Use Of Translation Strategies Research Articles

Applying rhetorical methods to teach writing techniques to pre-service teachers

This study explores the impact of rhetorical strategies on the writing techniques of pre-service teachers. It specifically examines how process-based writing instruction, rooted in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), enhances the ability of student teachers to employ effective writing methods in crafting argumentative essays. Utilizing a sample of 98 student teachers from Greece, the research was conducted through a performance-based essay task, supported by two think-aloud protocols. This approach allowed for a detailed examination of the writing techniques used by pre-service teachers, both before and after receiving process-based writing instruction. The study focuses on the application and improvement of writing methods through the use of a rhetorical process approach. The results highlight the significance of rhetorical strategies, such as idea generation and rewriting, in the development of effective writing skills. The study reveals a clear improvement in the ability of students to choose and integrate relevant ideas into their essays after mastering these techniques. Additionally, the findings suggest the frequent use of translation strategies from native to foreign languages in concluding an article. This research underscores the importance of teaching rhetorical strategies in pre-service teacher training programs. By focusing on these techniques, educators can better equip student teachers with the skills necessary to become proficient writers, capable of addressing various audiences effectively. The study advocates for a greater emphasis on process-based instruction to enhance writing competencies in educational settings.

The Comparison of Metaphors Translation Strategies in Subtitling of the King’s Speech Film

This research aims to compare the use of translation strategies used between humans and YouTube’s automated machine translator. This study employed the descriptive qualitative method. The writers collected data using a note-taking strategy. Based on the research findings, there are sixteen data that use metaphors. Six data use “anthropomorphic metaphor”; five data use “dead metaphor”; four data use “concrete to abstract metaphors”; and one datum uses “live metaphor”. This research shows that only three out of seven metaphor translation strategies are employed by human translators and YouTube. They use translation strategies “reproducing the same image in the TL”, “replacing the image in the SL with a standard TL image”, and “deletion”. The human translator uses “reproducing the same image in the TL” ten times, “replacing the image in the SL with a standard TL image” five times, and “deletion” once. YouTube uses “reproducing the same image in the TL” thirteen times and “replacing the image in the SL with a standard TL image” three times.
 Keywords: translation, metaphor, translation strategy, subtitle.

Expansion of Indonesian to English Phenomena: A Descriptive Analytical Study in the Novels Written by Ahmad Tohari

This research examines the Expansion phenomena in translation using the strategies by Chesterman (2016). The expansion here means simply the phenomena of adding words from Source Text into Target Text Translation. The main purpose of this research is to find out how effective the Expansion is in helping to resolve translation problems in translating Indonesian to English. This research uses a mixed qualitative and quantitative research method, with the main focus on qualitative. The research uses a quantitative method for presenting the result. The descriptive research method is used to explain how the data was collected, classified, analyzed, and then summarized to get the conclusion. The data of this research are expansion, taken from the novel by Ahmad Tohari, entitled “Mata yang Enak Dipandang.” The Expansion would be identified and collected by comparing the texts in both the target language (Indonesian version) and The source Text (English version) up to 150 data. The random sampling technique is used. The researcher will take 150 data. From the 150 data, 21 data will be chosen randomly and then taken to be analyzed. Thus, the research uses a random sampling technique. There are three primary groups of categories in Chesterman’s strategies, namely syntactic/grammatical (4 out of 21 data), semantic (8 out of 21 data), and pragmatic (9 out of 21 data). There are 150 data of expansion but only 21 data were purposely chosen to be analyzed, with the use of Chesterman strategies which are: Information Change (1 data), Trope change (2 data), Abstraction Change (2), Explicitness Change (5), clause Structure Change (2), Distribution Change (4 data), Cohesion Change (1), Scheme Change (1 data), Emphasis Change (1 data), Interpersonal Change (2 data), Illocutionary Change (1). The result shows that most of the translations in the novel by Ahmad Tohari most of it using Explicitness Change ( 5 out of 21 data). As part of Semantic strategies, Exlpicitness change serves as an indicator of an idea that to translate a novel; the translator must commit a lot of manipulating in the process to reach the equivalency of work. The use of translation strategies by Chesterman in the expansion phenomena proves that only 20% of translation uses syntactical; the rest of it belongs to Semantic (38%) and Pragmatic (42%). It means that translating a literary work is quite challenging. The fact that literature work, which in this case is a novel, has a deeper meaning than it appears and how the work mostly uses figurative language to convey the message pressurize the translator to immerse the Source text carefully and also demands the translator to have a broad knowledge of the language and its social content.

Diachroninis vertimo normų tyrimas literatūros diskurso pavyzdžiu

The article addresses the issue of the translation of fiction in different periods of time under the influence of various linguistic, social and cultural norms, and it aims to establish differences in the use of translation strategies employed by the translator. The paper reviews the descriptive approach in Translation Studies which argues that translation is a communicative as well as social act where the translator alone is not responsible for his/her translational behaviour; other people and institutions also contribute to the formation of common notions of translational behaviour, and these are termed norms, conventions or rules. Moreover, the research emphasizes that norms are not a stable phenomenon and may vary across different periods of time and across different cultures or communities. The research is based on the contrastive analysis of two translations of Jack London’s Martin Eden with the aim to establish differences in the use of translation strategies under the influence of translation norms.

60韩语政治隐喻的认知类型学解读

Political texts are important discourses for national leaders to express their political opinions and establish a national image, and the transmission of information in political texts requires a variety of linguistic means of expression. The most common rhetorical form of language is a political metaphor. This paper takes the Korean translation of Keywords to Understand China as an example and discusses the translation of political metaphors in combination with the characteristics of political metaphors and related theories of cognitive typology. Through comparative analysis, it can be initially found that (1) Chinese and Korean-related metaphors have both commonality and individuality. In terms of commonality, both Chinese and Korean have common metaphor types such as war and journey, as well as individual metaphor types such as climate and organism. In other words, although people have roughly similar perceptual experiences, which directly generate roughly similar schema structures, due to cognition, language type, sociocultural factors, etc., there are differences in the universality of metaphor mapping, and some metaphors only belong to specific cultures. (2) In the process of translating metaphors, the translators mainly used ‘reserving the equivalent metaphorical images in the language dimension’, ‘presenting the cultural connotation of metaphors in the cultural dimension’, ‘converting the metaphorical images in the source language in the communicative dimension’, etc. different translation strategies. In other words, to better realize the translation of political metaphors with rigor, subjectivity, and standpoint, translators need to adapt to the overall environment of ecological translation, carry out ‘three-dimensional transformations’ in the dimensions of language, culture, and communication, and combine specific Context, and the acceptance of target language readers and other factors, flexible use of translation strategies. This article aims to conduct a preliminary analysis and interpretation of relevant translation strategies based on a preliminary understanding of the similarities and differences between Chinese and Korean political metaphors through the translation of Chinese and Korean political texts and provide some reference for explaining the thinking and behavior patterns of human cognition under different cultural backgrounds.

60韩语政治隐喻的认知类型学解读

Political texts are important discourses for national leaders to express their political opinions and establish a national image, and the transmission of information in political texts requires a variety of linguistic means of expression. The most common rhetorical form of language is a political metaphor. This paper takes the Korean translation of Keywords to Understand China as an example and discusses the translation of political metaphors in combination with the characteristics of political metaphors and related theories of cognitive typology. Through comparative analysis, it can be initially found that (1) Chinese and Korean-related metaphors have both commonality and individuality. In terms of commonality, both Chinese and Korean have common metaphor types such as war and journey, as well as individual metaphor types such as climate and organism. In other words, although people have roughly similar perceptual experiences, which directly generate roughly similar schema structures, due to cognition, language type, sociocultural factors, etc., there are differences in the universality of metaphor mapping, and some metaphors only belong to specific cultures. (2) In the process of translating metaphors, the translators mainly used ‘reserving the equivalent metaphorical images in the language dimension’, ‘presenting the cultural connotation of metaphors in the cultural dimension’, ‘converting the metaphorical images in the source language in the communicative dimension’, etc. different translation strategies. In other words, to better realize the translation of political metaphors with rigor, subjectivity, and standpoint, translators need to adapt to the overall environment of ecological translation, carry out ‘three-dimensional transformations’ in the dimensions of language, culture, and communication, and combine specific Context, and the acceptance of target language readers and other factors, flexible use of translation strategies. This article aims to conduct a preliminary analysis and interpretation of relevant translation strategies based on a preliminary understanding of the similarities and differences between Chinese and Korean political metaphors through the translation of Chinese and Korean political texts and provide some reference for explaining the thinking and behavior patterns of human cognition under different cultural backgrounds.

Strategies for Translating Idioms from English to Urdu: An Analysis

The purpose of this study is to investigate the translation strategies employed by undergraduate students in the translation of idioms from English into Urdu. To achieve this, a translation test was administered, incorporating Fernando's (1996) classification of idioms into three distinct categories: literal idioms, semi-idioms, and pure idioms. This test consisted of two parts: de-contextual idioms and context base idioms. Later on, an analysis of data collected from both de-contextual and contextual translations of idioms was analyzed employing translation strategies expounded by Baker and Newmark as the guiding framework. A significant number of students exhibited a lack of familiarity with the accurate use of translation strategies during the de-contextual translation of idioms, leading them to literal translation, resulting in numerous inaccuracies in their renditions of idiomatic expressions. Consequently, literal idioms are easy to translate but when it comes to semi-idioms and pure idioms, they get confused and lead to mistranslation.

TRANSLATION STRATEGIES AND METHODS USED IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY

This research was based on translation problems due to the absence of equivalent words found during the translation process. Translators are required to translate the source language with the appropriate context into the target language. Therefore, researchers use translation strategies and methods to overcome these problems to produce the right equivalent. This study uses a qualitative method that focuses on applying translation strategies and methods. The data for this study was sourced from the official website and statistical books from the Department of Environment and Forestry, Central Java Province. The object of research is a collection of words or phrases that do not have a direct equivalent in the target language because they are non-equivalent and have limited expression in the target language. The results of this study indicate that the use of translation strategies and methods can support the translation process to be more effective and overcome translation problems. In the future, it is hoped that this finding will be able to contribute by increasing understanding for readers as well as providing references for translators on statistics and forestry topics.

Cultural Differences and Translation Strategies

All works of life have a similar or common understanding of the relationship between culture and language, that is, people generally believed that language is an integral part of culture, and culture has a vital influence on language. There is no doubt that there is a close relationship between language and culture. Historical background, life style, behavior norms, are all important parts of the cultural field. It is important to study the cultural factors affecting the formation of both Chinese and English languages and to explore the use of translation strategies for the mutual translation.

A Survey on Translation as a Learning Strategy by EFL Higher Education Students in English Learning

Many language teachers assume that the use of translation as a learning strategy to learn a language can harm the learning processes. In contrast, many learners need translation as a learning strategy to help them understand the meanings of texts. This paper reports on the use of translation strategies in English learning by EFL higher education students at an Islamic private university. This study employed a survey study. Data were collected from the Inventory for Translation as a Learning Strategy (ITLS) questionnaire consisting of 27 items that were adapted from Liao (2002). The participants were 97 students who enrolled in the English Education major batch of 2018 and they were randomly selected. Findings show that the most frequent strategy use of translation is the use of electronic machines and English-Indonesia and Indonesian-English dictionaries (M=4.15 and SD= 0.91). Meanwhile, the least frequent strategy use of translation is to ask questions to peers and seek to find the meaning of idioms and expressions collectively in searching for unknown or new information about the English language (M=2.63 and SD=1.14).

Translation Strategies of Idiomatic Expressions in Marketing 4.0: Moving from Traditional to Digital Written by Philip Kotler

The research analyzes the translation strategies of idiomatic expressions found in a marketing monograph entitled Marketing 4.0: Moving from Traditional to Digital and Marketing 4.0: Bergerak Dari Tradisional ke Digital. This study aims to identify the use of translation strategies and the most used strategy to translate idiomatic expressions in those monographs. The theory applied in this study is from Mona Baker (2018). The results of this study revealed that the translation strategies found are using an idiom of similar meaning and form (SMF), using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form (SMDF), translation by paraphrase, and translation by the omission of a play on idiom. Moreover, the most frequently used strategy found is the paraphrasing strategy (69.23%). The results of this study are expected to provide a better understanding of translation strategies for idiomatic expressions to the readers.

Peculiarities of proper names adaptation through using strategies of transcreation, domestication and foreignization during film translation of Chinese TV shows

The article is dedicated to the peculiarities of adapting proper names through using such translation strategies as transcreation, domestication, and foreignization during film translation of Chinese TV shows. It has been defined that the field of translation studies, which focuses on the study of the translation segment of Chinese film products, is relatively young, and therefore requires more detailed research, due to the growing popularity of Chinese television series among Ukrainian viewers. The concept of “series” as a separate genre of cinematography has been specified. Common features of movies and TV series audiovisual translation are demonstrated. A detailed explanation of the concept of “Chinese drama” is provided and the main features of this Asian television show type are enumerated. By conducting the survey, it is shown that the Ukrainian audience prefers American and European TV shows to Chinese ones. The main statement of the skopos-theory is investigated and its use in film translation of series is analyzed. It is established that transferring the system of cultural values of the source language to the target language affects the perception of the film translation by the recipient. Methods of transcreation, domestication, and foreignization, are detailed. The practical use of translation strategies during the adaptation of proper names, that belong to such categories as characters names, names of weapons and architectural structures, is investigated. It has been proven that all three translation strategies can be applied to adapt proper names in film translation. It has been also proven that these translation strategies can be leveraged simultaneously to translate a proper name in film translation. It is supposed to encourage students’ practical use of the film translation standards to translate Chinese film products. Prospective research areas of film translation of Chinese television shows are enumerated.

PECULIARITIES OF ENGLISH CINEMATIC TEXT TRANSLATION USING LIP-SYNC TECHNIQUE

This paper deals with the problem of the English-Ukrainian film translation. The work is interesting for its topicality as the problem of Lip Sync translation requirements is one of the main factors impacting the process, selection of the translation transformations, and result of the translation. Lip-sync translation is the main technique used in film translation when a film is to be dubbed. The result of the translation is also dependent on the use of translation strategies, that is defined by the lip-sync translation process as well. In terms of lip-sync translation technique the frame type strategy of selecting lip-sync units in target language is the most effective one. The grammatical aspect is also of a high influence on selecting lip-sync equivalents, therefore it defines the choice of particular translation transformations. Methods used in the study: a comparative method (contrast of lexical, grammatical and phonetic phenomena in English and Ukrainian), a descriptive method, and a method of observation.

Domesticating vs. foreignizing positions in the translation of proper names from English into Polish and German

In this paper, the author examines corresponding equivalents in Polish and German of English proper names from the novel “Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone” to find out how the same fictional elements have been translated into two different target languages. Furthermore, he attempts to prove what rules can be established for the use of translation strategies when translating proper names into Polish and German. Thus, the aim of this paper is to study domesticating and foreignizing translation strategies implemented by the translators of the Polish and German editions.

Translating TCM nomenclature into English: A bilingual reference tool needed for clinical practice

Translating traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) terminology into other languages, although notoriously difficult, is vital for medical practices outside China. Given the diverse and notably inconsistent translations of TCM terms in bilingual glossaries, dictionaries and the general TCM literature, there is a real and urgent need to study the merits and drawbacks of the representative translations in order to better support clinical practice. Ten commonly used bilingual terminology references were selected to investigate the translations of ten key terms on 经络 jingluo . As a case study, the sample of translations was analyzed in terms of the use of translation strategies and the strengths and weaknesses of the different translations. Four major translation strategies were identified, the most common being literal translation and semantic translation, followed by a combination of transliteration and either literal or semantic translation, and, lastly, transliteration. Each of the ten reference works uses three or more translation strategies. It is worth noting that several conventionally established translations of the key terms, including 经脉 jingmai , only partially convey the meaning of the Chinese term and could therefore result in misunderstandings. This study demonstrates the usefulness of studying the most representative bilingual glossaries to understand the merits and constraints of diverse translation strategies. We argue for the need to construct a comprehensive bilingual reference work containing the major representative translations of TCM terms to be used in different contexts, which will be instrumental for the clinical practice and spread of TCM.

The Mediating Role of a Xu-Argument Based Iterative Translation Continuation Task in the Dynamic Relationships Between Translation Learning Anxiety and Foreign Language Learning Proficiency and Translation Strategies.

Growing interest has been shown in the effects of the xu-argument based translation continuation task, which have been mainly explored via the linguistic dimension. The current study, using a pretest-intervention-posttest design, investigated the dynamic relationships among translation learning anxiety, foreign language learning proficiency, and English–Chinese translation strategies under an iterative translation continuation task (ITCT) that lasted 13 turns. The results yielded from 134 student translators showed a significant increase in their translation strategies comprehension and production, with those with a medium level of translation learning anxiety and foreign language learning proficiency achieving the most. It also showed that the significant partial mediating effect of translation learning anxiety between foreign language learning proficiency and the production of translation strategies in the pre-test became insignificant in the post-test, and the insignificant correlation between the comprehension and production of translation strategies in the pre-test became significant in the post-test. The dynamic relationships among translation learning anxiety, foreign language learning proficiency, and translation strategies confirmed the mediating role of the ITCT in attenuating the impact of higher level of translation learning anxiety and lower level of foreign language learning proficiency on the comprehension and use of translation strategies, though its effects could be different for student translators with different levels of translation anxiety and proficiency as measured by different assessments.

Research on the Use of Translation Strategy and the Transmission of National Image in Mass Media

Paying attention to the national images is not only the progress of history, but also the need of national development. In the transmission of national image, the mass media plays a more and more important role. Therefore, this paper, taking the bilingual corpus of “the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China” in the mass media China Daily (bilingual edition) as an example, explores the transmission of China’s national image from the perspective of the use of different translation strategies to reveal the impact of different translation strategies on the transmission of national image. Based on the consideration of cultural factors and the theme of “the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China”, it is found that the Chinese and English versions of China Daily have built a similar but not identical, different but not contradictory national image.

Do Personality Traits Matter in Preferences of Translation Strategies?

Translation is closely related to languages, linguistics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, culture etc. and because of these relations, there are also a lot of theories which give importance either to source language or target language. Linguistic and other features of the source and target texts have been examined for years. But translator is an important element with an important role in translation process as well, and the influence of translators’ personality traits on their translation has been emphasized. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to investigate whether there are relations between translators’ personality characters and their translation strategy preferences. The BFI Test (Big Five-Factor Inventory) is administered to 28 English Translation and Interpreting students at Cappadocia University to determine the personality traits of the participants. Then they are asked to choose one of the suggested translations in accordance with the translation model. The data are analyzed through SPSS (v. 22). The findings indicate that there are significant relationships between personality traits of participants and their use of translation strategies. According to results, agreeableness personality trait has a significant relationship with borrowing strategy, openness and neuroticism have significant relationships with modulation strategy, and conscientiousness has a significant relationship with adaptation strategy. Only extraversion does not correlate significantly with any of the strategies.

Iranian Male and Female Learners' Creativity in News Translation from a Sociolinguistic Perspective

Purpose: This article investigates the difference between Iranian male and female learners' creativity and their use of translation strategies in news translation from a sociolinguistic perspective. Approach/Methodology/Design: In terms of the sample, 50 (24 male and 26 female) M.A students of the English Translation at Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch were randomly selected as participants of the study. Abedi's Creativity Test (1983) was used to differentiate male and female students' creativity. The test included 60 questions and was designed based on four different subcategories of creativity. Saibua's Model (1985) was used to assess the strategies applied in the process of translation by male and female translators. Findings: There is no significant difference between Iranian male and female students’ level of creativity and their use of translation strategies in news translation at P ≤ 0.05. Practical Implications: The results can be used to uncover the difference between male and female learners’ levels of creativity in transferring source text to target text. Various news translators can draw on the results of this study as a guideline to solve problems that could occur when translating because the strategies mentioned in this study are applicable. In addition, the results may be helpful for the translators of any kind of text because the concepts of these strategies can be adapted or applied for almost every type of text. Originality/value: The study investigates the difference between male and female learners' ability to transfer ST to TT by using translation strategies.

Strategies of rendering intertextuality of scientific research The Making of Black Lives Matter by Christopher J. Lebron

The article is devoted to modern problems of translation scientific research on socio-political topics with the use of translation strategies. Translator’s proficiency is confirmed by the ability to plan the translation process or its result using different translation strategies. The process of translation of any source text starts with a comprehensive pre-translational analysis of the source text, determining the author’s style, functions of the text and target audience, which become the basis for further decision-making on the definition of the main strategy ormultiple translation strategies, which allow them to choose tactics and techniques in the process of translation selected text byits segments. The material of this study was the book The making of Black Lives Matterby Christopher J. Lebron, recognized as a scientific study of the Black Lives Matter African-American social and political movement, which gained popularity in 2020 after the death of African-American George Floyd during his detention by the police. The study by Christopher J. Lebrondedicated to the historical foundation of BLM movement and its socio-political development. The book is characterized as a unique study with a special author’s stylefeatured by intertextuality, realized in the use of direct speeches giving the authenticity and credibility to the research.Intertextuality of the source text was determined, theoretical principles of intertextuality were investigated, a comprehensive pre-translational analysis was carried out. In the course of translation process an additional strategy was determined according to the features of the source text segments that were in the process of translation. The methodology of the studyincluded a style analysis of the source, a comparative and transformationalanalysis of the similarities and discrepancies between the SL text and its TL translation, strategies in translation of socio-political text in order to achieve an adequate politically correct translation were outlined. The result of scientific-experimental research was based on understanding of correctly defined strategies that allowed to preserve the authenticity of the source text as much as possible while translating it into Ukrainian.