User Element Research Articles

Fabrication of Line-Shaped Embossing Structure by Holographic Lithography and Its Application to Electronic Device

Holographic lithography has been an efficient and versatile method to fabricate nanosize patterned devices during past several years. This technique is based on the interference of UV-laser beams for patterning regular arrays of fine features without the use of mask as used in conventional lithography. Simple gratings and two-dimensional dot arrays has been fabricated by using the interference principle. Using this technique, we fabricated line-shaped embossing gold (Au) structure on silicon substrates. Towards the characterization of fabricated line-shaped Au nano-structure Field Effect Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) is used and our results clearly show the fine structure of fabricated Au lines. Further characterization towards our patterned substrates we used Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for analysis of Au patterned lines. A bioelectronic device consisting of cysteine modified azurin was fabricated where the protein was covalently immobilized on the nano-patterned substrate and we investigated the electrochemical property of the device by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) experiments comparing with that of a normal flat Au substrate. We think these nano-patterned Au substrates can be applied as potentially usable elements for the development of biosensor and other bioelectronic devices.

The Role of Relevance and Cognition in Attention-guiding Geovisualisation

It is a delicate task to design suitable geovisualisations that allow users an efficient visual processing of the depicted geographic information. Today, such a design task is subject to three major challenges: the ever growing amount of geospatial data at various levels of detail, the diversified applications of that data, and the continuously expanding range of display sizes. In this work, the aim was to enhance the visualisation of relevant geographic information by focusing on utility and usability issues of designing geographic information representations. The relevance of information as an element of utility and its cognitively adequate visualisation as an element of usability was considered. To enhance utility, irrelevant data was separated from relevant data by implementing relevance as a filter and embodying relevance values as attributes of the selected objects. To represent these relevant objects and the context information design principles were formulated and a design methodology proposed that tends to facilitate a user's attentional capacities when processing geovisualisations. In order to design this attention-guiding geovisualisation, use was made of approaches and findings from relevance theory and cognitive psychology with emphasis on neuroscientific principles. A combination of relevance filtering and a cognitively adequate visualisation improved the overall usefulness of geovisualisations and made a substantial contribution to their practical acceptability. This interdisciplinary approach allowed a more precise and valid evaluation of geovisualisation designs.

A two-dimensional damaged finite element for fracture applications

A novel finite element was developed for fatigue and fracture applications. The new element is two-dimensional with an embedded edge crack. The crack is not physically modeled within the element, but instead, its influence on the local flexibility of the structure is accounted for by the reduction of the element stiffness as a function of the crack length. The components of the stiffness matrix for the cracked element are determined from the Castigliano’s first principle. The element was implemented in the commercial finite element code ABAQUS as a user element (UEL) subroutine. Models using the UEL are shown to produce accurate results when compared with results from traditional models using physical modeling of the crack. The newly developed element is useful for studies focused on the global response of a structure, and does not allow evaluation of the local stress singularity near the crack tip. An advantage of the developed UEL is that the singularity at the crack tip does not need to be captured accurately with a significant number of elements.

Cohesive Zone Modeling of Mode I Fracture in Adhesive Bonded Joints

This paper deals with the application of Cohesive Zone Model (CZM) concepts to study mode I fracture in adhesive bonded joints. In particular, an intrinsic piece-wise linear cohesive surface relation is used in order to model fracture in a pre-cracked bonded Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) specimen. Finite element implementation of the CZM is accomplished by means of the user element (UEL) feature available in the FE commercial code ABAQUS. The sensitivity of the cohesive zone parameters (i.e. fracture strength and critical energy release rate) in predicting the overall mechanical response is first examined; subsequently, cohesive parameters are tuned comparing numerical simulations of the load-displacement curve with experimental results retrieved from literature.

A Study about emotional Element of mobile digital convergence Device Usability

A Study about emotional Element of mobile digital convergence Device Usability

Technical Communication (Tenth Edition) (Lannon, J. M.; 2006)

This book addresses a wide spectrum of issues in technical communication, ranging from specific visual elements to the entire research process, from brief memos to formal proposals. Part I, Communication in the Workplace, starts with how to prepare an effective technical document and deliver the essential information. In Part II, Research Process, the author outlines both the procedural and the inquiry stages of the research. Part III, Structural and Style Elements, focuses on strategies for organizing and conveying messages that users can follow and understand: partitioning and classifying, outlining, storyboarding, paragraphing, sequencing, chunking, and creating an overview. Part IV, Visual, Design, and Usability Elements, further enhances the discussion in Part II about technical documents. The author talks about the rhetorical implications of graphics and page design so that readers can learn to enhance a document's access, appeal, and visual impact for audiences. Part V, Specific Documents and Applications, is a rich tank of applications in technical communications. The author offers instructions on almost all the writing styles you can think of - from memos, instant messages, and webpages, to resumes, letters, and proposals. The last part, A Brief Handbook with Addition Sample Documents, has three appendices that once again address the writing process, editing, and research findings documentation. Readers can also find a wealth of resources on the book's companion website: www.alongman.com/lannonweb. This book presents a panorama of technical communication, providing readers with a look at every aspect of this profession. It is not only a comprehensive textbook for classroom teaching, but also a valuable reference book for instructors and working professionals.

Performance of Two Distinct Cohesive Layer Models for Tracking Composite Delamination

Two distinct cohesive layer models are developed for numerical simulation of delamination growth in composite layered specimens tested under static loading. One of these designated as the UMAT (user supplied material) model has a small, but finite thickness and the other designated as the UEL (user element) model has zero initial thickness. Crack growth in double cantilever beam specimens as well as in two test configurations of a composite plate carrying some discontinuities subjected to lateral load are studied using the models. It turns out that UEL model, though slightly more involved, is able to predict both crack initiation and large crack growth with sufficient accuracy. The UMAT model too consistently predicts crack initiation, but is unable to predict the crack growth accurately. It gives consistently higher loads for given crack extensions and predicts that the crack growth shuts off prematurely. Careful examination of the stresses in the cohesive layer of the UMAT model, in the upstream of the crack tip indicates that a ‘neck’ develops due to compressive stresses at some distance from the crack tip. Apparently it is the formation of this neck that ‘locks’ the crack from growing and is the cause of the inaccurate results given by the model.

Usability of isothermal standards for cold risk assessment in the workplace.

In this study the usability of ISO thermal standards suitable for cold risk assessment in the workplace was evaluated. Persons who were not earlier familiar with the methods were trained to be able to perform the assessments.The assessments were conducted at two different stages according to method complexity, duration and need for expertise.The methods tested at stage 1 included observation and simple measurements (ISO CD 15265, ISO 8996, ISOTR 11079) and were assumed to be relatively simple to use. The methods tested at stage 2 included measurements and quantitative analyses (ISO 7726, ISO 8996, ISO 10551, ISO 9920, ISO 9886, ISO TR 11079). Training to use the methods was provided to the observers and measur ers. The assessments at stage 1 were performed by 5 observers repeated on three different occasions with 5 different workers. The measurements (stage 2) were conducted by four persons and repeated four times. A questionnaire concerning the usability of the method tested was filled in after each assessment. The results show that the methods of stage 1 were considered easy to adopt, the duration of the assessment was short (average 30 min), the results were easy to analyse and the amount of training was considered to be adequate. The methods of stage 2 were considered more laborious to perform and the total duration of the assessment was on average 4 h 40 min. Furthermore, the training provided was not considered to be entirely sufficient and additional instructions were frequently asked for, especially when analysing the results. Usable elements were recognised from the ISO thermal standards, which could be used at the more advanced stages of cold risk assessment.

Comparative Study on Cultural Diversity in Preference of Information Display

A key problem of identifying what cultural diversity will influence user actions is presented in this paper. Through comparative cultural diversity analysis, the difference of preference in perceptions of information display scheme between two cultural groups, where is Japanese and Indonesian are the subjects of the comparison is discussed. Even though the social background and historical context of the societies in question are not so different and share some similarities, further experiments and analysis on preference, performance and another usability elements revealed some differences between them.

Venous severity scoring: An adjunct to venous outcome assessment

Some measure of disease severity is needed to properly comapre the outcomes of the various approaches to the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Comparing the outcomes of two of more different treatments in a clinical trial, or the same treatment in two or more reports from the literature cannot be done with confidence unless the relative severity of the venous disease in each treatment group is known. The CEAP (Clinical-Etiology-Anatomic-Pathophysiologic) system is an excellent classification scheme, but it cannot serve the purpose of venous severity scoring because many of its components are relatively static and others use detailed alphabetical designations. A disease severity scoring scheme needs to be quantifiable, with gradable elements that can change in response to treatment. However, an American Venous Forum committee on venous outcomes assessment has developed a venous severity scoring system based on the best usable elements of CEAP system. Two scores are proposd. The first is a Venous Clinical Severity Score: nine clinical characteristics of chronic venous disease are graded from 0 to 3 (absent, mild, moderate, severe) with specific criteria to avoid overlap or arbitrary scoring. Zero to three points are added for differences in background conservative therapy (compression and elevation) to produce a 30 point-maximum flat scale. The second is a Venous Segmental Disease Score, which combines the Anatomic and Pathophysiologic components of CEAP. Major venous segments are graded according to presence of reflux and/or obstruction. It is entirely based on venous imaging, primarily duplex scan but also phlebographic findings. This scoring scheme weights 11 venous segments for their relative importance when involved with refluc and/or obstruction, with a maximum score of 10. A third score is simple a modification of th existing CEAP disability score that eliminates reference to work and an 8-hour working day, substituting instead the patient's prior normal activities. These new scoring schemes are intended to complement the current CEAP system.

User and usability testing - how it should be undertaken?

<span>Usability evaluation is the analysis of the design of a product or system in order to evaluate the match between users and a product or system within a particular context. Usability evaluation is a dynamic process throughout the life cycle of a product or system. Conducting evaluation both with and without end-users significantly improves the chances of success. Six usability evaluation methods and six data collection techniques are discussed, including advantages and limitations of each. Recommendations are made regarding the selection of particular evaluation methods and recording techniques to evaluate different elements of usability.</span>

Herbicide Dispersal Patterns: II. Mapping Residues Using X-ray Fluorescence

Distribution patterns of foliar applied herbicides can be studied by x-ray element mapping provided the herbicide contains an atom with an atomic number of 11 (sodium) or greater. The suitability of an herbicide for element mapping increases as the number of similar detectable atoms per molecule increases. Herbicides containing one detectable atom per molecule provide usable element maps at concentrations of 1.12 kg/ha and higher. Inaccurate element maps can result from: (1) Formulation components containing detectable atoms the same as those of the active ingredient. (2) Herbicide volatility during analysis due to reduced pressures and heating. (3) Specimen topography preventing x-ray detection at some locations on the plant surface. (4) Herbicide concentrations that are below the minimum detectable limit. If adequate precautions are followed in the use of x-ray element mapping, a wide range of uses exist in weed science.

The Si32fallout in Scandinavia

The specific Si32 activity of air in Denmark showed a seasonal variation by a factor of 5 in 1963. The total Si32 fallout was 5.5·10−5 dpm cm−2 year−1 in the period Sept. 64-Sept. 65. Measurements on accumulated snow and old glacier ice in Norway show Si32 as an usable element for dating of up to 2000–3000 years old ice.

The Si<sup>32</sup> fallout in Scandinavia

The specific Si³² activity of air in Denmark showed a seasonal variation by a factor of 5 in 1963. The total Si³² fallout was 5.5·10^–5 dpm cm^–2 year^–1 in the period Sept. 64–Sept. 65. Measurements on accumulated snow and old glacier ice in Norway show Si³² as an usable element for dating of up to 2000–3000 years old ice.

Electronically Tunable Circuit Elements

During the past sixty years, attempts have been made to develop electronically-controllable circuit elements to be applied to filter networks in tunable receivers and transmitters. Both the polarization of the dielectric material used in the construction of capacitors and the permeability of the ferrite core material used in inductor design, lend themselves to electronic variation; in fact, the change in the incremental permeability of a magnetizable material in the presence of a superimposed varying magnetic field was patented as early as 1901. Usable circuit elements, however, were not realizable for application in the frequency ranges above 100 kc, nor did the available materials provide the desired characteristics for modern filter design of receivers and transmitters. USASRDL initiated a program in 1948 to investigate the problems associated with electronically variable inductances. New ferrite materials were developed and a better understanding of the over-all problem obtained. This program grew in magnitude, calling upon the efforts of both universities and commercial organizations, in addition to the internal effort within this laboratory. The outcome is a family of controllable inductances, electronically tunable in the frequency range dc to 500 Mc with reasonable Q's, power requirements, and small in size and weight. Large frequency variations are obtainable and they are usable under environmental conditions of temperature, humidity and vibration encountered in field conditions.