Values Of Performance Indicators Research Articles

Legal regulation of liability for failure to fulfill a state or municipal task of an institution

The article, based on the results of the research conducted by the author, identifies the basic requirements for the formation of state and municipal tasks of state (municipal) institutions, and also analyzes the regulations that consolidate them and influence the assessment by budget control authorities of compliance with the procedure for the formation and execution of state and municipal tasks. The features of the legal regulation of the formation of the task and the requirements for it are analyzed, related to the level of public legal education — the founder and the sectoral characteristics of the activities of the institution itself. It is stated that the values of performance indicators and acceptable deviations from their achievement are not always the same for similar or analogous services in different industries, which should be taken into account when determining whether a violation has occurred. The author examines the legal basis for holding people accountable for violations related to the formation and execution of an assignment, including its financing from the budget. Based on an analysis of legal norms and judicial practice, some features of the approaches of control bodies and courts to assessing such violations are highlighted.

High isolation MIMO antenna array for multiband terahertz applications

The advancement of future technology seeks to create wireless systems capable of achieving faster data transfer rates. One solution to confront this challenge is by employing Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems. Nonetheless, the primary obstacle in assessing MIMO performance revolves around the size and spacing of the antennas to maintain isolation among the ports. Consequently, it is essential to devise an approach to tackle these challenges, with the utilization of a DGS as a viable and promising approach. Hence, in this study, we developed a dual-frequency MIMO system featuring two linear array antennas with two elements each and configured to function at 128 GHz and 178 GHz. Initially, this design is conceived as a single-element structure before evolving into a two-element MIMO antenna array configuration. The antenna's physical dimensions are 2.7 × 3.65 × 0.15 mm3, and it consists of two linear array nodes positioned at a separation distance of 0.18 mm. Additionally, the antenna delivers peak gains of 5.16 dB and 6.24 dB at frequencies of 128 GHz and 178 GHz, respectively. The values of various MIMO performance indicators meet stringent standards with ECC values below 0.012 and a DG of approximately 10 dB. Furthermore, the TARC remains below 0 dB. The aim of this research is to create a novel design for a THz antenna that can achieve a wide bandwidth and a high gain while maintaining the standard compact antenna size necessary for THz applications.

Study on the change of miners' psychological state under different illuminance levels

The poor lighting environment in the underground coal mine is easy to cause the miners to have psychological irritability, which leads to the occurrence of accidents. In order to reduce the incidence of accidents and ensure the personal safety of miners. In this paper, different illumination levels are used as control variables. With the help of cognitive ability tests commonly used in psychology, accuracy(AC), reaction time(RT)and performance indicators(PI) are selected to describe how different illumination levels affect the psychological state of miners. The results show that: (1) In the two selected cognitive ability test tasks, when the illumination level is very low, the AC is not high and the RT is longer. As the illumination increases, the AC in the cognitive test task becomes higher and the RT becomes faster. The optimal value is reached at 200lux–300lux.At this time, the illumination level increases again, the AC value decreases, and the RT value increases. When the illuminance is lower than 200Lux, the results of the two tasks are not the same, but when 200Lux∼300Lux, the PI values are larger, and then increase the illuminance, the PI value decreases. (2)The regression analysis of three indicators and illuminance level was carried out, and the binary linear regression equation of different illuminance levels and PI/RT was established to monitor the influence of illuminance on the psychological state of miners. (3) Reasonable control of lighting environment can effectively promote the cognitive ability of miners in the work, and minimize the risk of coal mine accidents.

ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE OIL TRUNK PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT: A SCENARIO APPROACH

The article is devoted to the development of a scenario approach in assessing the effectiveness of a main oil pipeline construction project. A pressing issue is the formation of an integrated approach to assessing the effectiveness of the oil trunk pipeline construction project, in connection with the impact of various types of risks and uncertainties of the external environment (technical, economic, environmental). Based on this, a particularly important aspect is to study the impact of these various risks on the project and take into account the scenario approach in this (taking into account both the pessimistic scenario and the optimistic scenario for project implementation), which will improve the efficiency of the entire oil trunk pipeline construction project. The methodology proposed by the author, used when assessing the effectiveness of a main oil pipeline construction project, allows us to take into account the predictable uncertainty of the project's effectiveness. Unified integral indicators of the economic effect of the project for all three scenarios were developed on the basis of standardized indicators and their weighted significance. The most effective project for implementation has been identified, taking into account three scenarios, which, depending on one of the three implementation scenarios, will provide the best values of project performance indicators: net present value, profitability index, internal rate of return and payback period.

The Influence of Leadership Style and Remuneration System on Improving Individual Performance of Central General Hospital Employees Dr. Sitanala Tangerang with Work Culture as an Intervening Variable

To produce employees who have good quality and have a professional attitude, it is necessary to carry out good management, in order to increase the company's economic resources. Previously reported by RSUP Dr. Sitanala has a leader with a leadership style where all provisions are based on the leadership's provisions, optimizing public stigma regarding leprosy-oriented services that have not reached the expected target, a lack of visits which has an impact on the remuneration system being less than optimal, performance indicator values ​​that have not reached the target, lack of Community satisfaction is still relatively high in the community satisfaction index survey. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of leadership style and remuneration systems on improving employee performance at RSUP Dr. Sitanala Tangerang with work culture as an intervening variable. Research method the research design used was a survey with an explanatory causality approach. The population used is all employees who have the status of Civil Servants (PNS) at RSUP Dr. Sitanala, numbering 340 people. The sample in this study amounted to 183 people, the sampling technique used was accidental sampling. There is a direct and significant influence between leadership style and remuneration on work culture, there is an indirect influence of leadership style on employee performance, there is a direct influence of remuneration on employee performance, work culture directly has a significant influence on improving performance and the remuneration system has a direct influence towards improving performance without going through work culture. For hospitals, hospital leaders should always monitor each work unit both from an objective and subjective performance perspective as well as from the individual employee perspective so that they can find out directly what the obstacles, complaints and needs of individual employees are in carrying out teamwork in each work unit at once. can control the continuity of performance of each individual employee as a work culture within the team in the unit so that it is hoped that organizational goals will be achieved optimally. For other researchers: It is hoped that further research can further analyze other aspects and influences that can achieve organizational goals with a wider range of respondents. There are still many other aspects and influences that could possibly be used as research targets for development at the hospital in question.

Heat flow topology-driven thermo-mass decoupling strategy: Cross-scale regularization modeling and optimization analysis

The liquid desiccant dehumidification (LDD) is both eco-friendly and highly effective in humidity control, widely investigated across diverse angles. This study expands the application of the newly devised heat current method to examine the liquid desiccant dehumidification process. It introduces a new regularized temperature, which includes using a heat flow topology driven thermo-mass decoupling strategy, and constructing the heat current model by defining both the thermal resistance and moisture resistance. It significantly extends the application of the heat current method, clarifying the thermo-mass coupling energy transfer mechanism. The findings indicate that key factors influencing system performance indicators include total thermal conductivity (αA), solution mass flow rate (ms), air-solution mass flow rate ratio (RA/S,D), and heat source temperature (tH). Furthermore, under the influence of distinct thermal conductivities, the optimal output values for performance indicators, including moisture removal rate, exergy efficiency and entransy efficiency, are determined as 8.4 g/s, 71.2%, and 12.3%, respectively. The results of synergistic influence analysis reveal that, for the performance indicator entransy efficiency, msand RA/S,D display a significant degree of synergistic influence, resulting in a strong positive effect and benefiting 68.53% of the total area. Multi-objective optimization indicates a trade-off relationship among the system performance evaluation indicators moisture removal rate, exergy efficiency and entransy efficiency, with optimal solution values of 3.25 g/s, 65.92%, and 12.01%, respectively.

Application of improved particle swarm optimization algorithm in the proportional integral differential-controlled semi-active suspension system

To enhance the control performance of semi-active suspension systems, this research proposes a particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) with adaptive nonlinear correction of inertia weights, which is then integrated with a proportional integral differential (PID) algorithm. To this end, this research establishes quarter semi-active and passive suspension models of automobiles by utilizing the Matlab/Simulink simulation platform. In this foundation, this research further compares the advantages and disadvantages regarding performance indexes of semi-active suspension controlled by the adaptive inertia weighted particle swarm optimization (APSO) algorithm and the PID algorithm, as well as the PID-controlled semi-active suspension and passive suspension through simulation. Simulation results indicate that performance indicator values for different suspension types increase with higher pavement grades. Compared with passive suspension, the semi-active suspension controlled by APSO and PID algorithms presents significantly improved performance indexes, with reductions of at least 31.61% in root mean square (RMS) concerning body vertical acceleration, 1.78% in suspension dynamic deflection, and 22.13% in tire dynamic loads. Moreover, analysis of suspension system frequency response characteristics demonstrates a significant decrease in droop acceleration transmission rate for the semi-active suspension with APSO and PID algorithms across the whole frequency range compared with that of the PID-controlled suspension and passive suspension. On the same note, despite the higher values of suspension dynamic deflection and tire dynamic load transfer rate in certain frequency bands, they are generally within acceptable suspension limits. Simply put, the findings confirm the feasibility of applying the APSO algorithm in PID-controlled semi-active suspension systems, which effectively improves both vehicle ride comfort and handling stability.

Justification of the shape of the rotor blade of an energy-efficient snowplow

One of the options for mathematical modeling of the dynamics of particles of snow mass as it moves along the rotor blade of a snowplow is considered. A design diagram of the operation of the propelling device rotor is presented. Solutions of the Euler equations for the snow mass are obtained in order to find its maximum speed. A longitudinal section of the rotor blade is presented, which provides maximum values of the snowplow's performance indicators. Keywords:rotary snowplow, vertical feeder, horizontal feeder, municipal machine, mill, snow iateterina@mail.ru

Microfinance in the Russian Federation: Changes in Industry Indicators in the Context of Global Challenges

The purpose of the study was to predict the state of microfinance organizations in the Russian Federation, verify the trends that determine their development in the context of global geopolitical challenges. The research was carried out using logical and empirical methods. The article analyzes changes in the main indicators of the functioning of microfinance organizations (MFOs) in the Russian Federation over a ten-year period (2014–2023). Based on an analysis of changes in key indicators characterizing domestic microfinance organizations (the number of microfinance organizations, the volume of microloans issued and their structure in the context of online and offline formats, the main segments of microfinance), the author comes to the conclusion that microfinance activities in the Russian Federation are highly resistant to negative impacts environmental factors. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the verification of the main trends in the development of domestic microfinance, which include tightening regulation of microfinance organizations by the Central Bank of Russia, further consolidation, industry concentration, development of non-core activities, BNPL services, dominance of online microcredit, deterioration in the quality of debt servicing, reducing the investment attractiveness of the industry. In conclusion, the author identified the forecast values of the main performance indicators of MFOs for the period 2024–2027, and possible restrictions on the future development of this.

Quantifying the Effects of Material Input Levels on Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP) Performance and Slab Thickness

The mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide (MEPDG) is a commonly accepted design principles guide that aids in jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) design and performance analysis. The MEPDG uses three different design parameter input levels, referred to as level one, level two, and level three, providing increasing confidence in the analysis at the lower numbered levels, which use more locally relevant (level two) or project-specific (level one) data. The state-of-the-art pavement ME software (version 2.6.2) uses MEPDG design principles to predict pavement performance. The three performance indicators for JPCP systems (international roughness index (IRI), joint faulting, and transverse cracking) experience significant changes when simulating under a different input level. The IRI and faulting indicator changed by 78 percent when using inputs varying from level one to level three, with the cracking indicator change being more severe at 87 percent. To accommodate the change in performance indicator values between input level one and input level three, increasing the concrete slab thickness is necessary to achieve comparable pavement performance. An increase in the Portland cement concrete (PCC) layer from one inch to two inches is required when input level three simulations are performed, demonstrating the economic and sustainability benefits of using project-specific level one inputs. Understanding the impact of simulation input levels will help to meet design and sustainability goals and improve the lifecycle performance of JPCP systems.

Machine Learning-Based Estimation of Daily Cropland Evapotranspiration in Diverse Climate Zones

The accurate prediction of cropland evapotranspiration (ET) is of utmost importance for effective irrigation and optimal water resource management. To evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of ET estimation in various climatic conditions using machine learning models, three-, six-, and nine-factor combinations (V3, V6, and V9) were examined based on the data obtained from global cropland eddy flux sites and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) remote sensing data. Four machine learning models, random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), and backpropagation neural network (BP), were used for this purpose. The input factors included daily mean air temperature (Ta), net radiation (Rn), soil heat flux (G), evaporative fraction (EF), leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), wind speed (U), and atmospheric pressure (P). The four machine learning models exhibited significant simulation accuracy across various climate zones, reflected by their global performance indicator (GPI) values ranging from −3.504 to 0.670 for RF, −3.522 to 1.616 for SVM, −3.704 to 0.972 for XGB, and −3.654 to 1.831 for BP. The choice of suitable models and the different input factors varied across different climatic regions. Specifically, in the temperate–continental zone (TCCZ), subtropical–Mediterranean zone (SMCZ), and temperate zone (TCZ), the models of BPC-V9, SVMS-V6, and SVMT-V6 demonstrated the highest simulation accuracy, with average RMSE values of 0.259, 0.373, and 0.333 mm d−1, average MAE values of 0.177, 0.263, and 0.248 mm d−1, average R2 values of 0.949, 0.819, and 0.917, and average NSE values of 0.926, 0.778, and 0.899, respectively. In climate zones with a lower average LAI (TCCZ), there was a strong correlation between LAI and ET, making LAI more crucial for ET predictions. Conversely, in climate zones with a higher average LAI (TCZ, SMCZ), the significance of the LAI for ET prediction was reduced. This study recognizes the impact of climate zones on ET simulations and highlights the necessity for region-specific considerations when selecting machine learning models and input factor combinations.

Smoltification, seawater performance, and maturation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed different fat levels

IntroductionThe use of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) to produce Atlantic salmon smolts has resulted in exceptionally high fish growth rates. However, there are potential negative trade-offs between fast growth and key physiological processes, such as inadequate smoltification and early sexual maturation, which can both be linked to body energy reserves.MethodsThis study determined the effect of i) dietary fat levels on Atlantic salmon whole-body fat and fatty acids composition, growth performance and smoltification and ii) a previous dietary regime on seawater growth performance and male early sexual maturation. In freshwater RAS, salmon parr (~19g) were fed 3 fat levels (20, 24, and 28%) over a 14-week period at 12°C. Subsequently, in seawater flow-through systems, smolt (~96g) were fed a control diet (26%) for 12 weeks at 2 temperatures (12 and 16°C).ResultsDietary fat levels resulted in differences in k-factor, fish whole-body fat and fatty acids composition; the low fat diet resulted in fish with a 23% lower whole-body fat when compared to the other two dietary groups at the end of the freshwater phase. These differences in whole-body fat faded at the end of the seawater phase. During the freshwater phase, all three feeds resulted in a comparable growth performance and smoltification indicator values, including k-factor, gill Na+, K+-ATPase, blood serum chloride and smolt index score. In contrast, water temperature resulted in fish body weight differences, where groups reared at 16°C were larger than those reared at 12°C. Nevertheless, both temperature regimes supported a similar thermal growth coefficient. Smolts grown at 16°C showed a higher level of the sex steroids androstenedione compared to those at 12°C. However, 11-ketotestosterone and testosterone levels did not differ despite a trend for higher levels at 16°C. Furthermore, testis histology at the final sampling indicated that some individuals showed initial signs of maturation (stage 3).DiscussionIn conclusion, varying dietary fat levels (20 - 28%) during the freshwater phase did not influence smoltification or male early sexual maturation during the subsequent grow-out phase. However, a temperature increase from 12 to 16°C resulted in larger fish and appeared to stimulate early male maturation in some fish individuals.

Enterprise accounting services applying big data under the financial sharing model

Abstract This paper applies blockchain technology to design an enterprise accounting service system and designs an accounting framework containing four links: recognition, measurement, recording, and reporting. Focusing on the field of accounting measurement, it proposes a practical way to use blockchain technology in both monetary measurement and accounting measurement attributes. To confirm the impact of blockchain-based accounting, we developed a robustness testing approach. We analyzed data from publicly traded companies that implemented blockchain technology in their accounting systems from 2013 to 2023. Analyzing the effect of blockchain technology on the effectiveness of accounting service work finds that there is a significant correlation between the measure of Total Asset Turnover (TAT) and whether or not blockchain technology is applied (0.526). The regression result of the blockchain dummy variable as an explanatory variable is also very significant (0.004), and the robustness test after replacing the variables indicates that the conclusion remains unchanged. The empirical analysis shows that the ROE values of the corporate performance indicators of applying (16.52%) and not using (8.47%) the accounting service system show a highly significant difference (p=0.001), which indicates that the accounting service system is more effective. The accounting service designed in this paper provides a reference basis and data support for enterprise financial management. It lays the foundation for the application of blockchain technology in accounting services.

The comparative analysis of health care systems

Within the framework of the national development goal of the Russian Federation "preservation of population, health and well-being of people" the target indicator "the increase of life expectancy up to 78 years" is to be achieved by 2030. The achievement of this value is also directly affected by functioning of of health care system. In 2015, the United Nations, within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals for the period up to 2030, formulated the task that implies ensuring of universal health services coverage "including financial risk security, access to qualitative essential medical and sanitary services and access to safe, effective, qualitative and inexpensive essential medications and vaccines for all". In the course of the study, methodology was developed that permitted to calculate values of performance indicators of main health care systems (financial support and infrastructure development) and to conduct comprehensive comparative analysis with values of particular public health indicators. The study results confirmed possibility of such comparisons. The stable direct relationship between such indicators as "current health expenditure (CHE) per capita", "current health expenditure (CHE) as percentage of gross domestic product (GDP)", "UHC Service Coverage Index", "life expectancy" was revealed. The inverse dependency between such indicators as "out-of-pocket expenditure as percentage of current health expenditure (CHE)" and "UHC Service Coverage Index" as well as between "UHC Service Coverage Index" and "total NCD mortality rate" and "probability of premature dying from non-infectious diseases" was determined.

Assessing Reaeration Rate Equations for Modelling Dissolved Oxygen of Pusu River in Malaysia

Many authors reported high variability in the prediction of reaeration rates by various equations, leading to uncertainty in the estimation of the reaeration rate for a river. Due to this uncertainty, it is essential to identify a suitable equation to predict the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of the river in concern. Pusu River in Malaysia receives sewage discharges and suffers from land-clearing activities and stormwater-related pollution. Pusu River is a small river, but highly important in terms of demography and geographic location. As such, it is required to identify a suitable reaeration rate equation for predicting its DO concentration, which indicates the overall health of a river. The purpose of this study is to assess the suitability of reaeration rate equations to predict Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentrations of the Pusu River. The water quality analysis simulation program (WASP) model was employed to model the DO of the Pusu River. Reaeration rates calculated from the available 31 equations were given input in the model, and errors in prediction were calculated in terms of Root Mean Square (RMS) error and R2 for every equation. It was revealed that Neguluscu and Rojanski (1969) equation using depth and velocity as the variables performed best among all the equations. It produced a minimum RMS error of 0.17 and 0.09 mg/L in calibration and validation data, respectively. R2 values for predicted-observed plots were 0.98 and 0.97 in these two data sets using the equation. Based on overall Performance Indicator Values (PIVs), reaeration rate equations with depth and velocity as the variables performed better than the other equations with more variables for Pusu River. This study provided important information to accurately model the DO of the Pusu River for future simulation of different scenarios.

Researching opportunities to improve efficiency detection of unmanned aerial vehicles

The article considers options for the formation of radio electronic systems for detecting UAVs using radar, optoelectronic, thermal imaging and acoustic systems with specified values of performance indicators in their autonomous use. The results of comparing the effectiveness of eight variants of the formation of electronic systems for detecting UAVs of the Lancet, Shahed-136, and Cube types are shown. In these variants, two electronic complexes are considered, which provide for the combination of 3 systems, and 6 electronic complexes, which provide for the combination of two systems. To evaluate the effectiveness of the radio electronic complex for detecting unmanned aerial vehicles of each type, the indicator "probability of UAV detection" is used. The fact of UAV detection is recorded in three variants of partial task completion. The first embodiment of the partial solution of the task takes into account unmanned aerial vehicles detected by three systems. The second embodiment of the task takes into account unmanned aerial vehicles detected by any two of the three systems. The third variant of the partial solution of the task takes into account unmanned aerial vehicles detected by any one system out of three. To determine the performance indicator, a discrete-continuous stochastic model of the operational functional behavior of an electronic complex consisting of radar, optoelectronic or thermal imaging and acoustic systems with a given algorithm for its functioning is proposed. The development of a probabilistic graph of states and transitions is shown, on the basis of which a stochastic model of the operational functional behavior of the UAV detection electronic complex is formed in the form of a system of Kolmogorov-Chopman differential equations. The degree of adequacy of the proposed discrete-continuous stochastic model of the operational functional behavior of the electronic complex is determined by taking into account the performance indicators of the systems that are part of it. As indicators of system efficiency, we used "the probability of detecting a UAV by the system of the electronic complex when the UAV is in the area controlled by this system" and "the average values of the time intervals from the moment of UAV appearance in the controlled area until the moment of its detection by the corresponding system". To evaluate the increase in the efficiency of the created UAV detection electronic systems, an indicator is used in the form of the ratio of the probability of non-detection of UAVs by one system when it is used autonomously and the probability of non-detection of UAVs by the created electronic system.

Probabilistic approach for robust design with orthogonal experimental methodology in case of target the best

This paper aims to develop a probabilistic approach for robust design with orthogonal experimental methodology in case of target the best on basis of the probabilistic multi-objective optimization. In the treatment, the difference of the target value and the arithmetic mean value of performance indicators of the alternatives is taken one objective to be minimum, and the square root of mean squared error of actual value of performance indicators from the target value of the alternatives is taken as the second objective to be minimum, which contribute their partial preferable probabilities to the alternative individually. As an application example, the probabilistic method for multi-objective optimization is combined with orthogonal experimental methodology to conduct the optimum design, range analysis is used to total preferable probability subsequently, and ranking sequence of total preferable probability of alternatives is used to complete the optimization option.

Constellation of Football Players Determination Based on Cost and Performance History Using the K-Means Clustering

Determining the constellation of football players determines a team's success when competing on the field. Disassembling players is an option that must be made considering performance history and costs. This research experiments with K-Means to automate the search for groups of players based on performance and price history. Grouping can achieve a constellation of players with high-performance characteristics but at an affordable price. The dataset used in this research is 580 football players for the 2022/2023 season from Sofifa, Fbref, and SofaScore. The data is divided into four player positions: goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, and attacker. Data for each position is grouped into 3 clusters. Each cluster is analyzed to obtain dominant performance indicator values and determine the characteristics of the cluster. Experimental results using K-Means show that cluster 1 is a team with medium player prices but low performance. Cluster 2 has the cheapest price but with the best performance. Meanwhile, cluster 3 is the most expensive but performs similarly to cluster 2.

A water stress factor based on normalized difference water index substantially improved the accuracy of light use efficiency model for arid and semi-arid grasslands

High-accuracy simulation of gross primary productivity (GPP) is crucial for the monitoring and evaluation of the ecosystem services and the adaptive management of grassland. The light use efficiency (LUE) model is one of the most widely-used methods to simulate GPP, given its simple structure and low input requirements. Current LUE models are less applicable to grasslands than other vegetation types and have lower overall estimation accuracy in arid and semi-arid regions. A grassland-specific light use efficiency model (GRASS-LUE), which optimizes three important parameters (the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation FPAR, optimum temperature Topt and water stress factor f(W)), has been developed to improve the accuracy of GPP simulation for grasslands along aridity gradients. GPP simulated by the GRASS-LUE agreed well with the eddy covariance (EC) GPP estimates for grasslands along the aridity gradient at 8-day (coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.85, Bias = −0.67 gC m−2 day−1), monthly (R2 = 0.88, Bias = −22.33 gC m−2 month−1) and annual time scales (R2 = 0.95, Bias = −118.91 gC m−2 year−1). Compared with five state-of-the-art GPP products (PML, MOD17, rEC-LUE, VPM and BESS), GRASS-LUE had the best and most stable performance in reproducing EC GPP, especially for semi-arid grassland, with the highest global performance indicator (GPI) value. Sensitivity tests further revealed that: 1) modifying f(W) to be based on the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) substantially improved the model accuracy for arid and semi-arid grasslands and 2) using the minimum of temperature and water stress factors (i.e., min⁡(f(W),f(T))) to represent environmental stress in GRASS-LUE was better than that from the multiplication of temperature and water stress factors (i.e., f(W)×f(T)).

The Value of Key Performance Indicators in Healthcare Organizational Excellence

The Value of Key Performance Indicators in Healthcare Organizational Excellence