T-test Value Research Articles

The Effectivesness of Storytelling to Teach Speaking Skill: An Experimental Study at Ninth Grade Students of SMPN 11 Mataram Academic Year 2022/2023

The study investigated the effectiveness of storytelling as a teaching technique for speaking skills among ninth-grade students at SMPN 11 Mataram. The research method employed a pre-experimental design, specifically a group pretest and post-test design. The target population consisted of ninth-grade students at SMPN 11 Mataram, with a sample size of 28 students from class IX C. Data were collected through three stages: pretest, treatment, and post-test. The pretest served as a baseline measurement, with a mean score of 70.57. The treatment phase involved implementing the storytelling technique, and finally, the post-test was conducted to assess the students' speaking skills after the treatment. The post-test was a higher mean score of 82.28, indicating a 16% improvement compared to the pretest. A paired sample t-test was conducted in this study. The t-test value was compared to the t-Table value to assess the difference between the pretest and post-test means. In this case, the t-test value was higher than the t-Table value, leading to the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis (Ha) and the rejection of the null hypothesis (Ho). This implies that the storytelling technique was effective in teaching speaking skill to ninth-grade students at SMPN 11 Mataram in the academic year 2022/2023. The results showed a significant improvement in speaking skill after the implementation of the storytelling technique.

Pengaruh Cita Rasa Dan Harga Terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Membeli Rokok Di Tobacco House Lombok

This study aims to determine the effect of taste and price on consumer satisfaction in buying cigarettes at Tobacco House Lombok. The population of this study were consumers who had purchased cigarettes at the Lombok Tobacco House. The data collection method uses a survey research method. Data collection techniques use questionnaires and online surveys with data collection tools, namely questionnaires. In addition, this study used a sample of 100 people with a purposive sampling method. This type of research is causal associative. Data processing in this study used SPSS 24.0 for Windows. The results of this study indicate that taste (X1) has a positive and significant effect on consumer satisfaction (Y ) with a t-test value of 2,614 and is at a significance of 0.010 and the results of the regression test are 24.4 and price (X2) has a significant positive effect on consumer satisfaction (Y) with a t-test value of 3.482 and a significance of 0.001 and a regression test result of 27.0.

The Use of English Short Animation Movies to Improve Students’ Listening Skill: A Study at The First Grade of SMPN 1 Lingsar Academic Year 2022/2023

This research aims to find out the effectiveness of using English Short Animation Movies to improve students listening skills at SMPN 1 Lingsar academic year 2022/2023. This research was used quantitative method with an experimental design.The design of the research is quasi experimental research with nont-equivalent control grup design two group Experimental group and Control group,The population and sample of this research are all first grade students at SMPN 1 Lingsar The sample was selected based on cluster random sampling technique.And analyzed the data using Microsoft excel and SPSS program.After analyzing the data,the researcher a comparison between the t-test result of the experimental group and control group,in the experimental group the t-test value is 5.562, in the table above it shows that t-test value in the experimental group (5.562) is higher that the t-value table (1.67) for alpha 0.05 and (2.66) for alpha 0.01 which means that the result of the experimental t-test are significant. Meanwhile, the results of the t-test from the control group 2.057 in the table above shows that t-test value in the control group ( 2.057) is lower than the t-table value (1.67) alpha 0.05 and (2.66) for alpha 0.01 which means that the results of the t-test control group are not significant. The conclusion from this research is that the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. So it can be concluded that there is a significant effect in the use of English short animation movie to improve students listening skills at the first grade of SMPN 1 Lingsar.

Pengaruh Penerapan Sanksi Perpajakan Dan Pelayanan Pembayaran Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor Terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Pada Kantor Samsat Kota Bengkulu

This research is motivated by a thought that with the existence of tax sanctions and good service to the community, it will increase taxpayer compliance. This study aims to determine how much influence the application of transportation sanctions and motor vehicle tax payment services has on taxpayer compliance at the Bengkulu City Samsat office. In this study, researchers used quantitative descriptive methods, data collection techniques using questionnaires and documentation. The data analysis technique used multiple linear regression test The results showed that the results of the t-test values (0.000 0.05) and (0.021 0.05). with an error rate of 5% while the f-test value showed a result of 21,529 and a probability of 0.000. And the results of the analysis of the correlation coefficient of 29.3%. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that the application of tax sanctions and motor vehicle tax payment services has an effect on taxpayer compliance at the Bengkulu City Samsat Office.

Pengaruh Latihan Seated Cable Row Terhadap Kekuatan Menarik Otot Lengan Dan Bahu Pada Atlet Kurash UNDIKMA Tahun 2023

Arm and shoulder muscle endurance is the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to be able to contract dynamically or statically by holding a load for a relatively long time. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of seated cable row exercises on the pulling strength of the arm and shoulder muscles in Kurash Undikma Camp athletes in 2023. This research method used an experimental method. The population in this study were all Kurash Undikma Camp athletes in 2023, totaling 11 people. Meanwhile, the sample in this study used a population study technique. The data collection techniques used in this study are the method of documentation and action tests. The data analysis used in this study was statistical analysis to obtain the arm muscle strength of the Kurash Undikma Camp athletes in 2023. The results of data analysis and the t-value test show that the t-count value is 25.68 > 2.228 so it can be interpreted that the null hypothesis (H0) is states "There is no effect of seated cable row exercises on the pulling strength of the arm and shoulder muscles in Kurash Undikma Camp athletes in 2023", rejected; and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) which states "There is an effect of seated cable row exercises on the pulling strength of the arm and shoulder muscles in Kurash Undikma Camp athletes in 2023". accepted. For the percentage increase, it is known that the seated cable row exercise method can increase the pulling strength of the arm and shoulder muscles by 16.75%.

Spatial Intelligence and Geographic Skills: REACT Model on Regional Development and Growth Materials

The REACT model is constructive contextual learning that emphasizes the meaning of learning and the knowledge built in students' minds. This study aims to determine the effect of the REACT model on students' Spatial Intelligence and Geographic Skills. This research uses Quasy Experimental with Posttest Only Control Group Design. The subjects used in the study were students of class XII Social Sciences 2 as an experimental class and XII Social Sciences 3 as a control class at Senior High School 10 Malang in the academic year 2022/2023. Determination of the sample using purposive sampling technique with the consideration of having a middle school final exam score that is almost the same. The research instrument uses an essay test referring to geographic skills and spatial intelligence indicators. Data analysis used the Independent-Sample T Test and the Mann-Whitney U Test with a significance level of 0.05. The significance value of the Independent-Sample T-Test for spatial intelligence shows an effect of the REACT learning model on students' spatial intelligence with a value of 0.004 0.05, with the spatial concept indicator having the highest influence. In contrast, the reasoning process indicator has the most effect low. The significance value of the Mann-Whitney U test geographical skill test shows an impact of the REACT learning model on students' spatial intelligence with a value of 0.004 0.05, with the indicator answering geographical questions having the highest impact, while the indicator asking geographic questions has the highest influence the lowest.

Evaluating the Residential Outdoor Environment for the Elderly in Shuiqinggou, Qingdao, China using the Seniors’ Outdoor Survey Tool

As China’s elderly population grows, residential areas need to provide an outdoor environment for their physical and mental health in good condition. Many studies have found that better outdoor environments in residential areas can improve the health of the elderly and increase their happiness. The Seniors’ Outdoor Survey (SOS) tool was developed as an effective and reliable assessment tool to evaluate the needs and preferences of the elderly in outdoor spaces. This study used the SOS tool to evaluate Shuiqinggou Park in Qingdao, Shandong Province, China. The outdoor environment is divided into three parts for five domains of evaluation. The final average score of the whole environment is 84.35, the percentage is 86.9% compared with the total score, the Inter-rater ICC among trainers is 0.917, and the T-test value is 0.799. Through the results of the tools, it can be concluded that Shuiqinggou Park is a favorable outdoor space suitable and safe for the elderly. The study’s findings can help project managers and designers identify the essential outdoor characteristics for future construction and maintenance prioritization.

Effect of Video-assisted Teaching on Knowledge and Practice of Preterm Care Bundle amongst Mothers of Preterm Babies

Abstract Background: Preterm is defined as all births before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation. The complications of preterm birth are the largest direct cause of neonatal deaths, responsible for 35% of the world’s 3.1 million deaths per year. Aims: The aims of the study were to assess the effect of video-assisted teaching on knowledge and practice of preterm care bundle amongst mothers of preterm babies. Methods: Pre-experimental one-group pre-test–post-test design with purposive sampling was used to collect data from 30 samples admitted in level I neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in Kerala. The pre-test was done using a structured knowledge questionnaire and observational practice checklist, followed by video-assisted teaching on the preterm care bundle and reinforced with a demonstration of skills. Post-test was done on the 5th day. Results: In the pre-test, 21 (70%) of the samples had inadequate knowledge and 17 (56.67%) had inadequate practice, while in post-test, 29 (96.67%) had adequate knowledge and 30 (100%) had adequate practice on preterm care bundle. The calculated paired t-test value on pre- and post-test knowledge score was 29.24 and calculated paired t-test value on pre- and post-test practice score was 56.63, which was higher than the table value (t29 = 2.04, P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.771, P < 0.001) between knowledge and practice of preterm care bundle. There was a significant association (P < 0.05) between pre-test level of knowledge on preterm care bundle with selected socio-demographic and clinical data variables such as area of residence and a highly significant association (P < 0.001) between pre-test level of knowledge on preterm care bundle with parity. There was a significant association (P < 0.05) between pre-test level of practice on preterm care bundle with selected socio-demographic and clinical data variables such as education, area of residence and a highly significant association (P < 0.001) between pre-test level of practice on preterm care bundle with parity. During the study, an investigator found that video-assisted teaching was effective in improving knowledge and practice of preterm care bundle amongst mothers of preterm babies. Conclusion: Therefore, video-assisted teaching is an effective method for improving the knowledge and practice amongst mothers of preterm babies as a supportive measure in the NICUs.

Effectiveness of Blended Learning in Teaching Writing of EFL Students

The objective of this research is to find out whether or not the use of blended learning model effective in improving students writing competence at ten grade of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Bontoala Makassar.This study applied a pre-experimental design using a quantitative approach. The population of this study was the tenth grade at SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Bontoala Makassar which consisted of 128 students. Then, the sample from this study, namely class X TSM was taken using a purposive sampling technique which consisted of 30 students.The findings of this study indicated that class X TSM at SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Bontoala Makassar has a sufficient score in the pre-test. After treatment, students' writing competence in writing recount text in terms of grammar and mechanics increased significantly. It was proved by the t-test value in terms of grammar is 17.385, it is higher than 2.045. And also, it was proved by the t-test value in terms of mechanics 31.007, it is higher than the t-table value 2.045. This indicated that H1 (alternative hypothesis) was accepted and H0 (null hypothesis) was rejected. It means that there was a significant difference of the students' writing competence before and after using the blended learning model.

Pengembangan Modul IPA Berkarakter Religi Islami untuk Meningkatkan Literasi Sains Materi Sistem Peredaran Darah pada Manusia di Sekolah Dasar

The purpose of this development research was to describe the validity, practicality and effectiveness of the IPA module with Islamic religious characteristics to increase scientific literacy in the material of the human circulatory system in grade V elementary schools. This research is research and development by modifying the ADDIE model development stages carried out systemically and systematically. The stages start from Analysis (Analyzing), Design (Designing), Development (Developing), Implementation (Implementing), and Evaluation (Evaluating). However, in this study the stages of developing the ADDIE model were modified only to the Implementation (Implement) stage. The analysis phase includes the introduction or analysis of needs by analyzing the characteristics of students, the learning process, and the learning resources that are often used. The design phase includes initial product design such as test preparation, selection of learning media, format selection, initial design. The develop stage is to revise the module product development that has been produced in the initial design activities. At this stage revisions were also carried out based on input from experts and data obtained from the results of practical trials. The data collection instruments in this study were validity sheets for subject matter expert lecturers, media experts and practitioners, student readability sheets, practicality sheets for practitioners, lesson plans validation sheets, validation sheets for scientific literacy questions, pretest and posttest scientific literacy questions. This instrument was developed based on the advisory lecturer's defense, the assessment of expert lecturers, practitioners, and limited trials on students and practitioners. The stage of implementing the module developed in class V students at SDN Ketanggan 03 Gringsing District. The Implementation Stage is the stage of using modules that have been developed on a wider scale, through the website address of the IPA Module with Islamic Religious Character which has been online so that it has been spread via Google and can be accessed in a browser. The data analysis technique used was the n-gain test and the T-test. The Ngain test value in this study was obtained 0.32 with the moderate improvement category, and the T-test value was obtained Sig. 0.033 <0.05 means that there is an effect of using the Science module with Islamic religious characteristics to improve students' scientific literacy skills. The results showed that the science module with Islamic religious character that was developed proved to be valid, practical, and effective so that it was very suitable for use in learning science in elementary schools to improve students' scientific literacy skills.
 
 Keywords: Science module, Islamic religious character, scientific literacy ability

The Effectiveness of U-Dictionary as Learning Media to Improve Students’ Vocabulary Achievement at Senior High School

Vocabulary is very important in learning English. Students learning grammar without vocabulary will have a hard time understanding what they are trying to say. Meanwhile when studying English as a second language, people must have a sufficient vocabulary to express themselves and learn a wide variety of words to avoid being detected when they read, write, listen, or speak in English. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness U-Dictionary as media to students’ vocabulary achievement at senior high school at tenth grade. In this study, the design used quantitative pre-experimental. Population In this study that was students at tenth grade in senior high school, divided among all fifteen classes using the technique of random sampling. Instrument in this study used test in objective form. The result could be concluded was proved that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) accepted, meanwhile the null hypothesis rejected (H0) rejected. After using the t-test formula after the test, where the t-test value (3053) was greater than the table value t (1.994) at the 0.05 or 5% significance level in the two-tailed test with df 70. The conclusion showed the U-Dictionary can effective to student’s vocabulary achievement at senior high school.

Directed Reading Thinking Activity (DRTA) Strategy on Students’ Reading Comprehension of Narrative Text

DRTA is a reading comprehension strategy for students, especially narrative texts. Balajthy (2003) in his book says Russell Stauffer in 1975 developed the directed reading thinking activity (DRTA) as a more attractive alternative to the course outline model used in most basic guided reading courses. The DRTA strategy was advanced to encourage active reading comprehension and move the student to assume critically to understand the text. The design of a quasi-experimental with a design non-equivalent control class was employed since this investigates the efficacy of using the DRTA strategy for improving students’ reading comprehension of the narrative text. The observation, test, and documentation were collected in this study. The question test consisted of 20 items using pretest-posttest, in the VIIIA class, which included 22 female students were used as an experimental class, and the VIIIB class, which included 14 male students was used as the control class. An independent sample t-test was used to analyze the evidence to find out whether the DRTA strategy improved the students’ reading comprehension. The result showed that the T-test value was 4,698 with probably Sig two-sided 0,001, the score Sig two-sided 0,001 < 0,05. The experimental class that received the DRTA strategy differs significantly from the control class that did not receive treatment. As a result, it will draw a conclusion that the DRTA strategy is effective for the education and studying of the activity of eight grade students at the MTS Miftahul Jannah.

Promoting Inclusive Education for Children with Disabilities in Pakistan

As part of the study, researchers asked both teachers of general education and teachers of special education what they thought about inclusive education. The main goal of this study was to learn more about how Pakistani educators feel about education for all. There were a total of 39 questions in the poll. The validity and reliability of the instrument were determined by trying it with pilot groups and talking to experts in the field. We found the Cronbach alpha, which is a measure of internal stability, by using SPSS. The correlation value was 0.80 as a whole. A t-test and mean values were used to look at the data. A meticulous analysis of the data shows that all teachers are right about how effective inclusive education is and that all teachers support the method. It was also shown that both regular and special-needs teachers feel the same way about inclusive education.

The influence of leadership style, job promotion, and communication on employee performance at PT. Indonesia Asahan Aluminium (INALUM), Kuala Tanjung, North Sumatra

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of Leadership on the performance of employees at PT Inalum Kuala Tanjung, to understand the effect of Job Promotion on employee performance, and to examine the impact of Communication on employee performance. It also sought to simultaneously determine the effects of Leadership, Job Promotion, and Communication on the performance of the PT Inalum Kuala Tanjung staff. The study was conducted at PT Inalum Kuala Tanjung, with a population of 100 people who all participated as the research sample. This quantitative descriptive research utilized a questionnaire instrument, data analysis techniques for validity and reliability testing, classic assumption tests, and multiple linear regression. The t-test (partial), F-test (simultaneous), and coefficient of determination were also employed. The result of the multiple linear regression equation revealed significant impacts of Leadership, Job Promotion, and Communication on employee performance, which was confirmed through individual (t-tests) and simultaneous (F-tests) statistical significance. The Leadership, Job Promotion, and Communication variables all showed higher t-test values than the tabulated t-values, and lower significance values than the benchmark 0.05. The F-test value for the combined effect of Leadership, Job Promotion, and Communication was also found to be higher than the tabulated F-value, and its significance value was lower than 0.05. In conclusion, Leadership significantly influences performance, Job Promotion significantly affects employee performance, and Communication significantly impacts employee performance. Simultaneously, Leadership, Job Promotion, and Communication have a significant influence on employee performance at PT Inalum Kuala Tanjung.

Pengaruh Disiplin Kerja Dan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan PT PLN (Persero) ULP Rantepao

Research shows that Work Discipline and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) together have a positive and significant effect on employee performance. By testing the coefficient of determination, the R-Square value is 0.402 or 40.2%. Which means that the influence of the Work Discipline (X1) and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) (X2) variables on the dependent variable Employee Performance (Y) is 40.2% and the remaining 59.8% is influenced by other variables outside the regression or other factors not examined in this study. Partially, the work discipline variable has a significant influence on employee performance with a t-test value of 3.400 > 1.998 ttable. Partially the results of the Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) variable have a significant influence on Employee Performance with a t-count of 3.008 > 1.998 t-table. Meanwhile, based on the results of the simultaneous test obtained from this study on the variables of Work Discipline and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) it has been obtained that the calculated F value is 20.850 > 3.15 F table and sig 0.000 <0.05.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING ENGLISH CARTOON FILM IN IMPROVING STUDENTS’ NOUN VOCABULARY MASTERY

The aims of this research was to find out How Effective the use of English Cartoon Film in Improving Students' Vocabulary mastery. This research conducted by used Quantitative method with a Pre-Experimental design with one group of pre-test and post-test. This research population consisted of eighth grade students at SMP Negeri 2 Mappakasunggu, with the research sample being Class VIII C, which consisted of 23 Students, selected by purposive sampling technique. The data from this research gathered through the supply of pre-test and post-test materials to be utilized as a comparison to find out how the improvement of students' vocabulary mastery before and after using English cartoon film with as a teaching/learning media. The results of this research revealed that using English cartoon films as a media of teaching and learning is effective for students in eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 2 Mappakasunggu in improving their vocabulary mastery. This is demonstrated by how much the student's grades have improved. where the pre-test mean score of students is 42.17 and the post-test mean score of students is 70.43, indicating a 67.01% increase in students in this research. Furthermore, data analysis results show that the value of t-test (13.57) is greater than the value of t-table (2.074). Based on these findings, it is possible to conclude that there is a significant difference in students' "vocabulary mastery before and after they use English cartoon film as a media of teaching and learning process," demonstrating that English cartoon film are effective for improving students' vocabulary mastery..

THE USE OF ENGLISH FANTASY MOVIE CLIPS TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ LISTENING SKILLS AT SMPN 2 MAPPAKASUNGGU

The aim of this research was to make sure whether the use of English fantasy movie clips was able to improve students’ listening skills at SMPN 2 Mappakasunggu. This research was conducted using the quantitative method with a pre-experimental design with one group of pre-test and post-test. This research population consisted of ninth-grade students at SMPN 2 Mappakasunggu, and the research sample was IX-A class, which consisted of 24 students, selected by purposive sampling technique. The data from this research were collected through the provision of pre-test and post-test material used as a comparison to find out how to improve students' listening skills before and after using English fantasy movie clips as learning media. The results of this research showed that the use of English fantasy movie clips as a learning medium was able to improve students' listening skills and increase their knowledge of vocabulary, especially verb.. This was indicated by an increase in student scores, where the average student pre-test score was 61.07 and the average student post-test score was 82.18, indicating an increase of 34.5% in this research. Furthermore, the results of the data analysis show that the t-test value (6.59) was higher than the t-table value (2.807) and the outcome of the hypothesis test indicated that (H₁) was accepted and (H₀) was rejected. Based on these findings, it can be interpreted that there are significant differences in students' listening skills before and after they use English fantasy movie clips as a medium for the learning process.

THEMATIC-BASED STORY ILLUSTRATION PICTURE AS A CREATIVITY STIMULUS FOR THE FIRST-GRADE ELEMENTARY STUDENTS

The abundance of emerging technologies in a civilization demands the readiness of the people as human resources to be more creative in all aspects. In terms of the research objectives, the researchers would like to develop a thematic-based story illustration picture as a creativity encouragement for first-grade elementary students. The research is a Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE model. The research sample is based on the purposive sampling technique. The sample consisted of 29 male students and 47 female students at the first-grade level. As a result, the average score in the pretest was 7.59. After applying to this program, it increased to 9.3 with an increase of 1.71. The minimum pretest score of 6.68 increased to 8.00, and the maximum post-test score of 8.50 initially increased to 9.8. It shows a significant increase in students' creativity. Based on the value of t-test = 9.01 with t-table (a = 0.05:110) at 1.658, there is a significant difference between the pretest and post-test scores. The research in this paper can be an appropriate innovation for the creativity program development for elementary students. It is because, in general, creativity programs are still theoretical and do not teach awareness and creative skills yet. .

STUDENTS’ ENGLISH VOCABULARY MASTERY USING INTERACTIVE POWER POINT

This mini research was conducted with the objective to prove the effect of using interactive PowerPoint on students’ English vocabulary mastery at junior high school. Experimental research design was applied as the research method. The total population was 80 students of the eighth grade students. Cluster random sampling was applied to take out the sample. 80 students were taken as the sample from. The classes were determined as experimental group and control group. Each class consisted of 40 students. A set of test consisted of 35 multiple choice test was administered as research instrument. T-test was applied to analyze the data obtained. The data analysis resulted that t-test value was higher than t-table. This proved that Ha was accepted and Ho was rejected. Thus, it was concluded that interactive PowerPoint gave effect on students’ English vocabulary mastery.

PENGGUNAAN STRATEGI TEKNIK PEMBELAJARAN KOLABORATIF UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAHIRAN KOLABORATIF PELAJAR DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH

This study was conducted to identify the effectiveness of collaborative learning technique strategies to improve students' collaborative skills in terms of academic benefits, social benefits, generic skills and negative aspects of students. The study was conducted using a quasi-experimental method in two secondary schools in the district of Lahad Datu, Sabah and involved a total of 180 fourth form students taking the subject of Additional Mathematics. In each school, students were divided into two groups consisting of a control group that was taught using an unstructured group learning strategy and a treatment group that was taught using a collaborative learning technique strategy for three weeks. The instrument used is a questionnaire adapted from Brown (2008). The pre and post scores of the student groups were then analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science for Windows Version 26.0 (SPSS) software. SPSS software was used to obtain the mean of the overall score of the control and treatment groups in the pre-post score, the t-test value of the students' perception of the effectiveness of the collaborative learning technique strategy. The results of the data analysis done on the pre-post scores of the treatment and control groups found that there was an increase in collaborative skills in terms of academic benefits, social benefits, generic skills and negative aspects of students in the treatment group compared to the control group. This situation shows that the use of collaborative learning technique strategies in teaching and learning can help improve students' collaborative skills. The process of interaction that occurs through the strategy of collaborative learning techniques helps improve students' collaborative skills. This study provides important implications for identifying alternatives that teachers can use to improve students' collaborative skills.