Variety Of Colors Research Articles

Designing vibrant and bright transmission colors with multilayer film structures

In this work, we present a multilayer film structure that utilizes optical resonance for preparing extremely efficient and highly saturated red, green, and blue transmittance colors. Based on numerical simulations and analysis, it is demonstrated that the structure produces R, G, and B colors with a purity approximately comparable to that of standard RGB colors and that a rich variety of structural colors can be obtained while maintaining efficient transmission efficiency. In addition, a metallic interlayer is introduced into the transparent dielectric cavity to selectively suppress resonances in the short-wavelength region, thereby improving the purity of the red color. Finally, we investigate the effect of the incidence angle on color purity and transmission efficiency. This study introduces a rapid and efficient method for producing high-quality structural colors, expanding their versatile applications in optics, materials science, and energy fields.

Millennial’s Residential Design Principle & Basic Model To Improve Work- from-Home Performance Through Mindfulness Practices

Since the pandemic COVID-19 outbreak in 2020, it appears that the entire world has been forced to become acquainted with working from home as a new working concept. One of the dominant challenge in implementing work-from-home comes from decline of work performance caused by incapability to cognitively focus on several task at once. Millennial as a dominant productive age range in Indonesia are facing this continuously emerging problems, considering work-from-home working culture and flexible working are believed to be a future of work culture. When implementing work-from-home, millennials face the challenge to improve work performance, one of which is through mindfulness practices to help boost work performance. Through a literature review and design by research, this study seeks to identify a home and workspace design application model that accommodates mindfulness practices. Mindfulness practices are accommodated through flexible spatial planning, building materials with various texture, window openings in the workspace are strategically adjacent to green garden, green spaces with wide variety of colour, shape, and textures, and then the principle are applied in a residential models that fit the preferences for the millennial generation

Artificial flowers as a tool for investigating multimodal flower choice in wild insects.

Flowers come in a variety of colours, shapes, sizes and odours. Flowers also differ in the quality and quantity of nutritional reward they provide to entice potential pollinators to visit. Given this diversity, generalist flower-visiting insects face the considerable challenge of deciding which flowers to feed on and which to ignore. Working with real flowers poses logistical challenges due to correlations between flower traits, maintenance costs and uncontrolled variables. Here, we overcome this challenge by designing multimodal artificial flowers that varied in visual, olfactory and reward attributes. We used artificial flowers to investigate the impact of seven floral attributes (three visual cues, two olfactory cues and two rewarding attributes) on flower visitation and species richness. We investigated how flower attributes influenced two phases of the decision-making process: the decision to land on a flower, and the decision to feed on a flower. Artificial flowers attracted 890 individual insects representing 15 morphospecies spanning seven arthropod orders. Honeybees were the most common visitors accounting for 46% of visitors. Higher visitation rates were driven by the presence of nectar, the presence of linalool, flower shape and flower colour and was negatively impacted by the presence of citral. Species richness was driven by the presence of nectar, the presence of linalool and flower colour. For hymenopterans, the probability of landing on the artificial flowers was influenced by the presence of nectar or pollen, shape and the presence of citral and/or linalool. The probability of feeding increased when flowers contained nectar. For dipterans, the probability of landing on artificial flowers increased when the flower was yellow and contained linalool. The probability of feeding increased when flowers contained pollen, nectar and linalool. Our results demonstrate the multi-attribute nature of flower preferences and highlight the usefulness of artificial flowers as tools for studying flower visitation in wild insects.

Criteria for specifying rocks in facades

The choice of natural rock for cladding building facades is an ancient practice that concerns not only functionality but also architectural aesthetics. Natural rock comes in a variety of colors, textures, and patterns that can add a unique and sophisticated touch to your building. Additionally, it is durable and weather-resistant, making it ideal for external use. The use of natural rock in facades also contributes to sustainability as it is an abundant material in nature and does not require complex manufacturing processes. The methodology adopted is characterized by a qualitative approach, using bibliographic research as the investigative procedure, allowing for an in-depth analysis of the essential topics related to this theme. The overall objective of this work is to provide a contribution to construction professionals, architects, and engineers by offering information and guidance for the use and specification of natural rocks in facades. The study highlighted that understanding the specific characteristics of natural rocks is essential to ensure the longevity, aesthetics, and integrity of facades constructed with ornamental rocks. Finally, it is recommended that the specified material should meet the minimum performance required by ASTM C-615 standards. It is also important to verify if the supplying company has the capacity to meet your needs within the volume and timeframe of each specific project.

Color-Causing Mechanisms of Guatemala Jadeite Jade: Constraints from Spectroscopy and Chemical Compositions

The jadeite jade in Guatemala exerts remarkable commercial quality, which has attracted wide attention. Guatemalan jadeite jade displays a rich variety of colors; however, the color formation of this jadeite jade has not been systematically investigated to date. In this paper, we study different colors of jade samples to trace the compositions and color-causing mechanisms through petrography, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), as well as electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The results show that jadeite and omphacite are the main mineral compositions of Guatemalan jadeite jade, together with minor albite and other impurities. The color of Guatemala jadeite jade is mainly related to Cr3+, Fe2+, and Fe3+, of which a small amount of Cr3+ causes the jadeite jade to be emerald green. Moreover, 1~2% FeO contents can lead to the blue or gray color of the samples, while the Fe3+ makes the sample dark green. The green color of some Cr3+-free jadeite is caused by the electron transition between bands of Fe3+, and the green color is related to the iron content. Moreover, the chemical composition analysis shows that some metallic elements existed in Guatemalan jadeite jade, such as Ca, Ti, Al, Si, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cr, Na, Mg, and Sr, and some trace elements were lost or unevenly distributed, which may lead to the heterogeneity of the color of the samples. Our present investigation provides insights into color discrimination, quality evaluation, and identification of Guatemala jadeite jade.

Genetic Diversity and Phylogeny of Alocasia longiloba Miq. Indonesia Accessions Based on trnL-F Intergenic Spacer Region

Alocasia longiloba Miq. is a member of the Araceae family, which was complex and has diverse leaf shapes, color, and venation. Studies on the diversity of A. longiloba focused mostly on morphological characteristics, while the genetic diversity of this species has never been published. Alocasia longiloba Miq. belongs to the Araceae family and has a variety of leaf shapes, colors, and venations. This research aims to determine the variation and relationshipgenetic diversity and phylogeny of the Indonesian accession of A. longiloba based on molecular approaches using trnL-F IGS region. A total of 20 accesses of A. longiloba from Indonesia were sequenced and one Alocasia suhirmaniana, along withthen together with 12 11 DNA sequences of A. longiloba and Amorphophallus muelleri registered at the NCBI, were aligned with the Mesquite software. Genetic diversity were examined using DnaSP ver. 6.12.03. The phylogenetic tree was reconstructed by MEGA 11 using the Maximum Parsimony method and the Tree-Bisection-Regrafting (TBR) algorithm. Among 389 site recorded, 356 site were invariable, 5 site were variable and 28 site were gaps or missing data. This genetic variation in the form of insertion, deletion, transition, and transversion and the deletion event has received the most contributions. Reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree resulted in A. longiloba being polyphyletic. The use of cpDNA with the trnL-F IGS region of IGS could not show the relationship between the Indonesian accession of intraspecies A. longiloba, so further research is needed in other areas regions of chloroplast and nuclear DNA.

The Utilization of Secang Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Extract Nanoemulsion as Natural Pigment in Lip Cream Preparations

Lip cream is a semi-solid lipstick preparation. One of the important ingredients in lipcream preparations is a variety of colorants. Secang wood contains the active compound brazilin which gives it a yellow to purple color which can be used as a natural dye. The conventional lip cream preparations from extracts have low homogeneity and unstable, so it is necessary to increase the stability of the preparation by making a nanoemulsion of secang wood extract which is incorporated into the lip cream preparation. The preparation of 10% secang wood extract nanoemulsion preparation using Tween 80, Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), and PEG 400 with particle size reduction using a bath sonicator. The concentration of the nanoemulsion preparation was 1% (F3) and 3% (F4) incorporated into the lip cream base and conventional lip cream preparations with the same concentration (F1 and F2). The test results for the size of the 10% secang wood extract nanoemulsion globules were 127.54 ± 0.45 nm (PI: 0.3 ± 0.013). The test results for the F3 and F4 nanoemulsion lipcream preparations had a pink to purple color, pH 6-6.4, spreadability of 5.9-6.8 cm, adhesion of 5.5-6 seconds, the preparation was homogeneous and non-irritating, compared with conventional lip cream preparations F1 and F2 are not homogeneous, the color of the lip cream is paler, and the irritating properties are very mild in both formulas. The conclusion of this research is that secang wood extract can be formulated into a nanoemulsion preparation and incorporated into a lip cream preparation.
 Keywords: Brazilin, Color, Dye, Sonicator Bath

TRENDS IN THE FINE ARTS OF TATARSTAN IN THE 1970-1990S ON THE EXAMPLE OF NARKIS PONOMAREV’S CREATIVITY

he article is devoted to the late Soviet period of fine arts in Tatarstan — a republic with rich avantgarde traditions, which was characterised by extraordinary intensity of artists’ creative life during the 1970–1990s. Today, this period of art, as a regional version of the second wave of the avant-garde, still remains insufficiently studied and requires more detailed and scrupulous study and understanding. The topic is considered on the example of one of the most original painters of Kazan of the second half of the 20th century — Narkis Ponomarev (1946–1996), who is considered by the author to be among the unofficial circle of artists. The study introduces the personality of Ponomarev as a self-taught artist and autodidact into the scientific context for the first time. It is argued that, despite the lack of the master’s professional art education and the resulting difficulties (lack of recognition in the artistic community, criticism from official art critics and officials, inability to exhibit, and so on), he managed to form and develop a self-sufficient and original art. Avant-garde tendencies in the artist’s work are identified and substantiated based on an analysis of more than 60 Ponomarev’s works mainly from private collections. Turning to the heritage of Matisse, Picasso, Chagall, German expressionists, etc., without copying, only focusing on them, Ponomarev developed his own artistic concept. Using a variety of bright colours, free volumetric strokes, turning to marginal subjects or lyrical landscapes and fantastic images, he imbued his works with simplicity and primitiveness, in the good sense of the word, of the image itself. It is noted that creativity, which gained its fame and recognition only in the post-Soviet period, was necessary for Ponomarev as a way of understanding the world around and oneself, as a therapeutic impulse for one’s own alienation. The purpose of this article is to trace the evolution of the artist, to reveal the role and significance of Ponomarev’s creative activity in the artistic life of Tatarstan in the 1970–1990s. The presentation of new trends and the introduction of new names into scientific circulation will help to identify paradoxes and facets in the history of the second wave of avant-garde in the era of the USSR.

Play in the reading room: Utilizing soft modeling compound to teach musculoskeletal anatomy and pathology.

Musculoskeletal (MSK) anatomy and pathology from a radiology perspective can be difficult to conceptualize and understand due to the challenge of visualizing 3D structures in stacks of 2D imaging. Consequently, trainees may benefit from inexpensive methods that can help trainees better visualize MSK anatomy and pathology. The purpose of this study is to provide proof of concept for inexpensive methodology to help learners such as radiology residents quickly and inexpensively understand musculoskeletal anatomy and pathology. This can help trainees become better at applying musculoskeletal knowledge to clinical practice. Soft-modeling compounds such as Play-Doh® was utilized in a variety of colors with pottery tools to recreate 3D models of challenging MSK anatomy and pathology for trainees. Qualitative feedback from the residents was collected. Eighteen different pathological conditions across six major bone structures were modeled with a soft modeling compound. Residents qualitatively identified the experience as educational in terms of helping them better understand MSK pathology and positive in terms of making learning fun, less stressful, and memorable due to uniqueness of the learning modality. Residents report challenges modeling complex anatomical features and pathology via this methodology. Radiology residents and other learners can enhance their knowledge of musculoskeletal anatomy and pathology via utilization of inexpensive soft modeling compounds. This may offer a cheaper and more time sensitive alternative to current 3-dimensional hardware and software technologies being developed for educational purposes. Additional work needs to be done to examine the utility of this methodology across larger and diverse groups of learners.

Qualidade floral em descendentes de terceira geração de excelentes cultivares de gladíolo obtidas por irradiação gama

Abstract The gladiolus is one of the most commercially important cut flowers in Mexico. It was traditionally considered a funeral flower, but its uses have now diversified to many other decorative floral arrangements due to its variety of colors and forms. All the new varieties on the market in Mexico are of foreign origin, such that the generation of new genotypes is needed. In a previous study, flowers originating from irradiated Blanca Borrega variety corms expressed different floral characteristics, shape and size; however, it is unknown whether these characters are fixed in subsequent generations. The objective of the current work was therefore to evaluate the fixed characteristics in the ornamental quality of outstanding cultivars of Blanca Borrega variety gladiolus descended from irradiation with60Co. During the fall-winter (2020-2021) period, corms of outstanding cultivars generated by distinct irradiation doses were planted in sterilized substrate to evaluate corm germination (%), plant height, number of leaves per stem, spike length (cm), combined stem and spike length (cm), number of flowers per spike, flower size (cm), number of leaves, and survival, and to categorize cut flower quality under the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE) criteria. Our results indicated that the outstanding cultivar derived from the 80 Gy dose presented a Class I classification (Second quality) of the UN/ECE parameters due to its stem height and number of buds, followed by the cultivars descended from irradiation at 10, 30 and 50 Gy and the control, which were placed in Class II (Third quality). Thus, in the third generation the favorable esthetic characteristics of the outstanding cultivars remain fixed.

Correlation Analysis of Surface and Physical Properties of Ophthalmic Lenses Containing Nanoparticles.

Since contact lenses directly contact the cornea, the surface roughness of the lens may cause various side effects. In addition, gold nanoparticles can realize a variety of colors and characteristics depending on their shape and size. In this study, the surface roughness of tinted lenses containing gold nanoparticles of various sizes was analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) at aspect ratio(surface to volume ratio) ranging from 1:1 to 1:10. The characteristics of the lenses were then confirmed. As a result, tinted lenses with different colors depending on the size of the gold nanoparticles were manufactured. The surface roughness of the lens decreased with increasing size of the gold nanoparticles. However, at aspect ratio of 1:10, increase in surface roughness was observed. In addition, it was confirmed that the wettability and antibacterial properties of the lens had the same effect according to the average surface roughness value. Therefore, it was confirmed that the addition of gold nanoparticles reduced the surface roughness of the lens, which had a great effect on properties such as wettability and antimicrobial properties of the lens. The produced copolymer controls the surface roughness of the lens, and thus it is judged that it can be used as a material for various ophthalmology applications.

Green Color of the Facades of Orthodox Churches of the Podlaskie Voivodeship in the Context of Sacred Architecture and Theology

The purpose of this article is to present interdisciplinarily the connection between architecture and theology. The research was conducted using manuscript sources (inventory cards of architectural and construction monuments from the collections of the Provincial Monument Protection Office in Białystok), printed materials, as well as subject literature and internet sources. Photographic inventories of the sacred objects were carried out, as well as conversations with clergymen. The aim of the research was to verify the hypothesis that theology has a significant impact on shaping the architecture of Orthodox churches. Symbolism in the architecture of churches encompasses many aspects, including the color scheme of the facades. The Podlaskie Voivodeship has the largest number of Orthodox churches in Poland. These areas are associated with wooden architecture due to the easy availability of raw materials. The attribute of wooden Orthodox churches in this area is the variety of colors on their facades.
 Colors have a rich theological symbolism that is often associated with the cult of saints. It is particularly visible in icons. The study covered seven green churches in the Podlaskie Voivodeship, in the towns of Anusin, Koźliki, Narew, Pasynki, Trześcianka, and Tyniewicze Duże. Among the studied objects, one is currently green, and the others had this feature in the past. The temples were described in terms of dating, plan shape, and facade color occurrence. The research showed a connection between the green color of the facade and its theological symbolism. An architect of an ideal temple analogous to those included in the study should combine the art of aesthetic design with the principles of theology. The synergy of architecture and theology is necessary in such objects, and thanks to it, they are beautiful.

Pengaplikasian Material Aluminium Composite Panel pada Perancangan Apartemen dan Soho di Kota Surabaya

The demand for residential space continues to increase with the amount of growth in a city. This is something that is experienced by large cities such as Surabaya. The demand for residential and office space for local residents and migrants is due to the increasing number of national and multinational companies operating in the city of Surabaya. The use of technology in the creation of building materials is one of the positive impacts that can be felt due to the rapid influence of modernization and globalization. The use of ACP material with a variety of materials and colors and ease of application in workmanship. Aluminum composite panel (ACP) building facade is a combination of aluminum panels and composite materials. This building material is made of polyethylene coated with aluminum panels on both sides. Aluminum composite panel itself is a rigid and sturdy sheet but with a relatively light weight. This building material is used to line the exterior or interior walls of the building. Because this material is available in metallic and non-metallic colors, it can add an artistic and luxurious impression to the building facade. The use of ACP material used on the facade of this building has various advantages such as variations in thickness, strength and brightness and attractive facade patterns.

Nutritional Composition, Capsaicin Content and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities from “Bang Chang” Thai Cultivar Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum Var. acuminatum) after Drying Process

Chili pepper cultivars come in a broad variety of tastes, colors, sizes, and spiciness levels due to various growth conditions. The significance of different chili peppers and other spices in Thai cuisine may be seen in dishes. This study evaluated the nutritional composition and capsaicin content from “Bang Chang” Thai cultivar chili pepper after drying, and the inhibition of lipase, tyrosinase and elastase enzymes from its oil and ethanol extracts. The nutritional composition of sun-dried chili pepper was high dietary fiber and beta-carotene, which were significantly high amount portion of Thai recommended dietary intake (RDI). According to calculations and definitions, “Bang Chang chili pepper” is a non-pungent Capsicum (0-700 SHU) since it contains a low amount of capsaicin. Total phenolic content was more abundant in ethanol extract (2.50 ± 0.13 mg GAE/g) than oil extract (1.05 ± 0.05 mg GAE/g). Compared to the positive control orlistat (IC50 = 3.26 ± 0.28 mg/mL), an anti-lipase drug, ethanol extract was 2.0 times more lipase inhibitory. In addition, ethanol extract was mildly anti-tyrosinase, while oil extract was non-activity. The anti-lipase activity of ethanol extract was due to phenolic content rather than capsaicin contained and this enzyme inhibition may act on active site. We found that ethanol extract of “Bang Chang” cultivar chili pepper yielded higher TPC content and more effective anti-lipase than oil extract. The finding provided benefits on applying this chili pepper on anti-lipase use and weight management.

Color-tunable fluorescent silica-based hybrid film of stacked structure based on a single amphiphilic AIEgen

The large-area and color-tunable fluorescent (FL) films have great potential applications in light-emitting devices and color displays. Yet, the challenge of realizing truly color-tunable emissions using a single fluorophore remains. Herein, we present a large-area, transparent and ultra-stable free-standing FL silica-based film (FSFSF) with color-tunable emissions prepared by using an amphiphilic aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogen (AIEgen) as both a structure-directing agent and a light-emitting source. The color-tunable FSFSFs have been facilely prepared at the gas–liquid (GL-FSFSF) and solid–liquid interfaces (SL-FSFSF) by simply stacking the AIEgen/SiO2 composite layers with different self-assembled structures using an approach combining self-assembly with sol-gel process. These films exhibited variable excitation-dependent emission colors, emitting bright blue and green fluorescences as well as dark red fluorescence from one single visual field under excitation with UV, blue, and green lights, respectively. The research found that the resulting GL-FSFSF had a sandwich-like structure with an alternate arrangement of cylindrical and spherical AIEgen micelles in the silica matrix, and exhibited unusual excitation-dependent multi-wavelength and morphology-dependent dual-center emission characteristics. It has been reported that the luminescence of many AIE compounds is morphology-dependent. Therefore, we speculate that the two emission centers of the film are related to the two self-assembled morphologies of amphiphilic AIEgen. Its bright blue and green fluorescence is attributed to the same emission intensity of the two luminescent centers. This study has demonstrated that morphology- and excitation-dependent color-tunable emissions based on one AIE fluorophore can be achieved by incorporating AIEgen aggregates with different self-assembled morphologies in the matrix. Such a simple strategy can be extended to construct other multicolor-tunable FL hybrid materials.

The effects of signboard regulation for commercial buildings: the case of a local district in the city of Seoul

ABSTRACT Disordered commercial signboards are a key source of visual chaos in the urban landscape because signboard content is presented with a variety of forms and colors. Enforcement of signboard regulations has therefore received increasing attention. However, signboards are a significant element of the urban landscape, showcasing the regional characteristics and identity of a municipal region or city. Seoul, South Korea has implemented various signboard policies aimed at improving the urban landscape, but the effect has been unsatisfactory. In this study, the effects of commercial signboard regulation were assessed in a selected district of a Seoul municipality using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) perceptional analysis for both customers and business owners. Quantitative analysis found that overall signboard size was reduced by more than 80 percent after regulation. In addition, Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis indicates using Light Emitting Diode (LED) has a 26.4% overall cost advantage over the conventional fluorescent lamp. Notably, business owners’ responses were not negative despite the smaller signboard size. After adopting the new policy, customers ranked the signboard shape as providing the most satisfaction among various subcategories while business owners indicated high satisfaction with reduced maintenance cost.

Eksplorasi Karung Goni dengan Teknik Chenille untuk Material Alternatif Elemen Estetis Interior

Utilization of gunny sack waste is still very limited and not proportional to the amount of gunny sack waste produced, even though gunny sacks have characteristics that have the potential to be used as an alternative material for interior aesthetic elements. Its characteristics include, woven fibers that are strong, mildew resistant, textured, stiff and hairy. In addition, gunny sacks have a brown color that gives a natural impression. This research tries to explore and optimize the character of the gunny sack using the Chenille Technique. This technique produces a unique hairy texture with a variety of colors resulting from layering with the additional fabric. The Chenille technique is a textile manipulation technique that is rarely used, thus making the output of this study potentially have good novelty value. This research is a qualitative research with an experimental method. The designed product is an interior aesthetic element in the form of a decorative 3D panel.

The apocarotenoid production in microbial biofactories: An overview.

Carotenoids are a vast group of natural pigments that come in a variety of colors ranging from red to orange. Apocarotenoids are derived from these carotenoids, which are hormones, pigments, retinoids, and volatiles employed in the textiles, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Due to the high commercial value and poor natural host abundance, they are significantly undersupplied. Microbes like Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli act as heterologous hosts for apocarotenoid production. This article briefly reviews categories of apocarotenoids, their biosynthetic pathway commencing from the MVA and MEP, its significance, the tool enzymes for apocarotenoid biosynthesis like CCDs, their biotechnological production in microbial factories, and future perspectives.

Effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin on callus induction and growth of Physalis angulata L. leaf explants

Physalis angulata L. is an annual herbaceous plant used as traditional medicine. The roots, stems and leaves are used to treat diabetes, hypertension, fever and headaches. The fruit contains lots of provitamin A and has antitumor, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and immunomodulatory activities. P. angulata leaves also contain secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, physalin A, physalin B, glycosides and stearic acid. The use of plants as a source of medicine is not only very dangerous for the survival of plants, but also not standardized. Secondary metabolites can be produced in callus by in vitro culture induced with appropriate growth regulators. Through callus culture, secondary metabolites or chemical substances from plants can be produced. This study aims to determine the effect of growth regulators 2,4-D and kinetin on callus induction time, the percentage of explants forming callus, fresh weight, dry weight, and callus morphology. This study was a laboratory experimental with a completely randomized design and 5 treatments (0.0 mg/L 2,4-D + 2.0 mg/L kinetin; 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D + 1.5 mg/L kinetin; 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D + 1.0 mg/L kinetin; 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.5 mg/L kinetin; 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.0 mg/L kinetin), each treatment consisted of five replications. The data obtained has been analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative data were obtained from callus morphological (color and texture) descriptions. Quantitative data obtained from callus induction time, the percentage of explants forming callus, fresh weight and dry weight of callus were analyzed using SPSS 24 with a significance value of 0,05. Data analysis on the effect of 2,4-D and kinetin concentrations used the ANOVA test. Difference between treatments were tested using the Duncan´s multiple range test. The results showed that the suitable growth regulator for inducing callus growth in leaf explants of P. angulata L was 2.0 mg/L 2.4D + 0.0 mg/L kinetin. Growth regulator 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.0 mg/L kinetin induced callus in a short time i. e. 10.60 days after culture, resulting in the highest fresh and dry weight of callus i.e., 0.35 g and 0.03 g, as well as the percentage of explants forming callus 100%. Callus has a compact texture with a variety of colours.

TO THE ISSUE OF NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE SELF-PUBLISHED TEXTS BY VASYL STUS

The paper examines four texts by V. Stus, published in the uncensored periodical “Ukrainskyi Visnyk” from January 1970 to January 1971 (“A Place in a Battle or in a Massacre?”, “Nowadays it is clear to everyone...”, “Every normally organized society...”, and the poem in memory of Alla Horska “Burn Bright, My Soul, Burn Bright, and Do Not Weep!”) taking into account the investigative files of the poet, who was convicted of self-publishing. Within the analyzed prose texts, Stus defends well-known representatives of the resistance movement (Ivan Dziuba, Valentyn Moroz, Vasyl Zakharchenko, Ivan Suk), emphasizes every person’s need for freedom, and draws attention to the necessity of dialogue between the state leadership and society as the latter also bears responsibility for the authorities’ criminal actions. The poet underlines the important role of the creative youth, in which he sees the ‘self-recovery’ of the Ukrainian nation.
 In the poem “Burn Bright, My Soul, Burn Bright, and Do Not Weep!”, Stus relates his personal profound tragedy, caused by the murder of A. Hors’ka, to the tragedy experienced by the entire generation of the sixtiers and the nation as a whole. There is a variety of colors in the poem (an allusion to painting, to which A. Horska devoted her life) with the dominance of red, embodied in the image of viburnum, the national symbol of Ukraine. The revised versions of the poem, published in the collections “The Merry Cemetery” and “Palimpsests”, were also considered. The issue of national identity in Stus’s texts is presented implicitly: he primarily defends a man and the values of freedom, which is associated with creative opportunities for the development of native culture. It is noteworthy that the national issue constitutes a significant point in the investigative files, forming the basis for accusations of 'anti-Soviet activities' against the poet.