one of the most characteristic categories of the Polish verb is aspect. There can be little doubt that the origin of the aspect category may lie in Proto-Slavic or much further back in the Proto-Indo- European language. It is a moot point whether the aspect was already a strong category in Proto-Slavic. Nonetheless, it is beyond dispute that the consequences of its emergence were far-reaching and took a relatively long time to clarify in the daughter languages. The various categories such as aspect, biaspectuality, and tense providing the main themes of the present paper were closely related and did interact, however, the essential effects of their interaction can only be identified by scrutiny. In Old Church Slavonic, a certain degree of competition between the category of aspect and that of tense can already be observed, and this is also evident in Old Polish, in which tenses like the aorist and the imperfect were slowly falling into disuse. Their occurrence is quite rare even in the earliest Polish written records. In due course, the perfect tense gained ground and the pluperfect became almost completely obsolete. In Modern Polish, the latter only serves to archaize literary texts. In the further stages of development, the aspectual opposition also extended to the future tenses thereby affecting the entire Polish tense system. Also, in the aspect-tense system of the Modern Polish language, the tendency of the category of aspect to prevail over the category of tense together with the gradual decline in the number of biaspectual verbs, still common in the 16th century, seems to be quite clear. Most of the originally biaspectual initial verbs were later perfectivized by means of prefixes. Thus, the simple verbal bases and their perfectivized derivatives could establish an aspectual partnership. In the case of verbs with foreign roots, the prefix z-/ s- played a pivotal role in perfectivation, while other prefixes such as za- and po- had a less important role. The process of perfectivation in Polish was so extensive that only few biaspectual verbs remained free of the opposition of aspect as reminders of the fact that the development of this category is still an ongoing process. This is also shown by the more recent biaspectual verbs with borrowed roots for which it can be anticipated that they will form their perfective counterparts soon. The paper concludes that the amount of verbs with an aspectually uncertain status is likely to be a reliable indicator of the development of the aspect category for the earlier periods in the history of the Polish language. An important role in this may play the diachronic corpus-based investigation, which, though for a long time considered a stepchild of Slavic aspectual research, may still help to clarify a number of issues related to the category of aspect.

Hochfrequenz und Irregularität – zur Stammallomorphie bei (a)frz. al(l)er/(a)it. andare, (a)frz. venir/(a)it. venire und afrz. ester/(a)it. stare

Abstract Normally, verbs showing allomorphy due to phonological changes become more regular over time through intraparadigmatic analogy. There are verbs, though, such as auxiliaries, modals or basic verbs of movement which stay irregular, obviously due to their extremely high token frequency. Especially studies with reference to Germanic languages show that irregularity often relates to a development leading to a clear(er) distinction of single forms within a paradigm. The article examines the applicability of the concept of relevance developped by Bybee (1985), the significance of token frequency and other factors discussed in studies anchored in the usage based approach with regard to the French and Italian verbs aller/andare, venir/venire and – for Old French – ester (cf. the suppletive paradigm of être) and Italian stare, considering the development from Latin to modern French and Italian.

Form and Meaning of Verb Reduplication in Devayan Language of Simeulue Aceh

This research aims to describe the form and meaning of verb reduplication in Devayan language of Simeulue Aceh. One of the regional languages in Aceh Indonesia. The research uses descriptive qualitative research method. The data source is done by written and oral data. The data is written from the folklore (Nafi-Nafi), the words of advice in Nandong, and devayan dictionary. While the oral data source from the original speaker with the collection technique Data used listen and talk method and then analyze the data with the method of Padan(distributional method) and Agih(Identity method) continued with the technique of reading the script. The result of the research finds that the form of the verb reduplication in devayan language of Simeulue Aceh are : 1)Basic verb reduplication (2). Affixed verb reduplication. The affixed verb reduplication consist of: (1) Verb reduplication prefixed (Ma-, Mampa-, Mansi,and ni-) and (2) Infixed Reduplication(-um). The meaning of contained in verb reduplication Devayan language of Simeulue aceh are: (1) Repetition meaning 2) Mutual or reciprocal meaning (3). Meaning of done without purpose. 4). meaning about thing (5) Meaning of similarity in time (6) Meaning of done carelessly 7) Meaning of intensity, (8) Meaning of issuing and producing and (9) meaning of doing and giving.

Aspectual Polysemy and Homonymy in Czech

The article builds on Starý Kořánová (2021) focusing on aspectual polysemy and homonymy of Czech verbs. From the point of view of polysemy/homonymy, verbs we deal with can be classified in four groups: Group 1: verbs with the verbal base -létat [fly] with various prefixes Group 2: verbs with verbal bases -padat [fall] and -sedat [get seated, sit down] with various prefixes Group 3: verbs with verbal bases -vážet and -vážit/-vázat Group 4: predominantly verbs of motion with the prefix po-. The data are presented in tables which include the following simple verbal forms: infinitive, present, imperative, preterit participle, and passive participle. The issues of aspectual homonymy/polysemy are closely related to the issue of which factors contribute to the aspectual interpretation of an utterance. A list of examples of such factors is provided. To identify the aspectual value of an utterance, it is not enough to consider the morphology of the verb only. The aspectual construal of an utterance is not determined by the morphology of the verb alone, but rather by the way in which it is used.

Ein Austriazismus auf Erfolgskurs – geben als Basisverb der ziel-orientierten Objektsbewegung

The article focuses on the German verb geben (lit. ‘to give’) functioning as a put verb, i. e. a basic verb of goal-oriented placement. While German has been classified as a put-less language in previous research, initial studies on the German language in Austria show that geben seems to be spreading increasingly as a basic put verb, starting from the language area of Vienna. The research desiderata of this thus far overlooked phenomenon include empirically substantiated findings on its areal-horizontal and vertical-social distribution in contemporary German. In order to close this research gap, the article draws on data from a survey throughout Austria. Therein, two different registers of the dialect/standardaxis of each participant were accessed in order to assess intra-individual variation on the lexical level.

The semantics of conversion nouns and -ing nominalizations: A quantitative and theoretical perspective

This paper addresses a fundamental problem of derivational morphology: which meanings are possible for the words of a given morphological category, which forms can be chosen to express a given meaning, and what is the role of the base in these mappings of form and meaning? In a broad empirical study we examine the extent to which two types of nominalizations in English – conversion nouns and -ing nominalizations – can express either eventive or referential readings, can be quantified as either count or mass, and can be based on verbs of particular aspectual classes (state, activity, accomplishment, achievement, semelfactive). Past literature (for example, Grimshaw 1990 Brinton 1995, 1998 Borer 2013) has suggested an association between conversion nominalization, count quantification, and referential reading on the one hand, and between -ing nominalization, mass quantification and eventive reading on the other. Using a subset of the data reported in Andreou & Lieber (2020), we give statistical evidence that the relationship between morphological form, type of quantification, and aspectual class of base verb is neither categorical, as the literature suggests, nor completely free, but rather is probabilistic. We provide both a univariate analysis and a multivariate analysis (using conditional inference trees) that show that the relationship among the variables of morphological form, eventivity, quantification and aspectual class of base is complex. Tendencies sometimes go in the direction suggested by past literature (e.g. -ing forms tend to be eventive), but sometimes contradict past predictions (conversion also tends to be eventive). We also document that an important role is played by the specific verb underlying the nominalization rather than the aspectual class of verb. Finally, we consider what the pattern of polysemy that we uncover suggests with respect to theoretical modeling, looking at syntactic models (Distributed Morphology), lexical semantic models (the Lexical Semantic Framework), Analogical Models, and Distributional Semantics.

On the origin of the verb ötün - and its derivatives in the historical Turkish dialects

The verb ötün-, which basically means “to submit, to request, to ask”, has been encountered in the texts since the Old Turkish period. Especially in the Old Uyghur Turkish, it is seen that the frequency of use of the verb with its various derivatives increased, but we can find it in all historical Turkish dialects, and it still maintains its existence in a significant part of modern Turkish dialects. It is clear that the verb is not in the form of a base, and for this reason, various views have been put forward about its structure. However, there is no consensus on the subject yet. In this study, first of all, I aim to question the status of the verb in the historical dialects and then show its existence in the modern dialects. I have brought together the explanations made so far about the verb base and presented the common theme. Then, based on the existing data I have examined what the verb base might be. Finally, I have explained the derivatives of this verb base in the historical dialects of Turkish with examples.

Sitting and talking together: packaging meaning into verbs with the neighbors

Abstract As observed by Koptjevskaja-Tamm and Liljegren, the impact of language contact on grammatical typology is well recognized, but the field of lexico-semantic areal typology is still young. Here some mechanisms leading to an areal pattern are explored in the domain of certain sets of basic verbs in languages indigenous to the North American West. The patterns involve the apparent evocation, as part of the meanings of the common verbs, of certain features of the most immediately involved participant, particularly number, animacy, shape, and/or consistency. Two mechanisms apparently underlie the areal patterns. First, bilinguals accustomed to distinguishing such features lexically in verbs in one of their languages may simply choose more specific verbs in another language on a regular basis until, over time, original hyponyms come to be basic level terms. Second, shadows of compounding and derivation can be seen in some pairs of verbs in some languages. Patterns elsewhere in the language or in a neighbor can stimulate such formations and accelerate their lexicalization, ultimately blurring their internal structure and hastening their ascent to basic-level status.

Grounding semantic transparency in context

We present the results of a large-scale corpus-based comparison of two German event nominalization patterns: deverbal nouns in -ung (e.g., die Evaluierung, ‘the evaluation’) and nominal infinitives (e.g., das Evaluieren, ‘the evaluating’). Among the many available event nominalization patterns for German, we selected these two because they are both highly productive and challenging from the semantic point of view. Both patterns are known to keep a tight relation with the event denoted by the base verb, but with different nuances. Our study targets a better understanding of the differences in their semantic import.The key notion of our comparison is that of semantic transparency, and we propose a usage-based characterization of the relationship between derived nominals and their bases. Using methods from distributional semantics, we bring to bear two concrete measures of transparency which highlight different nuances: the first one, cosine, detects nominalizations which are semantically similar to their bases; the second one, distributional inclusion, detects nominalizations which are used in a subset of the contexts of the base verb. We find that only the inclusion measure helps in characterizing the difference between the two types of nominalizations, in relation with the traditionally considered variable of relative frequency (Hay, 2001). Finally, the distributional analysis allows us to frame our comparison in the broader coordinates of the inflection vs. derivation cline.

British National Corpus in English Language Teaching of University Students

The article deals with the application of corpus-based direction in English language teaching of university students, suggested by Ukrainian scholars. The most representative corpus for English language teaching (ELT) is the British National Corpus (BNC), which offers many opportunities (e.g. search for specific word forms, search for word forms by lemmas, search for groups of word forms in the form of syntagms, etc.). The article presents the methodological algorithm of university students' work with the BNC during English classes based on the verbs denoting human emotional states. The methodology of work with BNC consists of three stages: 1) a student has to compile the initial lexicographic register of basic verb denoting emotional states; 2) a student has to measure the frequency of each unit in the corpus usage; and 3) a student has to analyse, described and record all corpus calculations. The main benefits of the findings for the future relevant studies may be described in the following way: the work with corpus tools in ELT is aimed at students performing the following successive steps: 1) processing concordances, 2) calculating the absolute frequency, 3) analysing the left and right valence, and 4) modelling clusters to build cognitive-semantic profiles of the studied units, which will allow university students to understand the essence of every grammatical, lexical, and syntactical unit.

SPEECH ACT ANALYSIS FOUND IN INSTAGRAM CAPTIONS OF "WHO INDONESIA”

Speech acts are utterances that contain action as a function of communication that considers aspects of the speech situation. The objective of this research is to analyze the type of speech act found in Instagram Captions of ‘WHO Indonesia”. This research uses descriptive qualitative research. There are 332 data which contains the speech act in Instagram Captions of ‘WHO Indonesia”. There are some types of speech acts found in Instagram captions in ‘WHO Indonesia”, they are directive, representative and expressive speech acts. 1) Directive speech act is a speech act that is performed so that the speaker does what the speaker says. In directive speech act shows 204 data or 61.45 % consist of positive forms, such as the use of base form or verb 1 and the use “let’s”, and the negative form such as the use verb “Don’t”. 2) Representative speech acts are speech acts that bind the speaker to the truth or fact. In representative speech act shows 120 data or 36.14 % which show opinion, assumption, stating, and informing. While Expressive speech acts are actions that are carried out to assess or evaluate what is mentioned in the speech. In an expressive speech, the act shows 8 data or 2.44 % which consists of the act of thanking, condolences, and congratulating.

Action nominalization: a view from Esahie (Kwa)

Abstract The paper provides a comprehensive account of the derivation of action nominals in Esahie, a Ghanaian language of the Tano subgroup (Kwa, Niger-Congo) which has been undocumented thus far, especially as far as morphosyntactic phenomena are concerned. The aim of the research is threefold: to contribute to language documentation, to provide a systematic description and analysis of the morphosyntactic properties of Esahie action nominals, and to offer a typological assessment of these constructions. We argue that action nominalization in Esahie primarily involves a composite strategy: a morpho-syntactic operation, invariably involving affixation, and a concomitant prosodic operation in the form of a change in tonal melody. As far as the derivation of action nominals is concerned, it appears that in Esahie, tone raising is not simply a phonologically-conditioned prosodic effect, but plays a morphemic role. Further, depending on the arity of the base verb, nominalization may or may not be coupled with incorporation of the internal argument, which derives a form of synthetic compounding, as in the English truck-driving type. Based on the seminal works by Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria. 1993. Nominalizations. London: Routledge; Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria. 2006. Nominalizations. In Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, vol. 8, 652–659. Boston: Elsevier, the current work argues that Esahie belongs to the possessive-incorporating subtype of the incorporating languages.

A Constraint-based Analysis of Obligatory Contour Principle in Anaang Morphological Constructions

The obligatory contour principle forbids identical consecutive features in the underlying representation. This work undertakes a description of the Anaang tonal structure, the tonal behaviour of compounds and reduplicates in the language, bearing in mind their sensitivity to the OCP and the environments that trigger the adherence. An adapted Ibadan wordlist of 400 Basic Items (Trial) English version was used via interview for data collection from six men and six women within Abak Local Government Area in Akwa Ibom State. The data were analysed using optimality theoretical framework. The analysis shows that Anaang compounds as well as reduplicates exhibit cases of tonal modifications in line with OCP. For compounds, the tone of the second noun changes depending on the tonal sequence. In the HH noun base, the second-high tone of the second noun changes to a low tone, in the LH noun base, the tone of the second noun is raised to a down-stepped high tone, the LL noun base sees the tone of the second noun being raised to a high tone. For reduplication, the tone of the L verb base changes when the redup
 lication is partial. When the reduplication is complete, the high tone of the second noun is down-stepped.

AN ANALYSIS OF REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS IN STUDENTS’ ESSAY WRITING

The objective of the study is to know the using of regular and irregular verb in the students writing essay, and to know the most dominant verb past written by the students in their students writing essay. The design of this study is qualitative research. Based on the analysis from 14 students writing essay, it shows that the students use both regular and irregular verb (past) in their students writing essay. Both regular and irregular verbs are 312 data in verb 2 (past). In the regular verbs, there are 142 data or 45.51 %, and in irregular verb, there are 170 data or 54.49 %. It shows that the most dominant verb past written by the students in their students writing essay is irregular verb. Regular verbs are verbs that can change according to tense and change it regularly. Regular verbs are verbs whose changes comply with normal rules, that is with add the letter -d or -ed to the verb first-form / verb-1 (infinitive) so that it becomes a verb form second / verb-2 (past tense). There are several things that must be considered in the way of forming regular verbs by adding the letter -ed suffix or -d in the basic verb/verb-1 (infinitive). Irregular verbs are verbs that change according to the tense and do not comply with normal compliance. The past tense Irregular verbs are not formed from basic verbs / verb-1 (infinitives) plus letters -d or -ed letters to form verb-2/past tense. Irregular verbs form their past tense in a different way (through) not always) through a vowel and consonant change. So that, these forms must be memorized by the learners/students.

МОРФОНОЛОГІЧНІ ТИПИ І ВЛАСТИВОСТІ ВЕРШИННИХ ДІЄСЛІВ СЛОВОТВІРНИХ ГНІЗД В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МОВІ

The article describes the morphonological structure of word- forming units with indivisible and divisible bases verbs is clarified in the article and the morphonological types and properties of bases verbs of word-forming units in the Ukrainian language are determined. The morphonological structure of word-forming units is determined by the structure of the apical verb, morphonological transformations, morphonological positions, morphonological type, morphonological model. The ending of the verb base, which undergoes changes under the influence of the initial of the formant, signalize morphonological transformations. All word-forming units with an inarticulate verb are divited among 22 morphonological types, with an indivisible verb is divided between 50 morphonological types, notice the character of the verb base, complex morphonological transformations (consonant or vocal alternations, types of final consonant base), open, closed), increase of radical or suffix morpheme, change of accent positions (shift of emphasis on root or suffix morpheme). Morphonologically marked deverbatives of substantive, adjectival, verbative, adverbial blocks are analyzed. The character of realization and regularity of morphonological phenomena in word formation during the formation of deverbatives are influenced by structural and phonemic properties, characteristics of creative bases and word-forming affixes, features of the contact zone on the morpheme seam, stress position, truncation, number of syllables. Indivisible verb bases are characterized by open and closed verb bases, divisible verb bases are characterized only by open verb bases. For articulated verb bases, the open structure of the suffix (V, VCV) is typical, open or cover-open (CV). Analyzing the bases verbs of word-forming units in the Ukrainian language, it is appropriate to take into count the indivisibility and divisibility of bases verbs, the final formative basis, variability / non-variability of verb bases, formant initials, morphonological transformations, morphonological positions, presence / absence of constraints in compatibility.

Evaluative Wortbildung und Personenreferenz.

The word formation pattern [ __-i]N mask. in Alemannic mainly derives masculine agent nouns from verbs resulting in output semantics of ‘someone who notoriously acts in the manner of base verb’. I analyse the pattern as an instance of evaluative morphology embedded in a more general output oriented schema and propose a scenario how the pattern may have developed from an OHG hypochoristic pattern primarily used in names. In a qualitative and quantitative analysis of two dialect dictionaries on Zürich German and Bernese German I look into the possible lexical fillings of the pattern and derive areas of stereotypisation. As the products of the pattern are masculine nouns, it is of interest whether the lemmas are flanked with a feminine form or not, and if they are, whether the feminine form follows or precedes the masculine form or is added as a separate lemma without a masculine pendant. The analysis also includes neuter forms ending in -i listed in the dictionaries. As the masculine products of the pattern already reflect stereotyped behaviour, the feminine (and neuter) forms included in the diction­na­ries are expected to sediment gender stereotypes to a high degree.