Vacancy Transfer Probabilities Research Articles

Vacancy transfer probability parameters: Database and a new empirical value for elements in the atomic number range 16 ≤ Z ≤ 92

In the present work, we offer a collection of documented values for vacancy transfer probabilities (ηXY, X=K,Li;Y=L,M,N,Li,Mj,Np,Op;i=1,2,3;j=1,2,3,4,5;p=1,4,5) sourced from published technical literature spanning 1993 to 2023 for elements in the atomic range 16≤Z≤92. We found 1200 experimental vacancy transfer probability values from 68 scientific papers, during the specified period. These have been compiled and summarized in tables, encompassing various parameters and elements. This data is also comprehensively analysed, including tables that display weighted average vacancy transfer probability (ηXY)W values along with the combined standard deviation and the average z-score. We also recommend a new collection of empirical values for the atomic parameters ηKL(T),ηKL2(R),ηKL3(R),andηKM(R) of vacancy transfer probabilities. This compilation offers an overview of the present state of atomic data for vacancy transfer probabilities. It is a valuable resource to guide future experimental and theoretical studies in this area.

Kβ to Kα X-ray intensity ratio and K–L vacancy transfer probability of Mn following electron capture decay

Kα and Kβ X-rays of Mn following electron capture (EC) decay of 55Fe were detected using Amptek XR-100 T-CdTe X-ray detector spectrometer. Measured Kα and Kβ X-ray intensities of Mn were used to determine the Kβ to Kα intensity ratio and total K–L total vacancy transfer probability. These values were compared with the theoretical, semiempirical, and others’ experimental values obtained via EC decay as well as photoionization. The X-ray intensity ratio of Mn was found to be higher by 1.5% from the relativistic Hartree-Slater theoretical value. This deviation may be attributed to the exchange interactions occurring between the 3p and 3d shell electrons as well as the recoil effect of the nucleus due to neutrino emission.

K shell fluorescence parameters of some elements at 59.54 keV: Experimental and theoretical results

Kα, Kβ and total K X-ray fluorescence cross-sections, K shell fluorescence yields, Kβ/Kα X-ray intensity ratios, K shell level widths, K shell life times, K to L shell vacancy transfer probabilities, K shell jump ratios, Auger electrons emission ratios and excitation factors for some elements in the atomic number range 22 ≤ Z ≤ 48 have been investigated. A Si(Li) detector and Am-241 annular radioactive source were used in the measurements. The obtained experimental data were crosschecked with theoretically calculated results and other available experimental results from the literature. It was observed that there is a good agreement between them within experimental uncertainties.

K X-ray fluorescence parameters of some fourth period elements in a magnetic field

The K X-ray fluorescence (XRF) parameters, which are fluorescence cross-section, vacancy transfer probabilities and fluorescence yield, of some fourth-period elements were investigated in an external magnetic field (8000 Gauss). In order to determine the fluorescence parameters, the samples were irritated with 59.54 keV gamma rays from a 241-Americium radioactive source and the rays emitted from the samples were counted in a system consisting of a silicon – lithium drifted detector, multichannel analyzer, magnetic field implementer, and a suitable computer program. The results were studied theoretically and experimentally using the data that were obtained. It was determined that the experimental results were compatible with the theoretical results for measurements without a magnetic field and K XRF parameters changed with the magnetic field.

The magnetic field effect of K X-ray fluorescence parameters of elements in the range 39 ≤ Z ≤ 48

In this work, the fluorescence parameters (the fluorescence cross section (σ), the fluorescence yield (ω), and vacancy transfer probability (η)) of the fifth period elements, which have great potential to be developed as a technology, are investigated by taking advantage of interactions between atoms and radiation. For this process, the samples were excited via 241Am source without magnetic field and in the external magnetic field. The radiation emitted from targets was collected by an Si(Li) detector and energy channels were located on a computer program by means of a multi-channel analyzer. The data on the computer program were analyzed for calculations. The discrepancies have been observed between the experimental results and the theoretical results calculated without magnetic field. It was determined that results changed with the magnetic field (B = 0.4 and 0.8 T) and the variation of the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) parameters with the magnetic field for diamagnetic Ag and Cd is lower than for paramagnetic elements.

Chemical effect on K shell X-ray fluorescence parameters for some Mn and Ni compounds

Kα, Kβ and total K X-ray fluorescence cross-sections, K shell fluorescence yields, Kβ/KαX-ray intensity ratios, K to L shell vacancy transfer probabilities and Auger electrons emission ratios of some selected Mn and Ni compounds have been investigated. The measurements were carried out by using Am-241 radioactive source and high-resolution Si(Li) detector. The measured results were compared with other experimental values and theoretical calculations. Our values are in good concordance with calculated theoretical and other experimental values.

Non-Destructive Determination of Chemical Effects onFluorescence Yields and Vacancy Transfer Probabilities ofTin Compounds

In the current work, it was investigated to the K X-ray fluorescence efficiency and chemical effect on vacancy transfer probability for some tin compounds. We used Br2Tin, TinI2, SeTin, TinF2, TinSO4, TinCl2, TinO and TinS compounds for experimental study. The target samples were irradiated with 241Am annular radioactive source at the intensity of 5 Ci which emits gamma rays at wavelength of 0.2028 nm. The characteristic x-rays emitted because of the excitation are collected by a high-resolution HPGe semiconductor detector. It has been determined that the experimental calculations of the tin (Sn) element are compatible with the theoretical calculation. In addition, we have calculated the experimental intensity ratios, fluorescence yields and total vacancy transfer probabilitiesfor other Sn compounds.

Study the effect of crystal structure on radiative vacancy transfer probabilities from L3 to Mi, Ni and Oi subshells

The L X-ray intensity ratios (ILα/ILl, ILα/ILβ, ILα/ILγ) and radiative vacancy transfer probabilities ηL3-Xi (X = M, N, O i = 1, 4, 5) have been measured for Hg compounds, Pb and its compounds, Bi and its compounds using synchrotron radiation. The L X-ray photons emitted from the elements and compounds are detected with silicon drift detector. The measured intensity ratios and ηL3-Xi (X = M, N, O i = 1, 4, 5) have been compared with theoretical and other experimental values. Experimentally, it is observed that intensity ratios are independent of crystal structure but ηL3-Xi (X = M, N, O i = 1, 4, 5) are strongly depends on crystal structure.

Non-Destructive Determination of Chemical Effects onFluorescence Yields and Vacancy Transfer Probabilities ofTin Compounds

In the current work, it was investigated to the K X-ray fluorescence efficiency and chemical effect on vacancy transfer probability for some tin compounds. We used Br2Tin, TinI2, SeTin, TinF2, TinSO4, TinCl2, TinO and TinS compounds for experimental study. The target samples were irradiated with 241Am annular radioactive source at the intensity of 5 Ci which emits gamma rays at wavelength of 0.2028 nm. The characteristic x-rays emitted because of the excitation are collected by a high-resolution HPGe semiconductor detector. It has been determined that the experimental calculations of the tin (Sn) element are compatible with the theoretical calculation. In addition, we have calculated the experimental intensity ratios, fluorescence yields and total vacancy transfer probabilitiesfor other Sn compounds.

Non-Destructive Determination of Chemical Effects onFluorescence Yields and Vacancy Transfer Probabilities ofTin Compounds

In the current work, it was investigated to the K X-ray fluorescence efficiency and chemical effect on vacancy transfer probability for some tin compounds. We used Br2Tin, TinI2, SeTin, TinF2, TinSO4, TinCl2, TinO and TinS compounds for experimental study. The target samples were irradiated with 241Am annular radioactive source at the intensity of 5 Ci which emits gamma rays at wavelength of 0.2028 nm. The characteristic x-rays emitted because of the excitation are collected by a high-resolution HPGe semiconductor detector. It has been determined that the experimental calculations of the tin (Sn) element are compatible with the theoretical calculation. In addition, we have calculated the experimental intensity ratios, fluorescence yields and total vacancy transfer probabilitiesfor other Sn compounds.

Cascade Mi (i = 1–5) subshell X‐ray emission at incident photon energies across the Lj (j = 1–3) subshell absorption edges of 66Dy

The total M shell and the Mk (k = ξ, αβ, γ, m) X‐ray production cross sections for 66Dy have been measured at incident photon energies across its Lj (j = 1–3) subshell absorption edge energies, ranging 7.8–9.2 keV. This study aims to investigate the evolution of the probability for cascade decay of Lj subshell vacancies as the tunable incident energy ionizes progressively different 66Dy Lj subshells. The experimental X‐ray production cross sections have been compared with theoretical ones calculated using the nonrelativistic Hartree–Fock–Slater (HFS) model‐based photoionization cross sections; three sets of the X‐ray emission rates, fluorescence and Coster–Kronig yield based on the nonrelativistic Hartree–Slater (NRHS) model, Dirac–Hartree–Slater (DHS) model and Dirac–Fock (DF) model; the Lj (j = 1–3) subshell to the Mi (i = 1–5) subshell vacancy transfer probabilities evaluated in the present work. Presently measured total M shell and the Mαβ X‐ray production cross sections are found to be significantly lower than the theoretical ones evaluated using physical parameters based on the relativistic Dirac–Fock/Dirac–Hartree–Slater model calculations, whereas a much better agreement is observed with respect to the NRHS model‐based calculations; however, the measured X‐ray production cross sections are still systematically lower than the NRHS values.

Measurements of radiative vacancy transfer probabilities from L3 subshell to M and N subshells of Sm and Eu in halogen compounds

The radiative vacancy transfer probabilities from the L3 subshell to the M and N subshells for Sm and Eu and their compounds have been measured using L shell fluorescence yields and X-ray intensity ratios. The samples were excited by 59.5 keV γ-rays, which were emitted from an Am-241 radioisotope source. The L X-rays emitted from samples were counted by a Si(Li) detector with a resolution of 155 eV at 5.9 keV. The experimental values were compared with the calculated theoretical values for pure Sm and Eu.

Investigation of alloying effects on XRF parameters of 3d transition metals in Permendur49, Kovar and Ti50Co50 alloys

The alloying effects on X-ray fluorescence (XRF) parameters such as K shell fluorescence cross-sections (σKα, σKβ and σK), K shell average fluorescence yields (ωK) and K to L shell vacancy transfer probabilities (ηKL) of V, Ti, Fe, Co and Ni 3d transition metals in Permendur49 (Fe49Co49V2), Kovar (Fe54Ni29Co17) and Ti50Co50 alloys have been carried out by X-ray fluorescence studies. K X-ray intensity ratios of these 3d transition metals in both pure form and present alloys have been measured following excitation by 22.69 keV X-rays from a 10 mCi 109Cd radioactive point source. The characteristic K-X-ray spectra from samples were detected by a high-resolution Si(Li) solid-state detector. The investigated fluorescence parameters of present 3d transition elements in alloys indicate significant differences with respect to the pure metals. Consequently, the observed change of the investigated fluorescence parameters can be attributed to the delocalization and charge transfer phenomena between the 3d elements in alloys.

Experimental values of K to Li sub-shell, K to L, and K to M shell vacancy transfer probabilities for some rare earth elements

The K to Li (i=2,3), K to L, and K to M shell vacancy transfer probabilities for La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy and Er were determined at 59.54keV using a reflection geometry. The measurements were performed using an 241Am annular radioactive source and a high resolution Si(Li) detector. The experimental results were compared with the theoretical values of Hartree-Slater and Hartree-Fock theories, semi-empirical and other available experimental results in the literature. Reasonable agreement is observed between the measured and theoretical results.

K to L shell vacancy transfer probabilities and Auger electron emission ratios for elements in the atomic range 30 ≤ Z ≤ 58

The K to L shell vacancy transfer probabilities for some elements in the atomic range 30 ≤ Z ≤ 58 were determined using the semi-empirical values of K shell fluorescence yield and the experimental values of Kβ/Kα X-ray intensity ratio. Furthermore, the KLX/KLL and KXY/KLL Auger electrons emission ratios for the same elements were obtained using the experimental values of Kβ/Kα X-ray intensity ratio. The experiments were performed using a 241Am annular radioisotope source and a high-resolution Si(Li) semiconductor detector. The experimental values of K to L shell vacancy transfer probabilities, and KLX/KLL and KXY/KLL Auger electrons emission ratios were compared with the fitted, theoretical, semi-empirical, and other available experimental values. To the best knowledge of the author, the KLX/KLL and KXY/KLL Auger electrons emission ratios of ruthenium, palladium, and tellurium have been obtained for the first time in the present work.

Measurement of the radiative L3-M vacancy transfer probabilities of some 4f elements and compounds using Indus-2 synchrotron radiation

The L X-ray intensity ratios (ILα/ILl, ILα/ILβ, ILα/ILγ) and the radiative L3-M vacancy transfer probabilities (ηL3-M) of some 4f elements such as Gd, Tb, Ho and compounds; Pr2O3, Pr2(CO3)3·8H2O, Nd2O3, Sm2O3, Sm2(CO3)3·2.85H2O, Sm2(SO4)3·8H2O, Gd2(CO3)3, Tb2O3, Dy2(SO4)3, Ho2O3 and HoF3 have been measured using Indus-2 synchrotron radiation. The elements and compounds are excited by synchrotron radiation and the emitted characteristic L X-ray photons are measured with high resolution silicon drift detector. The measured intensity ratios of compounds are not influenced by the chemical environment. However, the ηL3-M values of compound targets indicate the effect of crystal structure.

K β to K α X-ray intensity ratios and K to L shell vacancy transfer probabilities of Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn

The K to L shell total vacancy transfer probabilities of low Z elements Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn are estimated by measuring the Kβ to Kα intensity ratio adopting the 2π-geometry. The target elements were excited by 32.86 keV barium K-shell X-rays from a weak 137Cs γ-ray source. The emitted K-shell X-rays were detected using a low energy HPGe X-ray detector coupled to a 16 k MCA. The measured intensity ratios and the total vacancy transfer probabilities are compared with theoretical results and others’ work, establishing a good agreement.

Determination of K–L vacancy transfer probabilities of some 3d elements using synchrotron radiation

The K–L total vacancy transfer probabilities (ηKL) of some 3d elements have been determined using Indus-2 synchrotron radiation. The targets, such as Cr, Cu, and Zn, are excited by using 6.5, 10, and 11 keV synchrotron radiation, respectively. The K X-ray photons are detected with a silicon drift detector, which has an energy resolution of 130 eV at 5.9 keV. By measuring the K-shell fluorescence yield and K X-ray intensity ratio, the K–L vacancy transfer probabilities have been determined. Measured values have been compared with the theoretical values and other experimental values.

Chemical sensitivity of K-L vacancy transfer probability in compounds of 3d atoms using synchrotron radiation

The K-L vacancy transfer probability of 3d atoms such as Cr, Cu and Zn and their compounds have been measured using Indus – 2 synchrotron radiation. The emission of K X-ray photons in the elemental and compound targets are induced by 6.5keV, 10keV and 11keV synchrotron radiation. The characteristic K X-ray photons are measured with a silicon drift detector spectrometer. By measuring K shell fluorescence yield and K X-ray intensity ratios, the K-L vacancy transfer probabilities have been determined and found that they depend on solid state effect.

Empirical, Semi-Empirical and Experimental Determination of K X-Ray Fluorescence Parameters of Some Elements in the Atomic Range 21 ≤ Z ≤ 30

In this study, the semi-empirical and empirical calculations of K X-ray intensity ratios, K-shell fluorescence yields, and vacancy transfer probabilities have been performed for 3d transition elements. Also, σKα, σKβ production cross-sections, Kβ/Kα intensity ratios, ωK fluorescence yields, and ηKL vacancy transfer probabilities of 3d transition elements have been measured. The samples were excited by 59.5 keV γ-rays from a 241Am annular radioactive source. K X-rays emitted by samples were counted by an Ultra-LEGe detector with a resolution of 150 eV at 5.9 keV.