Duration Of Vegetation Period Research Articles

Analysis of the Effects of the Vrn-1 and Ppd-1 Alleles on Adaptive and Agronomic Traits in Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Wheat heading time is primarily governed by two loci: VRN-1 (response to vernalization) and PPD-1 (response to photoperiod). Five sets of near-isogenic lines (NILs) were studied with the aim of investigating the effect of the aforementioned genes on wheat vegetative period duration and 14 yield-related traits. Every NIL was sown in the hydroponic greenhouse of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS. To assess their allelic composition at the VRN-1 and PPD-1 loci, molecular markers were used. It was shown that HT in plants with the Vrn-A1vrn-B1vrn-D1 genotype was reduced by 29 and 21 days (p < 0.001) in comparison to HT in plants with the vrn-A1Vrn-B1vrn-D1 and the vrn-A1vrn-B1Vrn-D1 genotypes, respectively. In our study, we noticed a decrease in spike length as well as spikelet number per spike parameter for some NIL carriers of the Vrn-A1a allele in comparison to carriers of the Vrn-B1 allele. PCA revealed three first principal components (PC), together explaining more than 70% of the data variance. Among the studied genetic traits, the Vrn-A1a and Ppd-D1a alleles showed significant correlations with PCs. Regarding genetic components, significant correlations were calculated between PC3 and Ppd-B1a (-0.26, p < 0.05) and Vrn-B1 (0.57, p < 0.05) alleles. Thus, the presence of the Vrn-A1a allele affects heading time, while Ppd-D1a is associated with plant height reduction.

Analysis of the Structural Organization and Expression of the Vrn-D1 Gene Controlling Growth Habit (Spring vs. Winter) in Aegilops tauschii Coss.

The duration of the vegetative period is an important agronomic characteristic of cereal crops. It is mainly influenced by the Vrn (response to vernalization) and Ppd (response to photoperiod) genes. In this work, we searched for alleles of several known genes of these two systems of response to external conditions in 15 accessions of Aegilops tauschii Coss. (syn. Ae. squarrosa L.), with the aim of studying the impact these alleles have on the vegetative period duration and growth habit. As a result, three allelic variants have been found for the Vrn-D1 gene: (i) one intact (winter type), (ii) one with a 5437 bp deletion in the first intron and (iii) one previously undescribed allele with a 3273 bp deletion in the first intron. It has been shown that the spring growth habit of Ae. tauschii can be developed due to the presence of a new allele of the Vrn-D1 gene. Significant differences in expression levels between the new allelic variant of the Vrn-D1 gene and the intact allele vrn-D1 were confirmed by qPCR. The new allele can be introgressed into common wheat to enhance the biodiversity of the spring growth habit and vegetative period duration of plants.

Phenological response of some species of the genus Allium to climate change in Central Yakutia

The temperature regime showed a statistically significant positive trend in Yakutsk during the period 1961–2021. Thus, climate warming in the region has led to minor phenological shifts in the seasonal development of the Allium species, which differ in amplitude, duration, and direction. However, statistical analysis did not show significant differences in the phenological cycles of A. schoenoprasum, A. senescens, and A. ramosum. In a climate that has been changing for 54 years, these species have retained stability in the timing of their main phenological phases. The most noticeable phenological response to climate change was noted in two species – A. prostratum, A. splendens, that respond with statistically significant shifts in the beginning of flowering period (A. prostratum, р = 0,0009), the end of vegetative period (A. splendens, р = 0,0137), duration of prefloral period (A. prostratum, p = 0,0162) and duration of vegetative period (A. splendens, p = 0,0298). We conclude that a slight shift in the timing of the main phenological phases in the five species of the genus Allium over 54 years suggests the inertia of the phenological response of the plants to climate change.

Climate Change Impact on the Duration of Great Vegetation Period and Vegetation Period of Beetroot and Watermelon in Slovakia

Climate change brings to the whole world numerous challenges such as an increase in the global temperature, weather fluctuations, periods of drought and heat alternating the local floods. While the majority of the effects are negative for agricultural production, some can be beneficial. Our work presents the evaluation of the changes in the duration of the great vegetation period (delineated with the beginning and end of days with an average temperature T ≥ 5.0 °C) and the vegetation periods of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thumb.) and beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.). Data sets on the average monthly air temperatures for the period 1961–2020 from one hundred agroclimatic stations in Slovakia were selected for the estimation of the future average air temperatures using statistical methods (linear trendline). Based on the temperature requirements of the selected crops, the potential maximum duration of the vegetation period was estimated for several decades from 2041 up to 2100. The results clearly showed prolongation of the vegetation periods and changes of their zonation in Slovakia. In 2011–2020, the duration of the beetroot vegetation period in the southernmost part of Slovakia (Danubian Lowland) was 15–20 days longer than in decade 1971–1980. It is expected, that this value will rise by another 10–15 days in decade 2091–2100. Since 1971–1980, watermelon vegetation period duration increased by 5–10 days when compared to decade 2011–2020. It is expected that by 2091–2100, its duration will prolong by another 30–35 days.

Changes in Vegetation Period Length in Slovakia under the Conditions of Climate Change for 1931–2110

The global mean near-surface temperature between 2012 and 2021 was 1.11 to 1.14 °C warmer than the pre-industrial level. This makes it the warmest period on record. The aim of this article was to investigate vegetation period changes (onset and termination of the temperature T ≥ 5 °C, T ≥ 10 °C, and T ≥ 15 °C) due to climate change from the average air temperature for the periods 1931–1961, 1961–1991, and 1991–2020 for 24 stations in Slovakia and forecast the length of vegetation periods for the periods 2021–2050, 2051–2080, and 2081–2110. The number of days with these characteristic temperatures was used as an input dataset, from which map outputs were generated in ArcGIS software. Spatial analysis of the vegetation periods in the past, present, and future showed an earlier start of the vegetation period in spring and a later ending in autumn during the last 30 years. The maximum duration of the vegetation period will expand from the south to the north of Slovakia. Future scenarios showed an extension of the vegetation period duration. On the other hand, this potential advantage for crop cultivation is limited by a lack of arable land in the north of Slovakia and by a lack of precipitation in the south of Slovakia.

Blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) ‒ the results of varieties and accessions study according to adaptivity and a set of commercialbiological traits

Cultivation of grain legumes including blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) is an important reserve for increase of high protein feed production. The aim of the research is to find perspective blue lupin varieties and accessions according to yield, adaptivity, the duration of vegetation period and biochemical indices in south-western area of the Central part of Russia. In 2019-2021 six blue lupin varieties and four accessions developed in the All-Russian Lupin Scientific Research Institute have been tested in competitive variety trial (Vityas was standard variety). The trials were laid on sod-podzolic, loamy soil with the moderate fertility level. The average grain yield of varieties in the trial was 2.07 t/ha, of standard variety – 1.85 t/ha. The varieties Bryansky kormovoy, Uzkolistny 53 and accessions BSv 51-19, USN 53-236 and SBS 56-15 had the highest grain yield. Their grain productivity varied from 2.17 to 2.29 t/ha. Statistically significant increase to the standard was 0.32-0.44 t/ha. The accessions BSv 51-19 and USN 53-236 had the maximum grain yield by adaptivity coefficient of 110%. According to the green mass yield and adaptivity Bryansky kormovoy and new promising accessions SBS 56-15, USN 53-236 and BSv 51-19 have been noted: the increase to the standard according to the green mass yield was 5.0-7.0 t/ha, the adaptivity coefficient was 104-110%. By the duration of vegetation period (80-89 days) all varieties and accessions were included into the group of early-ripening. The new tall variety Belorozovy 144 had the longest vegetation period (89 days). According to the alkaloid content in the grain (0.031-0.063 %) all tested varieties and accessions were included into the low-alkaloid group. The varieties Smena, Uzkolistny 53 and the accession SBS 56-15 were characterized by stable low index (0.031-0.039 %). The content of raw protein in the seeds of tested varieties and accessions of blue lupin varied in the range of 32.0-33.8%. According to the set of positive traits, Bryansky kormovoy variety and accessions USN 53-236 and SBS 56-15 have been noted.

Duration of the vegetation period of pea collection specimens in the Eastern Siberia

The authors presented the results of the study of the effect of temperature regime and precipitation on the duration of the growing season and its components for the crop Pisum sativum L. These studies were analyzed on the basis of three-year experiments in the conditions of Eastern Siberia and the most early maturing samples were selected. The objects of the study were 20 collection varieties of pea sowing of Russian and foreign selection. The authors conducted studies in accordance with the methodological guidelines for the study of grain legume crops collection in 2018-2020 in the forest-steppe zone of Krasnoyarsk region, on the fields of the Krasnoyarsk Research Institute of Agriculture. The soil of the experimental plot was common black earth heavyloamy. The humus content of the arable layer was 7.8 %, the pH of the salt extract was 6.8. Over the three years of the experiment, the content of nitrate nitrogen N-NO3 in the soil at the time of sowing averaged 10.12 mg/kg, mobile phosphorus P2O5 was high 23.26 mg/100 g; potassium K2O was elevated 10.06 mg/100 g (by Chirikov method). Agronomic techniques were common for grain legume crops in the region. Clean fallow was the precursor. The work aims to determine the duration of vegetation period of pea collection samples and the influence of hydrothermal conditions on it. The tasks of the study are to determine the duration of pea growing season and its components in different heat and moisture supply years. In addition, another task of the study is to determine the variability of pea plants depending on hydrothermal conditions, as well as to identify the most early-ripening varieties. The authors identifined that the maximum duration of the growing season was characteristic of excessively moist 2020. The longest period is «flowering - ripening» (38 - 49 days), the shortest period was «sowing - sprouting» (18 - 27 days). Duration of vegetation period is characterized by medium variability (Vcf = 16.5 %). Directly proportional dependence of vegetation period duration on precipitation amount (r = 0.979) and inversely proportional on average temperature (r = - 0.982) were revealed. For all periods, the correlation in terms of temperature is negative, in terms of precipitation amount - positive, except for the period «sowing - sprouting» (r = - 0,867). The authors recommend using the Canadian selection variety Profi with a growing season of 66 days for early maturity breeding

Screening and monitoring of watermelon source material by components of the vegetation period in the conditions of the forest-steppe of Ukraine

Relevant in the selection of each crop, including watermelon is a comprehensive study of the source material to identify sources of valuable traits and include them in the selection process in order to expand the genetic diversity of the culture. According to the results of research, to create a new source material for heterosis selection of watermelon, screening and monitoring of the vegetation period duration (number of days from germination to ripening) and its components 118 (101 varieties, 17 hybrids) genotypes of watermelon in the forest-steppe of Ukraine have been conducted. Research methods are generally accepted: field experiment, observation, accounting, analysis, statistical. According to the results of determining the duration of the components of the vegetation period, the samples were divided into five groups of ripeness: early (65–80 days) – 80 (68 %), medium-early (81–85 days) – 14 (12 %), medium (86–95 days) – 18 (15 %), medium-late (96–105 days) – 4 (3 %) and late (106 days) – 2 (2 %). Variety-samples, selected by morphological and economically valuable characteristics, belong mainly (80 %) to early and medium-early. Only 6 % of genotypes belong to the medium-late and late-ripening groups. 52 samples with the smallest separate interphase periods were isolated. According to the results of the research, 8 sources with the high early ripeness were identified, the vegetation period of which was 66–70 days: Yellow early 108105 (66 days), Karapuz 108109, Surprise 108121 (67 days), Gift of the sun 108109, Lezheboka honey 108116, Thailand №1 108153 ( 69 days), Sweet Diamond 107874, Northern Lights 108127 (70 days). Sources are involved in the selection process

Induction of useful mutations in Triticum aestivum in the conditions of the radionuclide-contaminated alienation zone of the Chornobyl Power Plant

Induced mutagenesis opens great perspectives for radical genetic improvement of cultivated plants. Scientists seeking new sources and methodological approaches to improve the frequency and extend the range of mutations have drawn attention to the Zone of Alienation around the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant, where unique conditions of the influence of mutagenic factors have developed, and therefore needs to be studied for possible use of its territory in propagating parent material for selective breeding of wheat. Plants of winter wheat of Albatros Odesky and Zymoiarka varieties were grown within 10 km of the Chernobyl Plant, inside the Alienation Zone, in Chystohalivka, Kopachi and Yaniv villages of Chornobyl district of Kyiv Oblast. The exposure occurred in the dose of 7.2 ∙ 10–12– 50.0 ∙ 10–12 A/kg. As the control, we used the territory of the Research Institute of Physiology of Plants and Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Hlevaha urbanized settlement of Vasylkivsky District of Kyiv Oblast), where the power of the exposure dose equaled 0.93 ∙ 10–12 A/kg. Frequency and spectrum of mutant forms were determined in M2–M3 generations according to the ratio of the number of families with mutagenic plants to studied M2 families. Among the observed mutations, we determined the share of the ones important for selective breeding. Chronic ionizing radiation throughout the vegetation period of winter wheat increased the level of noticeable mutations, the frequency of which exceeded the control parameters by 8.0–14.9 times. In the conditions of cultivation of winter wheat in the territory of Kopachi village, where the dose was the lowest, we recorded a high level of mutation variability which exceeded the control parameters by 8.0–9.2 times and was notably different from the frequency of mutations induced by radionuclide contamination of soil in the territories of Chystohalivka and Yaniv villages. The mutation range contained 12–20 types and depended on the density of soil contamination with radio nuclides, magnitude of exposure dose and genotype of plants. The predominant mutations were the ones related to the duration of vegetation period, length of the stem, morphology and awns of the ear. Among the detected mutations, the important selective ones accounted for 24.3–49.3%, predominant being low height, intense growth and long cylindrical ear. Because beneficial agronomic traits are highly likely to be inherited in complex with mutations that reduce the productivity of winter wheat, efficiency of direct selection of mutant forms that are valuable for selective breeding is limited. Enlargement of genetic diversity of the initial selection material using the radionuclide-induced mutagenesis resulting from contamination creates the possibility of using it in cross breeding for the purpose of implementing selective breeding genetic programs of improving wheat varieties.

Diallel analysis of the duration of vegetation period in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) with increased lycopene content in the fruit

Five parental forms of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and twenty hybrids F1, were studied which were obtained by the complete diallel scheme (5 x 5). For genetic analysis (by Hayman, 1954; Jinks,1954) was used line №477 (sp,u), variety Alya (sp) with reduced duration of vegetation period and three collection samples with the high lycopene content in fruits: Dark Green (hp-2dg), МО 112 (hp), Т˗3627 (Bc). The effects of the general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) of the duration of vegetation period were determined and established character of inheritance. According to the results of research, the duration of vegetation period is controlled by additive-dominant genetic system. Inheritance occurs by type of over dominance, and in dry and hot summers which led to the prolongation of the duration of vegetation period, there is a tendency to incomplete dominance, but it is apocryphal. In genetic control a major role play non-additive effects of genes. The best reliable effects of the general combining ability (GCA) had line №477 and variety Alya. They can be recommended for the creation of heterotic hybrids and varieties.

BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF Brassica rapa L. VEGETABLE LEAFY CROPS WHEN GROWING IN AN INTENSIVE LIGHT CULTURE

One of the main components of the successful production of plant products is the choice of crops with a high realization of their production potential under the formed conditions, including in the conditions of intensive light culture. The problem of compensating or eliminating the deficit of green crops is currently quite acute in Russia and in the world. The genetic diversity of the most widespread green brassicas plants of the species Brassica rapa L. for use in protected ground facilities has developed in Southeast Asia and includes numerous morphotypes of Chinese cabbage, pakchoi, tatsoi, wutacai, mizuna, and leafy turnip. In Russia, leafy B. rapa vegetables are used to a limited extent, mainly as salad vegetables. The main areas of B. rapa crops breeding for artificial light culture include a high growth rate (the duration of vegetative period is not more than 28-35 days, depending on the biological characteristics of the crop), the yield is not less than 3-8 kg/m2, depending on crops, a certain compact plant habit, high quality of leaves, valuable biochemical composition, resistance to early bolting, resistance to possible low light and high air temperature, suitability for growing in a thin layer of soil or hydroponics. The biological features of the diversity of B. rapa leafy crops as sources for breeding for intensive light culture conditions have not been sufficiently studied, first of all, this concerns little-known crops (tatsoi, wutacai, mizuna) and certain morphotypes within common crops (Chinese cabbage and pakchoi). In this study, for the first time, we studied the wide genetic diversity from the Russian worldwide B. rapa collection of the Russian Federation, stored in the VIR, and morphotypes within them (72 accessions), including genotypes contrasting in morphological characteristics, under different supply light intensity for the development of energy-saving agro-technologies in intensive light culture. For the first time, correction factors were determined for calculating the leaf surface area from easily measured linear dimensions for each studied crop and type of leaves, which will speed up the calculations of photosynthesis characteristics. A different degree of variation in the variability of the size and weight of plants of various crops, depending on the illumination, is shown, the highest in Chinese cabbage and leafy turnip. It was found that the intensity of the light regime is largely determined the increase in the productivity of plants of all studied crops, mostly of Chinese cabbage and pakchoi and leafy turnip. High-yielding accessions of Chinese cabbage, pakchoi and leafy turnip were identified (more than 6.3 kg/m2 for 28 days of growing season). The studied accessions of wutacai and mizuna are low-yielding and have a longer growing season, but are of interest as vegetables for functional nutrition and for decorative purposes. Semi-cabbage types of Chinese cabbage (Shantung, Santo, Xiao), which are of primary interest for light culture, have been identified. We recommend Chinese cabbage accessions vr.k-1375, Bice (vr.k-1376), and pakchoi k-647 for thickened cultivation,, and pakchoi Extra Dwarf Pack Choi (vr.k-1405 ) and tatsoi Xiao Ba Je Ta Cai (k-695) for growing with a small distance between the shelves of 25 cm. Accessions of Chinese cabbage Chokurei (k-177), Tokyo Bekana (k-395), Zao Shi No. 5 (vr.k-1120), and Fun jen F1 (vr.k-1410) showed the highest salad qualities of the leaves. Under the conditions of a biopolygon, we managed to determine accessions with a stable manifestation of the traits, of early maturity and high productivity, practically independent of light intensity. These are accessions of Chinese cabbage Harumaki Shin Santousai (k-270), Tokyo Bekana (k-395), Xiaobaikou (k-74), pakchoi Kangre 605 (vr.k-1131), Gai Lang Jin Pin 25 F1 (vr.k-1124). In addition, it was shown that the Chinese accession of Chinese cabbage Zao Shi No. 5 (vr.k-1120) and the Russian cultivar of the leafy turnip Selecta (vr.k-1371) have increased the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus. The obtained data on the crops in general and the determined accessions of B. rapa are of interest for the practice of vegetable growing, in the development of elements of cultivar technology of B. rapa crops under conditions of light culture and as sources of valuable traits in breeding programs, including the development of city farming.

БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ КАПУСТНЫХ ОВОЩНЫХ КУЛЬТУР ВИДА Brassica rapa L. ПРИ ВЫРАЩИВАНИИ В ИНТЕНСИВНОЙ СВЕТОКУЛЬТУРЕ

One of the main components of the successful production of plant products is the choice of crops with a high realization of their production potential under the formed conditions, including in the conditions of intensive light culture. The problem of compensating or eliminating the deficit of green crops is currently quite acute in Russia and in the world. The genetic diversity of the most widespread green brassicas plants of the species Brassica rapa L. for use in protected ground facilities has developed in Southeast Asia and includes numerous morphotypes of Chinese cabbage, pakchoi, tatsoi, wutacai, mizuna, and leafy turnip. In Russia, leafy B. rapa vegetables are used to a limited extent, mainly as salad vegetables. The main areas of B. rapa crops breeding for artificial light culture include a high growth rate (the duration of vegetative period is not more than 28-35 days, depending on the biological characteristics of the crop), the yield is not less than 3-8 kg/m2, depending on crops, a certain compact plant habit, high quality of leaves, valuable biochemical composition, resistance to early bolting, resistance to possible low light and high air temperature, suitability for growing in a thin layer of soil or hydroponics. The biological features of the diversity of B. rapa leafy crops as sources for breeding for intensive light culture conditions have not been sufficiently studied, first of all, this concerns little-known crops (tatsoi, wutacai, mizuna) and certain morphotypes within common crops (Chinese cabbage and pakchoi). In this study, for the first time, we studied the wide genetic diversity from the Russian worldwide B. rapa collection of the Russian Federation, stored in the VIR, and morphotypes within them (72 accessions), including genotypes contrasting in morphological characteristics, under different supply light intensity for the development of energy-saving agro-technologies in intensive light culture. For the first time, correction factors were determined for calculating the leaf surface area from easily measured linear dimensions for each studied crop and type of leaves, which will speed up the calculations of photosynthesis characteristics. A different degree of variation in the variability of the size and weight of plants of various crops, depending on the illumination, is shown, the highest in Chinese cabbage and leafy turnip. It was found that the intensity of the light regime is largely determined the increase in the productivity of plants of all studied crops, mostly of Chinese cabbage and pakchoi and leafy turnip. High-yielding accessions of Chinese cabbage, pakchoi and leafy turnip were identified (more than 6.3 kg/m2 for 28 days of growing season). The studied accessions of wutacai and mizuna are low-yielding and have a longer growing season, but are of interest as vegetables for functional nutrition and for decorative purposes. Semi-cabbage types of Chinese cabbage (Shantung, Santo, Xiao), which are of primary interest for light culture, have been identified. We recommend Chinese cabbage accessions vr.k-1375, Bice (vr.k-1376), and pakchoi k-647 for thickened cultivation,, and pakchoi Extra Dwarf Pack Choi (vr.k-1405 ) and tatsoi Xiao Ba Je Ta Cai (k-695) for growing with a small distance between the shelves of 25 cm. Accessions of Chinese cabbage Chokurei (k-177), Tokyo Bekana (k-395), Zao Shi No. 5 (vr.k-1120), and Fun jen F1 (vr.k-1410) showed the highest salad qualities of the leaves. Under the conditions of a biopolygon, we managed to determine accessions with a stable manifestation of the traits, of early maturity and high productivity, practically independent of light intensity. These are accessions of Chinese cabbage Harumaki Shin Santousai (k-270), Tokyo Bekana (k-395), Xiaobaikou (k-74), pakchoi Kangre 605 (vr.k-1131), Gai Lang Jin Pin 25 F1 (vr.k-1124). In addition, it was shown that the Chinese accession of Chinese cabbage Zao Shi No. 5 (vr.k-1120) and the Russian cultivar of the leafy turnip Selecta (vr.k-1371) have increased the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus. The obtained data on the crops in general and the determined accessions of B. rapa are of interest for the practice of vegetable growing, in the development of elements of cultivar technology of B. rapa crops under conditions of light culture and as sources of valuable traits in breeding programs, including the development of city farming.

Appraisal of perspecivity of growing of decorative perennials of genusIrisL. for introduction

The results of morpho-biological observations and biochemical indicators of decorative rhizomes of the genus Iris L. of the Iridaceous family growing in the conditions of the Kuzbass Botanical Garden are represented in the article. It was established the species-specifity in the duration of vegetation period and in the level of antioxidants accumulation of in leaves of decorative redivives:I. aphylla &gt; I. halophile &gt; I. chrysographes &gt; I. ruthenica &gt; I. pseudacorus. According to the results of the integral appraisal, all species are perspective for use in green building. The revealed restructuring in the functioning of the antioxidant system of irises allow considering them as adaptive and protective reactions aimed at their survival and decorative qualities in the environment. The studied figures can be used as an informative parameter to assess the plants condition in the introduction.

Характеристика вихідного матеріалу, стійкого проти фузаріозу колоса та кореневих гнилей, для селекції пшениці озимої

Diseases of winter wheat significantly reduce grain yield and quality. Losses of gross grain yield because of them annually make 20-30%, and in epiphytotic years – 50%. An effective measure to limit the development of winter wheat diseases is the introduction of resistant varieties. Successful development of selection work in this direction is impossible without the use of a gene pool of stable forms. Among the genetic resources of wheat are genotypes that are resistant to several pathogens simultaneously, and therefore have special value as sources of group resistance. There is a constant need to identify new sources and donors of resistance to pathogens, the search for which is a relevant area of research and requires constant screening of the gene pool. The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat is constantly working to create a source of breeding material for winter wheat, resistant to major pathogens, which are then used by breeders. According to the selection program for resistance to ear blight of wheatgrass and root rot, the following lines have been created: Lutescens F. g. 163/19, Erythrospermum F. g. 164/19 Erythrospermum F. g. 166/19, Erythrospermum C. h. 177/19, Erythrospermum C. h. 175/19, which are used by breeders of the institute and transferred to the National center for plant genetic resources of Ukraine. According to the indicator of the vegetation period duration, the line Erythrospermum F. g. 164/19 in which the growing season was 238 days, which is 3 days less than the standard variety Podolyanka. It belongs to the group of early forms. High weights of 1000 grains were observed in the lines Erythrospermum Fg164/19 – 50.6 g, Erythrospermum Fg166/19 – 49.3 g, Erythrospermum Fg163/19 – 46.5 g and Erythrospermum Ch177/19 – 47.3 g. In terms of yield, the standard exceeded the Lutescens F. g. 163/19 – at 38.8 g/m2, Erythrospermum C. h. 177/19 – at 39.6 g/m2, Erythrospermum C. h. 175/19 – at 26.7 g/m2. High protein content was discerned at lines Erythrospermum F. g. 166/19 – 16.5% and Erythrospermum C. h. 177/19 – 15.8%. The highest level of gluten content in grain was recorded in the line Erythrospermum F.g.166/19 – 41.2%. The best in terms of sedimentation are the following lines: Lutescens F.g.163/19 – 70 ml, Erythrospermum F.g.164/19 – 67 ml, Erythrospermum F.g.166/19 – 71 ml. Evaluating the lines created under the program of resistance against pathogens of ear blight of wheatgrass, it was found that the line Lutescens F.g.163/19 showed high resistance to the pathogen powdery mildew (lesion – 1.0%) and Septoria leaf blotch (lesion – 3.0%). Ear blight of wheatgrass did not exceed 5.0%. Resistance against two pathogens (ear blight of wheatgrass, powdery mildew) was distinguished by the line Erythrospermum F.g.166/19, and against Fusarium wilt and Septoria leaf blotch – Erythrospermum F.g.164/19. Lines created under the program of resistance to root rot Erythrospermum C.h.177/19 and Erythrospermum C. h. 175/19, showed relative resistance to this pathogen – lesions of 10.0 and 10.5% and had high resistance to powdery mildew – lesions of 2.0%.

Morpho-biological traits and productivity of lines and hybrids of super sweet corn obtained on the basis of sh2 mutation

Purpose. Super sweet corn contains a gene that, being expressed leads to an increase in the concentration of sugar. Endosperm genes that regulate the increase in sugar content and decrease in starch content were identified; the most effective of them were shrunken2 (sh2), brittle1 (bt), sugary1 (su1) and sugary enhancer1 (se). The recessive mutation of shrunken2 (sh2) provides a high content of sugars in the grain of milk-wax ripeness compared to other mutant forms that directly affects the taste of sh2-hybrids causes widespread use of this mutation in breeding and has the greatest commercial potential. The main task of breeding is to create a new generation of high-yielding hybrids; it depends on the availability of high-quality source breeding material. Therefore, the aim of our work was the assessment of morpho-biological traits of the super sweet corn lines, selection of the best donor lines of genetic traits, creating of high-yielding corn hybrids.Methods. Morpho-biological traits of the studied lines were evaluated according to the Classifier – handbook of Zea mays L. Comprehensive analysis of samples on economically valuable traits was carried out in accordance with the Methodical recommendations for field and laboratory study of genetic resources of corn. The content of reducing sugars in the grain of the studied corn lines and hybrids was determined by Bertrand method.Results. A study of morpho-biological traits of super sweet corn was carried out. Significant differences between the studied lines were observed in the vegetation period duration, the number of grains in one row and the number of grain rows in the cob. The lines-sources of economically valuable features that can be used for practical selection were identified. Crossing was carried out and 50 hybrid combinations were obtained; among them 16 hybrids cha­racterized by the best levels of economic characteristics were selected.Conclusions. As a result of the analysis of the main morpho-biological traits in hybrid combinations of super sweet corn with the mutant sh2 gene, the sources of selection-valuable traits were identified. According to the vegetation period, all lines were divided into three groups: early – 8 lines, middle – 6 and late – 8 ones. It was determined that promising donors of cob productivity were SH-621, SH-234 and SH-936 lines; signs of plant height – SH-234 and SH-936, number of grain rows – SH-234 and SH-113, cob lengths – SH-318 and SH-936. According to the results of studies of morpho-biological traits, the best lines were identified. They were crossed with other lines of super sweet corn and hybrids were obtained. The three best of them, ‘Matir Drakoniv F1’, ‘Yurmala F1’ and ‘Larus F1’, were submitted for state registration.

The Strategy for Marker-Assisted Breeding of Anthocyanin-Rich Spring Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars in Western Siberia

In wheat, anthocyanin pigments can be accumulated in pericarp tissues (under control of the Pp genes) resulting in purple-colored grain. In the current study, a strategy, based on the use of molecular and morphological markers, was applied to create purple-grained bread wheat cultivars adapted to the West Siberian region. The breeding scheme started from crossing of recipients (elite cultivars and lines) with donor lines carrying dominant alleles of the complementary genes Pp3 and Pp-D1. The F2 hybrids passed three-step marker-assisted selection, and those having dominant Pp-D1Pp-D1Pp3Pp3 genotypes were backcrossed with the recurrent parents. The desired BC1F2-3 progenies were selected using morphological marker, while BC1F3 also passed through field evaluation. At this stage, 120 lines were selected and planted in individual 1 m2 “breeding nursery (BN) plots” for assessment of heading dates, duration of vegetation period, resistance to powdery mildew, stem and leaf rusts, protein and gluten content, as well as productivity. After these investigations, a total of 17 promising anthocyanin-rich purple-grained lines characterized by multiple resistance and having best yield/quality characteristics were finally candidates for selection of commercial cultivars adapted to the West Siberian climate and suitable for functional food production.

Change in the Length of the Vegetation Period of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), White Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) and Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Due to Climate Change in Slovakia

Climate change is affecting all sectors of human activities worldwide, including crop production. The aim of the paper was to evaluate the average daily air temperatures measured at one hundred meteorological stations across Slovakia in 1961–2010 and calculate the maximum length of the vegetation period for Solanum lycopersicum L., Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata and Daucus carota L. Future trends predictions of the temporal and spatial development across the duration of the vegetation period in Slovakia were elaborated for decades 2011–2020, 2041–2050, 2071–2080 and 2091–2100. Our results show that there was an earlier start to the vegetation period in spring and a later termination in autumn for past 30 years. There is a predicted trend of prolongation of the maximum duration of the vegetation period up to 20 days (Solanum lycopersicum L., Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) and 15 days (Daucus carota L.) in comparison with the refence decade 2001–2010. The maximum vegetation period duration will extend from the south of Slovakia towards the north of the country. The predicted potential increase in crop vegetation periods will be limited by other constraints such as the availability of arable land and soil water availability.

A revision of macrophytobenthos of the “Lebyazh’i Ostrova” Nature Reserve (Black Sea)

A revision of the marine macrophytes flora of the Crimean Nature Reserve branch “Lebyazh’i ostrova” (“Swan Islands”) was carried out. The flora includes 97 species (hereinafter - including infraspecific taxa): Chlorophyta - 30, Ochrophyta - 11, Rhodophyta - 47, Tracheophyta - 7, Charophyta - 2; taxonomic structure: 8 classes, 22 orders, 31 families, 51 genera. The macrophyte flora has an oligosaprobic nature; short vegetation species dominate in terms of vegetation period duration, but perennial species have a fairly high proportion too. Among halobility groups, marine and brackish-water species prevail. Among phytogeographic groups (combined into two complexes) a warm-water complex dominates, with a high contribution of cosmopolitan species. In general, the ecological and floristic indicators of macrophytobenthos are close to those established for the Egorlytsko-Tendrovsko-Dzharylgachsko-Perekopsky hydro-botanical region of the Black Sea. The rare fraction of flora (taking into account regional, national and international nature conservation documents) includes 27 species. Within protected marine and lagoon water areas, biotopes under the special protection of the EU Habitats Directive are located (Council Directive 92/43/EEC); the nature reserve is a structural element of the Emerald Network and is designated as Wetlands of International Importance.

Використання індукованого мутагенезу для створення пшениці м’якої ярої з крохмалем типу ваксі

The purpose. To establish efficient doses of -irradiation of grain of wheat for formation of its amylose-free genotypes, and to create on this basis a line for the further selection of grades of wheat with starch of waxy type. Methods. Biophysical, biochemical, computing-analytical, morphometric. As mutagen factor they used g-irradiation of 60Co in different doses (100; 150 and 200 Gr (Gray)). Lines of wheat irradiated with the purpose of improvement of their adaptive potential to natural settings of Ukraine. Well adapted grade of wheat Kharkivska 30 was irradiated with the purpose of induction of waxy mutation. Results. Effective doses of -irradiation for creation of amylose-free lines of soft spring wheat were established. They selected specific primers to waxy genes in all three genomes of hexaploid wheat. For each pair of primers the comfort temperature of amplification was specified. By means of molecular markers mutant genotypes of wheat with amylose-free type of starch were selected. On the basis of mutant genotypes and local grades they created and transmitted in laboratory of selection of spring wheat 2 lines with waxy starch. Conclusions. The carried out researches have confirmed efficiency of use of the induced mutagenesis for creation of genotypes of soft spring wheat with amylose-free type of starch. On the basis of mutant samples with the changed distillation characteristic of starch new lines of soft spring wheat with a complex of valuable economic attributes — Liutescens 12/16 and Liutescens 30/16 are created. The first line is characterized by early growth, duration of vegetative period — 90–93 days, durability to lodging, average productivity — 2,2–3 t/hectare, protein content — 13,1–14,2%, amylopectin in starch — 99,8–99,9%. At the second line vegetative period — 89–91 days, resistant to lodging, height of plants — 50–52 cm, average productivity — 2,3–3,1 t/hectare, protein content — 13,3–14,4%, amylopectin in starch — 99,8–99,9%.

ROOT FERTILIZING INFLUENCE ON THE CHLOROPHYLL CONTENTS IN MAIZE HYBRIDS IN THE DIFFERENT GROUPS OF MATURITY

The article presents a research of root fertilizing influence on the chlorophyll contents in maize hybrids leaves in the different groups of ripeness. Two times root fertilizing application (in phase 5-7 and 10-12 of maize leaves) supports the highest level of chlorophyll.The most reliable chlorophyll quantity increase is shown in two times hybrids dressing with Biomag drug. The highest chlorophyll contents was recorded in 2011 which was the most favorable for maize growing. The lowest chlorophyll contents was noted in 2012 that characterized significant dry season in growing period of maize.It is determined that the extension of vegetation period duration of researched hybrids contributes to chlorophyll contents enhancement. A chlorophyll contents also varies according to biological features of a certain hybrid.