Vaccination Of Men Research Articles

Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the newly developed Purified Chick Embryo Cell (PCEC)-rabies vaccine in man

Purified Chick Embryo Cell (PCEC) rabies vaccine was given to 88 healthy adults according to six different vaccination schedules. Local side effects were reported on reactivity forms after 16.4% of PCECV injections, general symptoms were recorded after 15.1% of the 292 doses administered. IgE antibodies specific for chicken proteins determined by the Radio Allergo Sorbens Test (RAST) could not be shown before and after the vaccinations. With no exception, all 88 vaccinees developed high titres of complement-fixing and neutralizing antibodies as determined by the Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test and Serum Mouse Neutralization Test. For the first time, induction of serum interferon by PCEC rabies vaccine has been shown in man. In rabies vaccination, PCEC vaccine seems to be as effective as Human Diploid Cell Strain (HDCS) vaccine.

Host immune response and pathological expression in malaria: possible implications for malaria vaccines

Recent progress in parasite immunobiology has led to the identification of several plasmodial antigens representing the target of the protective antibody response of the infected host. As a consequence, some of these antigens have been envisaged as potential malaria vaccines in man. However, in spite of these achievements, the fine mechanisms which lead to the development of a state of partial protective immunity or to the triggering of immunopathology during malaria infection are not yet fully understood. Thus, it may be appropriate to evaluate the relative importance of individual host immune responsiveness to parasite epitopes involved in the induction of immunity, or of some immunologically mediated adverse reactions such as glomerulonephritis, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and cerebral syndrome.

The glycoconjugate derived from a Leishmania major receptor for macrophages is a suppressogenic, disease‐promoting antigen in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis

Lymphoid cells from genetically-susceptible BALB/c mice immunized against a glycoconjugate of the protozoan parasite, Leishmania major, promote chronic cutaneous disease in BALB/c nude mice. This cell population therefore differs from cells harvested from non-immunized BALB/c mice that are known to be potent mediators of protection against cutaneous leishmaniasis in minimally-reconstituted, syngeneic nude mice. The glycoconjugate when injected into genetically-resistant C57BL/6 mice will increase the size and persistence of cutaneous lesions. Recent studies have established that the water soluble glycoconjugate is derived from a membrane-bound glycolipid that is a receptor used by the parasite in the attachment to macrophages. This glycolipid can protectively immunize mice against cutaneous leishmaniasis. Identification of a vaccinating glycolipid antigen and a suppressogenic component derived from it will greatly facilitate analysis of disease-promoting and resistance-promoting immunity in cutaneous leishmaniasis. However, the fact that a host-protective antigen contains a disease-promoting component may militate against the immediate use of this molecular vaccine in man.

The relationship between delayed type hypersensitivity and protective immunity induced by mycobacterial vaccines in man

The relationship between delayed type hypersensitivity and protective immunity induced by mycobacterial vaccines in man

The duration of immunity in cattle following inoculation of rinderpest cell culture vaccine.

The duration of immunity following a single administration of rinderpest cell culture vaccine, of 90 or more monolayer passages, was studied in E. African zebu (Boran) and grade (cross-bred European) cattle. All animals were kept for periods of 6-11 years in rinderpest-free environments; groups of them (in all 23 Borans and 10 grades) were then challenged by parenteral or intranasal inoculation of virulent virus or by contact exposure to reacting cattle. Nasal excretion of virus was studied daily over the 10-to 14-day period following challenge, and simultaneous attempts were made to detect viraemia. The neutralizing antibody response was followed at 6-month intervals over the whole post-vaccination period and then daily for 10 days and at longer intervals to 3 weeks after challenge. All 33 animals which were exposed by various routes failed to react clinically and a rinderpest viraemia was never detected. No transmission of virus from the vaccinates to susceptible in-contact controls occurred within 14 or more days, from the 20 animals which could be so tested. Clearcut serological responses to challenge were seen in six cattle (four Borans and two grades) which were challenged after 7 years or more; these reactions were all delayed to the 9th or 10th days, i.e. they were not typically 'anamnestic'. These results are discussed in relation to mass vaccination campaigns for the control of rinderpest and from the comparative viewpoint of measles vaccination in man.

Inactivated influenza virus vaccines in man: a comparative study of subunit and split vaccines using two methods for assessment of antibody responses

The serum antibody responses and reactions of volunteers to a trivalent subunit influenza virus vaccine prepared using cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) or trivalent split vaccine prepared by ether-extraction, were essentially similar, although the antibody levels to the A/Brazil/78 (H1N1) components of the vaccine were greater in volunteers receiving the subunit preparation. Antibody responses to the vaccines were assessed using both the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and single radial haemolysis (SRH) tests. Although good correlation was found between the tests with respect to both antibody titres in individual sera and antibody responses in serum pairs to both A(H3N2 and H1N1) and B influenza viruses, the greater reliability of SRH, indicates this test should supplant the HI test for the routine measurement of antibody responses to influenza viruses.

Development of skin reaction to hepatitis B vaccines in man.

Microbiology and ImmunologyVolume 28, Issue 2 p. 257-259 ArticleFree Access Development of Skin Reaction to Hepatitis B Vaccines in Man Seiho Nagafuchi, Seiho Nagafuchi First Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812Search for more papers by this authorSeizaburo Kashiwagi, Seizaburo Kashiwagi First Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812Search for more papers by this authorTakatoshi Inoue, Takatoshi Inoue First Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812Search for more papers by this authorShuhei Imayama, Shuhei Imayama Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812Search for more papers by this author Seiho Nagafuchi, Seiho Nagafuchi First Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812Search for more papers by this authorSeizaburo Kashiwagi, Seizaburo Kashiwagi First Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812Search for more papers by this authorTakatoshi Inoue, Takatoshi Inoue First Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812Search for more papers by this authorShuhei Imayama, Shuhei Imayama Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812Search for more papers by this author First published: February 1984 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1984.tb00678.xCitations: 7AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES 1Allison, A.C. 1974. Interactions of antibodies, complement components, and various cell types in immunity against viruses and pyogenic bacteria. Transplant. Rev. 19: 3– 55. 2Dudley, F.J., Giustino, V., and Sherlock, S. 1972. Cell-mediated immunity in patients positive for hepatitis-associated antigen. Br. Med. J. 30: 754– 756. 3Ito, K., Nakagawa, J., Okimoto, Y., and Nakano, H. 1972. Chronic hepatitis-migration inhibition of leukocytes in the presence of Australia antigen. N. Engl. J. Med. 286: 1005. 4Yeung Laiwah, A.A.C., Chaudhuri, A.K.R., and Anderson, J.R. 1973. Lymphocyte transformation and leukocyte migration-inhibition by Australia antigen. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 15: 27– 34. Citing Literature Volume28, Issue2February 1984Pages 257-259 ReferencesRelatedInformation

The role of antibody in primary and reinfection BCG granulomas of rat skin.

Primary subcutaneous infection of rats with BCG leads to a three stage local reaction. There is first a short-lived simple granuloma corresponding with high levels of cell mediated immunity (CMI). This is followed by an explosive phase of necrosis and local Mycobacterial multiplication corresponding with low levels of CMI and high levels of circulating anti-BCG antibody. Finally the lesion resolves via an epithelioid cell granuloma as bacteria fall in number and CMI returns. Reinfection with BCG produces quite different lesions when initiated at different stages of the primary infection. Reinfection during the short first stage causes a self-healing epithelioid granuloma. Reinfection during the long second stage produces a florid necrotic, bacilli-laden lesion. Reinfection during the third stage produces only a vestigial, transient granuloma. It is suggested that the evolution of tuberculous lesions depends on the interplay of CMI, bacillary load and circulating antibody. A large antigenic load in the presence of high antibody titres causes necrosis and bacillary multiplication, whereas reduced bacterial numbers plus antibody and high CMI lead to compact granulomas and healing. The first situation may be analogous to immune complex disease in antigen excess and the second to complexes in antibody excess. An analogy is drawn between the reinfection experiments and natural infection after BCG vaccination in humans. It is postulated that BCG vaccination in man may be followed by a phase in which antibody is high relative to CMI. If because of high prevalence rates, natural infection with large doses of bacilli was more likely to occur at this time, the results might help to explain the failure of BCG prophylaxis in India and comparable countries, as opposed to its success in the UK.

The search for the ideal influenza vaccine.

The history of the development of influenza virus vaccine is traced from its origin with experimental studies of influenza virus in ferrets and mice and the first trials in man. Knowledge of the basis of immunity to the viruses in experimental animals and in man has grown steadily over the years and has been essential to successful immunization. Virus variation affecting the surface antigens of the virus is seen as the principal obstacle to the application of vaccines in man. So significant are the changes occurring during antigenic drift that former concepts of a polyvalent vaccine cannot provide a solution of the problem of the composition of vaccines. Disrupted virus vaccines appear to provide the answer to the prevention of vaccine reactions.

A comparison of the Pasteur and Pitman-Moore strains of rabies virus for the production of rabies vaccine in human diploid cells

Paris Pasteur strain of rabies virus was adapted to multiplication in human diploid cell strains. Four lots of purified tissue culture vaccine prepared with this virus were compared with two similar vaccine lots prepared with the Pitman-Moore strain of rabies virus. According to the NIH test for potency, the vaccine prepared with the Pitman-Moore virus was about eight times more potent than the vaccine prepared with the Paris Pasteur strain of rabies virus. Both vaccines, however, elicited similar antibody responses in volunteers after four vaccine doses. Although the NIH test for potency may not represent a good parallel for immunogenicity of tissue culture rabies vaccine in man, the use of Pitman-Moore strain of virus seems preferable for the preparation of rabies vaccine in cultures of human diploid cells.

IMMUNISATION AGAINST HEPATITIS B IN MAN

An inactivated vaccine against hepatitis B was prepared from blood-donor HBs antigen purified on immunoadsorbents. Its safety and efficacy were tested in chimpanzees. Vaccination was then applied in an attempt to protect patients and staff in a hæmodialysis unit. The efficacy of the vaccine in man was assessed by observing humoral and cellular immune reactions and by comparing changes in HBs antigenæmia in vaccinated and non-vaccinated subjects. The results indicate that this vaccine protects against hepatitis B in the circumstances in which it was administered.

Plague immunization. VI. Vaccination with the fraction I antigen of Yersinia pestis.

The vaccination of man against plague with Fraction I (FI), the specific capsular antigen of Yersinia pestis, stimulates significant mouse-protective indices (MPI) in approximately two-thirds of those inoculated subcutaneously, and the immunity persists for three months. Revaccination with FI raises the antibody levels of nearly 95% of previously immunized individuals to an extent rarely encountered in studies of plague vaccine. The MPI recorded are roughly equivalent to those observed in the sera of patients convalescing from plague. Although FI may cause delayed allergic reactions, the evidence is conclusive that it is an antigen of major importance among the “dead” Y. pestis vaccines currently in use.

Editorial: Rabies vaccination in man.

Editorial: Rabies vaccination in man.

Temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza virus. 3. Further characterization of the ts-1(E) influenza A recombinant (H3N2) virus in man.

The potential of live, attenuated influenza A virus vaccine strain (ts-1[E]) to safely evoke immunity in man was studied. Virus grown in eggs, like virus grown in bovine kidney culture, exhibited an acceptable balance between attenuation and immunogenicity. The attenuation of this virus was evident by its large 50% infectious dose for man (105tcid50) and by the failure of a large quantity of virus (107tcid50) to cause influenzal illness. The ts-1[E] virus replicated well in the nasopharynx and was genetically stable in man. Moderate levels of neutralizing antibodies were induced in serum and nasal wash, and there was a suggestion that the latter antibody was associated with resistance to wild-type influenza A virus. However, the ts-1[E] virus was a poor stimulator of antibody to neuraminidase. Overall the pattern of infection produced by the ts-1[E] recombinant virus was comparable to that seen with wild-type virus but was of shorter duration and lesser magnitude. These features make the ts-1[E] virus suitable for use as a live influenza A vaccine in man.

The vaccination of man and other animals against rabies.

SummaryRabies vaccines and their use in man and other animals are described. Safe and reliable vaccines are available for veterinary use, but many of the problems associated with the vaccination of humans remain unsolved.

Antibody and immunoglobulin response to antirabies vaccination in man.

Serum neutralization antibody and immunoglobulin responses in 30 individuals were studied in paired serum samples which had been obtained before and 2 to 3 weeks after the administration of a recall dose of rabies tissue culture vaccine. The immune reaction consisted of a predominantly immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody response. Also, a significant increase in neutralizing antibody titers was observed, but without a consistently correlated change of the IgG levels in the individual serum samples. The radial immunodiffusion test appears to contain the elements necessary for the development of a routine test to determine rabies antibody in single serum samples.

Immunity in shigellosis. I. Response of man to attenuated strains of Shigella.

Four attenuated strains of Shigella flexneri 2a have been tested for stability and safety as vaccines in man. One strain, a Shigella-Escherichia coli hybrid, was virulent for man in doses of 108 cells, while a mutant strain reverted to virulence when 1010 cells were administered orally. Two vaccine strains, a Shigella mutantE. coli hybrid and a streptomycin-dependent mutant, were safely given to adult males in doses of 5-10 X 1010 cells. Pretreatment with sodium bicarbonate was essential for the assurance of intestinal transit of viable vaccine organisms, and less than one-third of those vaccinated developed rises in humoral antibody. Streptomycin-independent revertants could be recovered only rarely in vivo when the streptomicin-dependent mutant was used, and one revertant found was avirulent. These studies have outlined the important biologic requirements of potential live oral shigella vaccines. Strains must not penetrate the intestinal mucosa and must be stable without reverting to virulence at levels of dosage used.

Immunoglobulin response to rabies vaccine in man

Summary The IgM and IgG make-up of the antirabies antibody response was studied in thirty-nine individuals who received a full course of duck-embryo-derived antirabies vaccine. The IgM response was shown to be greatly prolonged making up 79% and 47% of 'the total antirabies antibody response on the 13th and 27th days after initiation of immunisation, respectively. The prolongation of the IgM response was felt to be due to persistence of antigen caused by the 14 daily shots of vaccine. Since IgM antibody does not leave the circulation and cannot get to tissue sites where it is needed, it is suggested that this response—and, hence, this schedule of immunisation—need modification. Such a modification would be designed to permit the more rapid appearance of high of IgG antirabies antibody.

Antigenicity of Alum and Aqueous Adenovirus Hexon Antigen Vaccines in Man

Abstract The availability of similarly prepared hexon antigen vaccines of three different serotypes of adenovirus (types 1, 2 and 5) provided the opportunity to systematically examine the responses in man to several variables of subunit vaccine and vaccination. Each of the vaccines exhibited differing antigenicity for guinea pigs and was available as an aqueous and an adjuvant preparation. In addition to examining the effect of these variables of the vaccine, the effect of one and two injections and route of inoculation were also examined. Recent studies with diphtheria toxoid in aqueous and adjuvant form have suggested that the physical state of antigen is of paramount importance for development of 11S IgA secretory antibody (1). In those studies, the aqueous diphtheria toxoid preparation stimulated secretory antibody following topical as well as parenteral administration. However, when adjuvant vaccine was given parenterally, volunteers developed high serum antibody titers but no 11S IgA secretory antibody and when given topically this vaccine was apparently non-antigenic.

Inactivated smallpox vaccine. A comparison of inactivation methods.

Vaccines were prepared from a single pool of high-titred vaccinia virus and inactivated by six methods, namely heat, formalin, hydroxylamine, beta-propiolactone, ultraviolet irradiation, and visible light and methylene blue. Large doses of the vaccines were required to protect mice against intracerebral challenge. Differences in protection were not attributable to the method of their inactivation. The vaccines also induced similar degrees of skin immunity in rabbits which showed no severe dermal reactions when challenged with either homologous killed vaccine or live virus. The virus-neutralizing, haemagglutinin-inhibiting and complement fixing antibody responses to the vaccines differed; heat-inactivation preserved these antigens least well and beta-propiolactone apparently the best. In both rabbits and mice there was little association between the different antibody responses to each vaccine or between the degrees of antibody response and the protection they induced. The relation of these findings to pox-virus immunity and the use of inactivated smallpox vaccine in man is discussed.