Характеристика вихідного матеріалу, стійкого проти фузаріозу колоса та кореневих гнилей, для селекції пшениці озимої

Abstract

Diseases of winter wheat significantly reduce grain yield and quality. Losses of gross grain yield because of them annually make 20-30%, and in epiphytotic years – 50%. An effective measure to limit the development of winter wheat diseases is the introduction of resistant varieties. Successful development of selection work in this direction is impossible without the use of a gene pool of stable forms. Among the genetic resources of wheat are genotypes that are resistant to several pathogens simultaneously, and therefore have special value as sources of group resistance. There is a constant need to identify new sources and donors of resistance to pathogens, the search for which is a relevant area of research and requires constant screening of the gene pool. The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat is constantly working to create a source of breeding material for winter wheat, resistant to major pathogens, which are then used by breeders. According to the selection program for resistance to ear blight of wheatgrass and root rot, the following lines have been created: Lutescens F. g. 163/19, Erythrospermum F. g. 164/19 Erythrospermum F. g. 166/19, Erythrospermum C. h. 177/19, Erythrospermum C. h. 175/19, which are used by breeders of the institute and transferred to the National center for plant genetic resources of Ukraine. According to the indicator of the vegetation period duration, the line Erythrospermum F. g. 164/19 in which the growing season was 238 days, which is 3 days less than the standard variety Podolyanka. It belongs to the group of early forms. High weights of 1000 grains were observed in the lines Erythrospermum Fg164/19 – 50.6 g, Erythrospermum Fg166/19 – 49.3 g, Erythrospermum Fg163/19 – 46.5 g and Erythrospermum Ch177/19 – 47.3 g. In terms of yield, the standard exceeded the Lutescens F. g. 163/19 – at 38.8 g/m2, Erythrospermum C. h. 177/19 – at 39.6 g/m2, Erythrospermum C. h. 175/19 – at 26.7 g/m2. High protein content was discerned at lines Erythrospermum F. g. 166/19 – 16.5% and Erythrospermum C. h. 177/19 – 15.8%. The highest level of gluten content in grain was recorded in the line Erythrospermum F.g.166/19 – 41.2%. The best in terms of sedimentation are the following lines: Lutescens F.g.163/19 – 70 ml, Erythrospermum F.g.164/19 – 67 ml, Erythrospermum F.g.166/19 – 71 ml. Evaluating the lines created under the program of resistance against pathogens of ear blight of wheatgrass, it was found that the line Lutescens F.g.163/19 showed high resistance to the pathogen powdery mildew (lesion – 1.0%) and Septoria leaf blotch (lesion – 3.0%). Ear blight of wheatgrass did not exceed 5.0%. Resistance against two pathogens (ear blight of wheatgrass, powdery mildew) was distinguished by the line Erythrospermum F.g.166/19, and against Fusarium wilt and Septoria leaf blotch – Erythrospermum F.g.164/19. Lines created under the program of resistance to root rot Erythrospermum C.h.177/19 and Erythrospermum C. h. 175/19, showed relative resistance to this pathogen – lesions of 10.0 and 10.5% and had high resistance to powdery mildew – lesions of 2.0%.