Use Of Unmanned Vehicles Research Articles

End-to-end, real time and robust behavioral prediction module with ROS for autonomous vehicles

In the world where urbanization and population density are increasing, transportation methods are also diversifying and the use of unmanned vehicles is becoming widespread. In order for unmanned vehicles to perform their tasks autonomously, they need to be able to perceive their own position, the environment and predict the possible movements/routes of environmental factors, similar to living things. In autonomous vehicles, it is extremely important for the safety of the vehicle and the surrounding factors to be able to predict the future position of the objects around it with high performance so that the vehicle can plan correctly. Due to the stated reasons, the behavioral prediction module is a very important component for autonomous vehicles, especially in moving environments. In this study, fast and successful robotic behavioral prediction module has been developed to enable the autonomous vehicle to plan more safely and successfully.

Building a knowledge base for autonomous control of unmanned vehicles

This article presents an approach to building and using a knowledge base for autonomous control of unmanned vehicles (UV). Agriculture is presented as a subject area which features and limitations must be considered. The lack of a sufficient number and level of qualifications of machine operator leads to equipment downtime, a decrease in crop yields and the efficiency of using chemical fertilizers. The use of UV makes it possible to reduce the influence of these factors and the harmful effects on people working in agriculture. The article focuses on taking into account the features and limitations of the subject area when constructing the trajectory of unmanned vehicles and controlling processing facilities. An approach is proposed that consists of separate stages of designing a knowledge base schema, automating the process of filling the knowledge base and organizing the logical inference function. For each stage, developed models and algorithms are presented that help to form and use a knowledge base when solving the problem of autonomous control of unmanned vehicles. The article contains examples and illustrations designed to increase the clarity of the proposed approach.

SUBJECT COMPOSITION OF PARTICIPANTS IN LEGAL RELATIONS ARISING WHEN USING INNOVATIVE (UNMANNED) VEHICLES IN BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

The subject of research is the composition of the participants in the legal relationship on the use of an unmanned vehicle. The article breaks off with a general overview of attempts to settle these legal relations, which are fundamentally new both for the Russian legal system and the economy as a whole. At the same time, central attention is paid to their subject composition. The study states that the legal regulation of relations on the use of unmanned vehicles is haphazard. A single regulatory legal act has not yet been adopted, and by-laws have an extremely heterogeneous subject of legal regulation, including civil, administrative and other aspects. This leads to significant problems of legal technique, the result of which in the future will be difficulties in law enforcement practice. An analysis of the civil component of the use of unmanned vehicles shows that the potential of the current civil legislation to regulate relevant relations is far from exhausted. The range of subjects for the use of an unmanned vehicle coincides with the subjects of classical relations for the transportation or rental of vehicles. In this regard, changes to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, its additions by new subjects of legal relations or new contractual structures are undesirable at the current stage.

Legal regulation of the use of unmanned vehicles in the Russian Federation

The object of the study is a set of public relations in the field of road safety when using unmanned vehicles on public roads. The subject of the article is international and national legal norms regulating public relations, which are formed in connection with the introduction and use of unmanned vehicles on public roads. The purpose of this work is to study domestic legislation and the practice of using unmanned vehicles in road traffic, as well as to formulate proposals and recommendations for improving current legislation in this area. Particular attention is paid to the fact that since the idea of creating unmanned vehicles and its subsequent use on public roads, both in the Russian Federation and in other countries, the question arises of changing the regulatory framework governing the process of road traffic in the context of increasing widespread digitalization. In preparing the work, general scientific methods of scientific cognition were used, such as dialectical, logical, systemic, as well as special methods: comparative legal, formal legal. The author comes to the conclusion that the legal regulation of the use of unmanned vehicles is an urgent and important topic, because it is an innovative area that has the potential to change the transport industry and influence existing traffic rules and regulations. To do this, it is necessary to use an integrated approach to the legal regulation of the use of unmanned vehicles on public roads. First of all, it is necessary to develop a national standard "On unmanned wheeled vehicles", which should contain both the technical requirements for BTS and the requirements concerning the safety of the hardware and software control complex for such vehicles. In addition, it is necessary to adopt a law containing the basic concepts, terms, definitions, rights and obligations of developers and operators of BTS, and on the basis of this law to develop and amend existing regulatory legal acts regulating road safety and legal responsibility.

The Legal Status Issue of Unmanned Maritime Vehicles (UMVs) Used for Military Purposes

In parallel with the advances in technology, the use of unmanned vehicles on the battlefield for military purposes is becoming increasingly widespread. Since the beginning of the new millennium, the undeniable contributions of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in combat and combat support operations, especially in Afghanistan and Iraq, have made these vehicles indispensable for states, while on the other hand, it has affected the expansion and deepening of the range of missions of unmanned vehicles used in the maritime environment within a limited framework. However, the use of UMVs, which are gaining importance for states day by day and becoming a force multiplier, has also brought along some legal debates. The absence of a provision directly related to UMVs in international maritime law legislation has led to the emergence of grey areas regarding the legal status of these vehicles. Since the increasingly sophisticated UMVs in terms of size, tonnage and level of autonomy diversify in a wide spectrum, not all UMVs will be subject to the same legal status naturally. On the other hand, the problem of legal status becomes more complex as the states take steps towards establishing their national legislation. Based on the provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), it is important to discuss UMVs to understand the potential legal status of these instruments, which are directly related to critical issues such as freedom of navigation, belligerent rights and judicial immunity.

Внедрение и эксплуатация беспилотных автомобилей

The advantages of unmanned vehicles are noted. Eight technical, economic and political problems in the implementation and use of unmanned vehicles are identified. An important problem is the lack of a systematic approach to creating a system for the functioning of unmanned vehicles, which should consist of an unmanned vehicle subsystem, an unmanned vehicle infrastructure subsystem and an external environment subsystem. It is necessary to create a system for ensuring, managing and improving the quality of operation of unmanned vehicles based on international standards

Risk Management for the Safe Use of Highly Automated Vehicles in a Metropolis: Systems and Legal Analysis

The article presents the results of a scientific study of current issues of risk management associated with ensuring safe operation of unmanned vehicles, obtained by the authors as a result of implementation of the second stage of a scientific project supported by the Russian Science Foundation. The conclusions presented in the article are based on the results of a study of legal and organisational problems of ensuring the safe use of unmanned vehicles in a metropolis, carried out during the first stage of the project.The study confirmed the authors’ assumption that solving the problem of ensuring the safe use of unmanned vehicles is possible based on scientific research into the risks arising during their operation. It is substantiated that identification, differentiation, monitoring of risks determined by appearance of unmanned vehicles on highways is a necessary condition for development of a scientifically based system of legal measures of general and private prevention, including measures of legal liability for relevant offenses, based on categorisation of risks and threats of violation of mandatory requirements adopted to ensure transport safety and traffic management using this type of vehicle.The fundamental provisions are analysed and comprehended underlying the application of the risk­based approach in homogeneous and single-type social relations.

Assessing Forest Traversability for Autonomous Mobile Systems Using Close-Range Airborne Laser Scanning

Advances in sensor technology and computing performance has brought us into an era of digital forestry where a forest environment can be digitally replicated. At the same time, an increasing interest in the use of unmanned vehicles and other autonomous mobile systems (AMSs) in forest mapping and operations has emerged. However, a forest is an unstructured and rather complex environment for AMSs to operate in, and usually some kind of a priori information of traversability is required. The aim of this study was to assess forest traversability for AMSs using high-density airborne laser scanning (ALS) point clouds. It was assumed that such point clouds acquired from a helicopter flying at a low altitude can be used to characterise vegetation obstacles affecting forest traversability. A voxel-based vegetation occupancy analysis was carried out with the aim to detect open space to define traversable three-dimensional space. The experimental setup included seven sample plots (32×32 m) representing diverse boreal forest structures. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) was used for obtaining reference for vegetation occupancy. Comparison between ALS and TLS revealed an overall accuracy of 0.85–0.94 with a recall of 0.78–0.91 and a precision of 0.62–0.74 for ALS-based voxel classification for vegetation occupancy depending on forest structure. This implies that up to 91% of voxels assigned a classification »occupied« based on the TLS could be correctly classified using the ALS, while up to 74% of voxels assigned a classification »occupied« using the ALS were occupied based on the TLS. Density of low vegetation accounted for 83% of the variation in accuracy and precision. The feasibility of vegetation occupancy information to be used by an AMS for navigation was also demonstrated. It was assumed that the ALS data convey as sufficient information of AMS path planning as does the TLS data. The experiments showed that out of 1393 randomly generated paths based on empty space detected by the ALS, 72% were considered feasible when validated with the TLS data. The success rate in path planning varied from 0.54 to 0.92 between the sample plots and was seemingly affected by vegetation density that accounted for 53% of variation in success rate. Altogether, the demonstrated possibility to predefine forest traversability using remote sensing will support the use of AMSs in forestry.

ENSURING THE SAFE USE OF UNMANNED VEHICLES UNDER THE THREATS OF EPIDEMICS AND PANDEMICS IN A MEGAPOLIS: ISSUES OF PUBLIC LEGAL REGULATION

The purpose of studying the issues of ensuring the safe and efficient use of unmanned vehicles in a megalopolis in the context of the spread of infectious diseases using public regulation tools is to develop, based on the application of methods of systemic legal analysis, evidence-based proposals for improving legislation in the interests of using unmanned vehicles in a megalopolis in order to countering the spread of epidemics and pandemics. The lack of results of scientific understanding of the experience of legal support for the functioning of the transport system of the metropolis in the context of epidemics and pandemics, and, in particular, during the period of countering the spread of the coronavirus infection COVID-19, both in foreign countries and in Russia, seems to be an important negative factor that minimizes the potential of using self-driving cars to reduce cross-contamination opportunities in high-density areas, which undoubtedly include metropolitan areas.
 Background. The ever-increasing threat of the spread of epidemics and pandemics, as well as their consequences, demonstrated, among other things, by the results of the coronavirus infection COVID-19, entails the well-founded attention of practitioners and the interest of scientists in determining the means to counter the threats of the spread of infectious diseases. Of particular importance is the search for such funds to ensure the safety of the population living in certain areas, characterized by the presence of additional factors that lead to a significant increase in the risk of the disease. In particular, we are talking about the situation in megacities characterized by an extremely high population density, which, combined with the presence of developed transport communications, increased passenger traffic, contributes to “cross” infection, the rapid spread of mass infectious diseases. At the same time, as the results of the study show, the use of unmanned vehicles in a metropolis in the interests of monitoring the epidemiological situation in areas with a high level of infection, delivering medicines to patients, etc. ensures minimization of the risk of infection of medical personnel, significantly reduces material costs and time spent on the implementation of such measures.
 Materials and research methods. The use of methods of comparative legal analysis allowed the authors, based on the results of studying foreign legal sources, analytical data and scientific literature, allowed the authors to assess the applicability of the experience of legal regulation and the organization of the safe use of unmanned vehicles in a metropolis in the context of the emergence and counteraction to the spread of epidemics and pandemics. A formal dogmatic analysis of Russian regulatory legal and individual acts on the issues of ensuring the safe use of unmanned vehicles in an urban agglomeration made it possible to identify gaps and contradictions that minimize the potential for legal impact on the participants in the relations under study.
 Results. A comprehensive systematic and legal study of scientific sources, norms of international, foreign and Russian legislation, law enforcement practice allowed the authors to formulate proposals for improving the system of legal regulation in order to safely use unmanned vehicles in a metropolis in the event of risks of occurrence and counteracting the spread of epidemics and pandemics.
 Conclusion. Legalization in Russian public law of the special requirements proposed by the authors for ensuring the use of unmanned vehicles in a metropolis, their network interaction, the legal grounds for admission to operation and the conditions for their safe use to monitor the epidemiological situation, supply the population with medicines and food in the context of the introduction of quarantine measures in urban agglomeration, can contribute to the elimination of identified gaps in administrative regulation.

Проєктний аналіз цифрових технологій в управлінні ланцюгом постачань

Most often, the possibilities of the applied digital technologies / tools are not used to their full extent, which is due to either the insufficient level of knowledge and competencies of the staff, or the complexity of the technical program implementation. At the same time, the methodology of digital transformation itself, especially in relation to logistics and supply chain management (SCM), is insufficiently developed, despite the existing works of foreign and domestic specialists in this field. The results of the analysis show the relevance and urgent need for the development of conceptual technological platforms of digital solutions for logistics services in supply chain management at the stage of using artificial intelligence and blockchain technology.
 A study was conducted on the possibility of using promising digital technologies in logistics and ULP, in particular Blockchain (distributed ledger systems), Cloud Services (cloud services), Augmented/Virtual Reality (AR/VR) (augmented / virtual reality), Big Data (big data analytics), Predictive Analytics, Industry 4.0 (Robots) and the Internet of Thing. The very procedure of digital transformation of supply chains should include a number of project solutions related to the formation of a communication network structure (Multi Party Net-work), in particular, using blockchain technology, an integrated supply chain planning system, as well as a digital platform for controlling and monitoring events in the chain supplies (Supply Chain Control Tower). Warehouse logistics is an industry that actively implements innovations. To work in the warehouse, special robots with the prefix AGV (literally – automatically controlled vehicle) are used. A project analysis is being conducted on the development of unmanned trucks using the existing developments of unmanned technologies of domestic car manufacturers and prototypes of unmanned cargo vehicles. The necessity of researching the prospects of robotization of warehouse operations and the use of unmanned vehicles (drones and trucks without drivers) in the distribution / delivery of Final Mile Logistics is shown.

Review of Shoreline Extraction Methods from Aerial Laser Scanning.

Autonomous technologies are increasingly used in various areas of science. The use of unmanned vehicles for hydrographic surveys in shallow coastal areas requires accurate estimation of shoreline position. This is a nontrivial task, which can be performed using a wide range of sensors and methods. The aim of the publication is to review shoreline extraction methods based solely on data from aerial laser scanning (ALS). This narrative review discusses and critically analyses seven publications drawn up in the last ten years. The discussed papers employed nine different shoreline extraction methods based on aerial light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data. It should be noted that unambiguous evaluation of shoreline extraction methods is difficult or impossible. This is because not all of the methods reported achieved accuracy, the methods were assessed on different datasets, the measurements were conducted using different devices, the water areas differed in geometrical and optical properties, the shorelines had different geometries, and the extent of anthropogenic transformation. The methods proposed by the authors were compared with a wide range of reference methods.

Prospects for the use of unmanned vehicles in Russia

This article discusses the main trends and prospects for the development of unmanned vehicles in Russia. To analyze the current situation with unmanned vehicles, projects for the implementation of this type of transport among leading Russian companies, such as Yandex, Kamaz, Russian Post, were studied. The results of a study of the attitude of Russian citizens to the introduction of unmanned vehicles were presented. The article also discusses aspects of improving Russian legislation on the regulation of unmanned vehicles. The paper analyzed the reasons for the low demand for this type of transport at the present time. The article aims to answer two main questions about the possibilities of using unmanned vehicles: will it be safe and will it be profitable. To answer the question about the safety of unmanned vehicles, foreign experience in testing unmanned vehicles will be studied, since this type of transport is not yet widely used on the territory of the Russian Federation, as a result of which it is difficult to draw a conclusion about the safety of unmanned vehicles on Russian roads. To study the economic benefits of using unmanned vehicles, statistics from Russian news agencies will be used, and a scientific and practical experiment will be conducted to confirm the cost-effectiveness and convenience of delivery by a drone. The author of the article considers it promising to use unmanned vehicles in the Far North, where difficult climatic conditions and long distances between settlements shift the focus towards the economic feasibility of their use. The author also identifies the main limitations for the introduction of unmanned vehicles — the high cost and legal regulation, the technical level of safety.

КРИМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ РИСКИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ИСКУССТВЕННОГО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТА В НЕЗАКОННОМ ОБОРОТЕ НАРКОТИКОВ

The most important prerequisite for studying the risks of using artificial intelligence in drug trafficking is that in its organized forms, this activity is essentially a business model that has significant similarities with the patterns of functioning of legal entrepreneurial activity. These risks are of particular relevance in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The costs incurred during the pandemic, as well as the continuing anti-epidemiological measures, are forcing illegal entrepreneurs to look for ways to optimize business processes. Artificial intelligence is the most effective tool for this. This technology can be used for the optimal geographical distribution of drug production sites, procurement and transportation of raw materials, precursors, increasing the quantity and improving the quality of the manufactured product. Artificial intelligence can be used in planning drug trafficking, including the use of unmanned vehicles, it allows assessing the quality of sales markets, it can facilitate the organization of marketing activities, regulate the prices of drugs, is able to provide assistance in the course of money laundering, diversification of criminal business, coordination actions of members of a criminal group, in the selection of personnel, their placement and management.

Optimization of the Course Movement of an Unmanned Vehicle in the Presence of Obstacles and Disturbances

The article discusses the optimization of the control process of an unmanned vehicle. Currently, there is an active development and use of unmanned vehicles. There is a practice of using unmanned shuttles in closed areas (conferences, forums, etc.). The use of cars with automated control in urban conditions and on rough terrain is being tested. In this regard, it is important to develop control algorithms that allow solving problems of car control in real time under the influence of disturbances and the presence of obstacles. With the development of technology and an increase in computing power, it becomes possible to use optimal control algorithms that allow you to achieve better results when the terminal conditions are met, minimizing energy costs. This paper shows the solution of the problem of optimal control of an unmanned vehicle in the presence of a penalty function, measurement noise and disturbances from incomplete data using the separation principle. The problem of optimal control in a deterministic and stochastic setting is solved using an algorithm with a predictive model with a generalized work functional. The effectiveness of applying the Kalman filter is shown depending on the different intensity of measurement noise and different vehicle speeds. The results of numerical modeling are presented, showing the possibility of using the proposed algorithm to control an unmanned vehicle under various initial and final conditions. The developed algorithm has been successfully applied to bypass a moving object.

Legal support for the implementation and use of unmanned vehicles: experience, problems and directions for their solution

The article presents the results of a study of current problems of legal support for the admission and safe use of unmanned vehicles both in experimental and general operation modes, obtained during the implementation of a scientific project supported by the Russian Science Foundation, and voiced as part of a plenary report at the V International Scientific and Practical Conference “Problems of development and prospects of Business Law in modern economic conditions” (“Laptev Readings-2023”) (April 27, 2023, IGP of the RAS). The purpose of preparing the article was to bring to the attention of the scientific community the results of understanding a new problem for Russian Transport Law associated with an essential change in paradigmatic approaches to building a system for ensuring transport safety and organizing traffic on roads, as well as some proposals formulated by the authors for improving the system of legal regulation in this area. Legalization of proposals in Russian law, according to the authors, will minimize the risks of operating highly automated vehicles on public roads, which is essential for the development of domestic entrepreneurship and solving the problems of ensuring the sovereignty of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the goal set by the authors, a number of specific research problems have been solved. In particular, based on the application of methods of historical and legal analysis, the conclusion is substantiated that the emergence of innovative modes of transport is perceived, as a rule, with a significant delay, as a result of which the lack of a legal basis traditionally acts as a limiting factor for its implementation, and the legalization of norms regulating relations with his participation is unsystematic. The use of comparative legal analysis tools allowed us to conclude that the previously mentioned trend is characteristic of all developed countries without exception. However, in the China, the USA and the EU, understanding of the urgent need to resolve, using both public and private law, issues related to the transition to a general mode of operation of highly automated vehicles that do not require a driver, occurred earlier than in the Russian Federation, where legal regulation is still experimental in nature. A formal and dogmatic analysis of the current Russian legislation and draft normative legal acts gave the authors grounds to conclude that the legal regulation of the relations under study is unsystematic and not based on the results of the achievements of legal science. The foregoing allowed us to draw a reasonable conclusion about the need to take urgent measures to eliminate the identified gaps in the legislation, since further preservation of the current state of affairs may entail an irreparable lag of the Russian Federation from highly developed countries in the field of implementation and safe use of highly automated vehicles.

Trends of transport logistics in construction in the conditions of digitalization

The top trends, peculiar to transport logistics in the construction companies activity, are pointed out in the article. According to the results of the analysis that was carried out, nowadays digitalization is the main subject in logistics. In particular, paperless registration of cargo transportation, robotization during freight processing, the use of unmanned vehicles for transportation, and the introduction of obligatory marking for separate types of commodities are revealed. The authors find out the logical communication between the development of electronic commerce and the adaptation of logistics for it, and conclude, that only the complex logistics will be able to conform to modern requirements. At the same, some factors which slow down the digitalization of the transport-and-logistic sphere in Russia are revealed. This will also make it difficult for the companies to cope with the peak loads by their capacities. So, logistic outsourcing can become the solution to this problem. The results of the analysis as well as the conclusions, drawn by the authors, can be useful for the further development of the transport-and-logistic complex. In turn, the transport logistics systems act as the major resource, which allows to plan and carry out construction works, to finish them in the shortest terms, to increase the activity efficiency and product competitiveness.

Approaches to the regulation of testing and the use of unmanned vehicles in Singapore

Singapore is one of the world leaders in the digital of the economy by many measures. By analyzing Singapore's experience in regulating the testing and application of unmanned vehicles, it is possible to find promising ways to develop the Russian regulatory framework in this area. The article examines the general framework for the development of the regulatory framework in the sphere of regulation of relations regarding the use of intelligent technologies, as well as the basic principles of regulation of testing and application of artificial intelligence. The analysis of the regulatory framework regulating the rules of unmanned vehicles in Singapore is carried out. The text explores common regulatory intervention strategies in the implementation of new technologies. The author’s team concludes that Singapore has moved away from a prohibitionist approach and a control-oriented strategy in the regulation of AI-driven vehicles. Authorities in Singapore combine different strategies to regulate the testing and use of unmanned in favor of an adaptation-oriented approach. A risk tolerance approach is also applied to the regulation of testing and application of unmanned vehicles.

COUNTERING THE SPREAD OF THE PANDEMIC OF CORONAVIRUS INFECTION COVID-19 IN MEGA CITIES WITH THE USE OF DRIVING CARS: EXPERIENCE, LEGAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS

COUNTERING THE SPREAD OF THE PANDEMIC OF CORONAVIRUS INFECTION COVID-19 IN MEGA CITIES WITH THE USE OF DRIVING CARS: EXPERIENCE, LEGAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS

Provision of Services for the Dispatching Control of Unmanned Vehicles as a Means of Achieving a Balance Between the Needs of the Digital Transformation of the Transport Complex and the Protection of Consumer Rights

The introduction of highly automated, including unmanned vehicles, is one of the most important elements of global digitalization, which in most cases makes it possible to make transport more economical, faster and more comfortable. At the same time, it is associated with new risks, including the safety of passengers, as well as the need to ensure the protection of their rights and legitimate interests under a passenger transportation (chartering) agreement. This creates a request for regulatory restrictions on the use of artificial intelligence systems in transport. Therefore, today the transport legislation in our country does not allow or seriously restricts the possibility of operating vehicles using automatic systems without human intervention. Meanwhile, the use of unmanned vehicles for the transportation of passengers both in road and air transport is only a matter of time, which is why today in the Russian Federation there are a number of experimental legal regimes aimed at testing unmanned vehicles in order to spread them throughout the country in the nearest future. It seems that an important way to ensure a balance between the development and implementation of these technologies and the safety of their operation for a person, society, as well as protecting the rights of passengers will be the remote control of unmanned vehicles by a person and the possibility for his intervention in case of emergency in order to solve emerging problems. For these purposes, it is proposed to use private remote control dispatch centers that provide traffic control services for highly automated vehicles. The purpose of this article is to study the legal basis for the interaction between the operator and highly automated transport, the operator and owner of highly automated transport, etc. These can be legal relations for the provision of services for the dispatching control of unmanned vehicles, and the current example is operator control of traffic in railway transport.

Underground storage of carbon dioxide

Decarbonization in the global economy is impossible without large-scale implementation of trapping, disposal and storage of carbon. Holding colossal resources for natural storage, Russia can greatly reduce its carbon footprint by burying carbon dioxide. Reliability of carbon dioxide burial depends on the geological, geochemical and methodological conditions of underground storage of this gas. Researchers have found that favorable underground storages are the depleted oil and gas reservoirs, nonminable coal seams, deep-level salt-bearing strata and other porous media in the Earth’s crust. It recommended to introduce a three-level monitoring of atmospheric emission of carbon dioxide as a result of natural phenomena (outgassing from the Earth) and human activities both on land and sea. The first level is the space monitoring: monitoring of atmospheric concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide in various ranges; monitoring of natural gas and oil occurrences on land and sea. The second level is the use of unmanned vehicles. The third level is the ground surface monitoring: real-time monitoring of the underground geological environment from a geophysical observatory; spectral laser and radar detection; monitoring of carbon dioxide concentrations using laser absorption spectroscopy and distributed sensor networks.