Use Of Mandarin Research Articles

Maximizing Bioactive Compound Extraction from Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) Peels through Green Pretreatment Techniques

This study explored the use of mandarin peels as an important source of health-promoting compounds by utilizing green methods (i.e., pulsed electric field and ultrasound-assisted extraction), along with conventional stirring. The impact of several extraction parameters, such as extraction duration, temperature, and solvent composition, on the recovery of bioactive compounds was evaluated through a response surface methodology. To identify the most effective conditions for all assays, a partial least-squares analysis was implemented. It was revealed that a combination of the above techniques was optimal at 80 °C for 30 min, with 75% v/v of ethanol in water as the extraction solvent. The concentration of bioactive compounds in the optimum extract had a total polyphenol content of 18.69 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of dry weight (dw), and an ascorbic acid concentration of 18.25 mg/g dw. However, correlation analyses revealed a rather negative relationship between these bioactive compounds. The chromatographic analysis of optimum extracts supported this result by quantifying 20.53 mg/g dw of total individual polyphenols, with hesperidin being the dominant compound (13.98 mg/g dw). The antioxidant assays, including ferric-reducing antioxidant power and DPPH• inhibition activity, were measured at 123.21 and 65.12 μmol of ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) per gram of dw, respectively. This research enhances the valorization of mandarin peels as a renewable source of bioactive compounds, providing the opportunity to generate high-added-value products from food waste in the food and pharmaceutical sectors.

An urgent call to center AsianCrit in Chinese/English dual language bilingual education programs

ABSTRACT In recent years, neoliberal interests in U.S. Chinese/English dual language bilingual education (DLBE) programs have emphasized white, English-speakers’ use of Mandarin for economic and political gains. Such interests reify white supremacy and contribute to the erasure of Chinese and Chinese American voices, histories, and cultures in curriculum and instruction. While early literature on Chinese DLBE contexts examined program success based on students’ academic achievement and biliteracy development, there has been limited attention to cultivating critical consciousness to resist the commodification of language and multiculturalism for capitalist enterprise. Therefore, we propose a cohesive programmatic framework informed by Asian Critical Race Theory (AsianCrit) for Chinese DLBE programs to cultivate critical consciousness as a foundational educational goal. In this conceptual paper, we apply the seven tenets of AsianCrit to U.S. Chinese DLBE contexts to reimagine a community-based, historically-situated, and equity-oriented educational space. We hope this proposal will inform efforts toward just and innovative Chinese DLBE pedagogies and inspire new lines of critical research in the field of bilingual education.

Adsorption of phosphate ions and RBBR dye from aqueous solution using thermally activated mandarin peel waste

Abstract In this study, the use of mandarin peels as an absorbent for phosphate and Remazol Brilliant Blue-R (RBBR) removals was investigated. The impact of variations in activation temperature, pH levels, and adsorbent dosage on the removal of phosphate and RBBR was examined and optimized. For phosphate and RBBR removal, 900°C thermally activated mandarin peels were selected. The optimal parameters for phosphate removal were found to be at the initial pH of 5.9, an adsorbent dose of 0.75 g/L, and a contact time of 60 min, which achieved a phosphate removal efficiency of 100%. The maximum RBBR removal conditions were obtained at the original pH (5.35), 1.75 g/L absorbent dose, and 60 min contact time. The RBBR removal efficiency was found to be 95% under these conditions. These data show that mandarin peel waste can be used efficiently as an adsorbent in the absorption process.

Mandarin Language in The Happy Sunday Program on Cakrawala Radio 98.3 FM

<p>This research is motivated by Mandarin, which is not limited to economics, business, and education but also to the entertainment sector, especially radio broadcasts. The problem formulation in this research is how to use Mandarin in the Happy Sunday program on Radio Cakrawala, the obstacles in using Mandarin, and the solutions. The data collection techniques used in this research were observation, interviews and literature study. The research results show that the use of Mandarin in the Happy Sunday program dominates 75% of the total content of the program, and the remaining 25% is in Indonesian. This can be seen in its use in the opening of the event, the announcer's comments and the event's closing. Several obstacles were encountered, such as using varied language, language that attracted listeners, and the broadcaster's limited Mandarin vocabulary.</p>

Use of mandarin and persimmon fruits in water kefir fermentation.

Water kefir is a non-dairy probiotic beverage. It is obtained by fermentation of water kefir grains with a sugar solution. This study aims to determine the properties of water kefir beverages obtained by fermentation of mandarin and persimmon-containing water for 42 h. According to microbiological results, both fruits containing water samples provided a high number of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. Moreover, after fermentation, pH, Brix, and dry matter content did not significantly differ. On the other hand, fructose, maltose, and acetic acid contents of mandarin water kefir are significantly higher than persimmon water kefir (p < .05). Persimmon water kefir had higher total phenolic contents, twice as much as mandarin water kefir (p < .05). Both water kefirs had good color properties. The organoleptic acceptability of the fruit water kefirs was promising.

Bilingual phonological contrast perception: The influence of Quanzhou Southern Min on Mandarin non-sibilant fricative discrimination.

This study explores the discrimination of Mandarin non-sibilant fricatives by bilingual speakers (N = 40) of Quanzhou Southern Min (L1) and Mandarin (L2) in different phonological contexts, including rounded vowels and the glide [w]. The results of the ABX discrimination task indicate significant contextual effects of the following sound, in line with predictions based on the Perceptual Assimilation model (PAM) [Best (1995). J. Phon. 20(3), 305-330]. Additionally, the observed result could not be fully explained by the acoustic distance between stimuli, and discrimination ability was better for speakers with more exposure to and use of Mandarin.

The economic value of language in China: How important is Mandarin proficiency in the Chinese labor market? A bounding approach

To shed light on the effectiveness of promoting the use of Mandarin, this paper analyses the economic value of Mandarin in the Chinese labor market using data from the 2016 wave of the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey. To address the self-selection issue, we use both an instrumental variable (IV) and nonparametric bounding approaches. Our results show that the overall return on Mandarin proficiency is positive, ranging from 10.5% to 49.9% across the whole sample. A driving mechanism is that workers with a high Mandarin proficiency are more likely to find jobs that match their expertise, which then increases their productivity in the workplace. We also find that the returns are heterogeneous across different subgroups: (1) Women benefit more than men, which suggests that language proficiency can help reduce the gender wage gap; (2) The return on Mandarin proficiency is statistically significant and positive for young and middle-aged workers, but there is not enough evidence for older workers; (3) The return is larger for individuals living in urban areas than those in rural areas. In addition, we find that the IV method cannot be extrapolated to obtain the marginal returns across different treatment groups, as its coefficient is incredibly large, thus overestimating the economic returns on Mandarin proficiency.

Translanguaging pedagogies in a Mandarin-English dual language bilingual education classroom: contextualised learning from teacher-researcher collaboration

ABSTRACT Teacher-researcher collaborative inquiry helps illuminate contextual demands and affordances of teaching and learning and how they shape and inform theory and practice. Elaborating on a university-school study in a Mandarin-English dual language bilingual education (DLBE) programme in the U.S., we examine how the researcher worked alongside a Grade 3 Mandarin teacher in implementing translanguaging approaches across different content areas. We focus particularly on critical moments of dissonance in their research partnership that capture their changing understandings and constant negotiations of translanguaging stance, design, and shifts. Through open and focused coding of qualitative data, we identified both parties’ evolving perspectives and teaching/research practices. Ambivalence, doubts, and contradictions characterised their collaboration process as both researcher and teacher wrestled with what translanguaging means to Chinese education within a DLBE context where English hegemony reigns both inside and outside school. Important critical moments are highlighted to illuminate how the pair gradually developed a shared understanding about the need for a more comprehensive, critical, and contextualised lens to translanguaging pedagogies and to learn how to orchestrate translanguaging spaces in DLBE programmes while privileging students’ use of Mandarin.

The Double-Edged Sword of Mandarin: Language Shift and Cultural Maintenance among Middle-Aged Chinese-Malaysians

Abstract Previous research has demonstrated that the increasing importance of Mandarin in education and public life has led many younger Chinese-Malaysians to regard Mandarin as their mother tongue and part of their cultural identity rather than a heritage language. Fewer studies have documented the language repertoires of middle-aged and older Chinese-Malaysians. This paper presents a qualitative study of Mandarin use conducted with six Chinese-Malaysians aged 40 and older. The participants reported extensive use of Mandarin in the domains of home, work, religion, and cultural maintenance, which were served by a heritage language in the past. This indicates that the use of Mandarin by the older generation Chinese-Malaysians to engage with the contemporary linguistic world is influenced by hegemonic local and global factors. This study therefore highlights the significance of Mandarin as both an element of cultural identity and an instrument of heritage language loss.

Challenging the ‘Dual’: designing translanguaging spaces in a Mandarin-English dual language bilingual education program

ABSTRACT In response to a growing call for developing flexible, multilingual spaces in dual language bilingual education (DLBE) programs, this paper explored how [Sánchez, M. T., O. García, and C. Solorza. 2018. “Reframing Language Allocation Policy in Dual Language Bilingual Education.” Bilingual Research Journal 41 (1): 37–51.] translanguaging allocation policy could be strategically and purposefully implemented in a Grade 3 Mandarin classroom in a U.S. Mandarin-English DLBE program where the majority of the students were English-dominant speakers. Taking the form of participatory design research [Bang, M., and S. Vossoughi. 2016. “Participatory Design Research and Educational Justice: Studying Learning and Relations Within Social Change Making.” Cognition and Instruction 34 (3): 173–193.], I (as a researcher) and a Mandarin teacher worked together to co-design translanguaging spaces within and across three content areas: Chinese Language Arts, Science, and Social Studies. Data collection included classroom and design meeting recordings, observational field notes, and teacher and students’ artefacts and interviews throughout one whole school year. Inductive and deductive coding were adopted for data analysis. Findings revealed that it was a balancing act to create translanguaging spaces while maintaining the language-minoritized space and privileging students’ use of Mandarin. Translanguaging spaces took many shapes based on contextual factors such as different learning objectives and curricular demands of each content area. Students were able to demonstrate a fuller picture of their academic performance, develop deeper content understandings, build cross-linguistic connections, and become more aware of their bi/multilingual and bi/multicultural identities.

Language ideologies, language policies, and shifting regional dialect proficiencies in three Chinese cities

ABSTRACT Governmental language policies in China have varied across recent decades, including the intensive promotion of Mandarin as a language of unification and public championing of regional varieties. Concomitantly, increasing urbanisation, regional migration, and cross-linguistic marriage have led to greater use of Mandarin in private domains. Given the varied status of regional language varieties by city, language ideologies and home practices play an increasingly important role in shaping youth language proficiencies, and maintaining dialect diversity. This paper examines links between parental language ideologies and child language proficiencies in three Chinese cities. The analysis of 167 interviews with young adult children and their parents reveals that parents tend to hold one of four ideological stances: Mandarin-dominant, dialect-dominant, bilingual diglossic, and ‘whatever works’. Furthermore, we find that location matters: families differ by region in their ideologies and support for local varieties. Moreover, parental language ideology predicted children’s current language proficiencies: parents who reported having explicit pro-Mandarin language ideology tended to have young adult children with lower levels of reported skill in the regional dialect. However, the strength of that relationship varies by city. We conclude by considering the implications of these findings for language policy and the promotion of dialect diversity.

Status Quo and Comparative Study of Fujianese College Students’ Language Abilities, Language Attitudes and Language Use

The study undertakes a diachronic comparative analysis of college students’ Mandarin, dialect, English use status, language aptitude, and language attitudes between 2015 and 2020 using data from a questionnaire of Fujian Province college students. The findings show that: (1) Mandarin’s function and status are increasing, resulting in a situation in which Mandarin is the dominant language and multiple language codes, such as dialects and English, coexist; (2) Mandarin use is increasing, while dialect use is decreasing; (3) Mandarin and English listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills are improving, while dialect listening and speaking skills are deteriorating; (4) Although Fujianese college students have a higher overall opinion of Mandarin, dialects, and English, their views toward Mandarin, dialects, and other languages are deteriorating. Based on this, the paper proposes curriculum ideology and politics in foreign language classes, as well as a variety of strategies to preserve Fujian’s strong dialects and scientifically protect weak dialects and endangered minority languages.

The Foochow Chinese: moving towards a pan-Chinese identity anchored to Mandarin

Abstract The study investigated the use of Mandarin and Chinese dialects, and attitudes towards these languages among the Foochow living in Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia. The study involved 408 Foochow respondents (204 children, 204 parents). As most of the respondents’ close friends, neighbours and colleagues were Foochow, and Chinese in general, Foochow and Mandarin were the two main languages used, but English, Malay and Iban were sometimes used with people from other ethnic groups. More parents felt at ease speaking Foochow in all situations but more children felt that it is nothing special to speak their dialect. The most cherished and emotionally expressive language for the parents was Foochow but for their children, it was Mandarin. More parents were aware of cultural associations and activities than their children. They believed that the use of Chinese dialects will decrease in future and intergenerational transmission of the dialect is important. Yet they were still looking to cultural associations and the government to promote their culture and dialect. The study indicated that the markers for membership of their Chinese dialect group are ancestry, language, living among people from the same dialect group, cultural practices and religion.

Translation Strategies of Terms Used in Jewelry Production from Mandarin to Bahasa Indonesia Using Han Character Identification

Translation strategies are sets of adopted principles and schemes to achieve a certain translation goal in a translation activity (Yanlu, 2017, p. 164-168). Using the strategies, the translation results in any manufacturing process are expected to be acceptable, suitable, and understandable. PT. Gemopia Indonesia, located in Sukoharjo, Central Java is a jewelry company. This company has the biggest main factory established in Tiongkok. Therefore, the production process is strongly related to the use of Mandarin. This article aims to give Mandarin to Bahasa translation strategies related to the terms used in jewelry production. In order to collect data, some techniques, such as interviews, observations, and documentation were employed. After being analyzed, some strategies are acquired, as follows: (a) words grouping based on their sound, (b) words grouping based on metal element or jīnzì pang (金字旁), (c) words grouping based on fire element or huǒzì pang (火字旁), (d) words grouping based on the development of pǐn 品word, and (e) words grouping based on the development of shí 石 word.

Mandarin Vocabularies Translation Strategies Related to Export Sales of Paper-Based Packing

Translation strategy, according to Suryawinata et al. (2003, p. 67), is a translation tactic to translate words, phrases, and full sentences if the sentences cannot be divided into a smaller translated-unit. Therefore, the translation strategy has a great impact on the translation process from the source language to the target language so that accurate and understandable translation results can be produced. PT. Mulia Cipta Teknologi, located in Boyolali, is a company working in export sales of paper-based packaging. It produces paper roll whose weight is up to one ton. The item is used as a raw material to produce cardboard boxes exported to some factories in China. The sales process is closely related to the use of Mandarin. This research aims to give a Chinese to Bahasa Indonesia translation strategy related to terms commonly used in paper-roll export documents. Data collection techniques being performed were participant observations, interviews, and documentation.

MANDARIN DISCRIMINATION IN HONG KONG: FOUR MAINLAND CHINESE SOJOURN TEACHERS’ EXPERIENCE OF SYMBOLIC VIOLENCE

Thesis. After the handover of Hong Kong’s sovereignty to China in 1997, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government stipulated a trilingual (English, Cantonese, and Mandarin) and biliterate (English and Chinese) policy, in order to include Mandarin as an additional co-official language together with the original English and Cantonese. Until the handover, the use of Mandarin was restricted in British colonial Hong Kong. Since the handover, however, Mandarin and its users have experienced some resistance by local Hong Kong people.&#x0D; Method. In an attempt to better understand this resistance and its implications, this study adopts Pierre Bourdieu’s field, habitus, and capital theory, to analyse the anti-Mandarin discourse that has prevailed in the ensuing two decades. Via narrative inquiry, this study explains the habitus of four Mandarin speaking teachers, while especially noting their clashes with the anti-Mandarin discourse, and the symbolic violence they suffered in the field.&#x0D; Conclusion. The study concludes with a reflection on the clash between the teachers’ struggles with the discourse from a postcolonial perspective, and it also considers the legal issues involved in protecting mainland Chinese as a minority in Hong Kong.

A Chinese Australian family’s language use and attitudes

Abstract This paper presents a qualitative case study of a Chinese Australian family’s multilingual experiences in Melbourne. Couched in the framework of family language policy, I examine language shift patterns and mother tongue attitudes and analyse reasons and consequences. The findings show that the first generation uses Mandarin for general family communication, while relegating regional Chinese to functions that are, typically, private and familial and for use with older generations. The second generation uses English the most. While their Mandarin use is enhanced through community-based schooling and can be activated depending on the communicative environment, regional Chinese does not play an active role. This nested, hierarchical ecology of language shift with two dominant language constellations causes parental confusion about the children’s mother tongue and problematises grandparent-grandchild communication with a possible decrease of family intimacy.

Mandarin Yě and Scalarity

Abstract This paper examines the use of Mandarin yě ‘also’ in contexts which dōu can be used as well, e.g., in no matter and even contexts. I argue that there is a correlation between the possibility of using yĕ and the presence of a scalar reading as well as a reference to an extremity on the scale in question. The data we present show that yě is invariably associated with scalar readings: yě is always used in scalar contexts, and contexts that are not obviously scalar become so when yě is used. I also argue that a scalar interpretation of wh-elements in no matter contexts can be derived with the aid of negation or modals, thus accounting for the felicitousness of yě in such contexts. The paper ends with a short note on lián, hypothesizing that its function is to introduce the extreme of the scale. I also argue that the licensing condition of the additive/basic yě, i.e., the presence of alternatives in the background, also plays a role in the scalar use of yě.

Visualizing language ideologies and verbalizing perceived linguistic boundaries: The case of Mandarin Chinese in contemporary Taiwan

AbstractAs Mandarin gains prominence in the globalizing world, the use of Mandarin not only blurs geopolitical borders, but also the linguistic boundaries drawn between Taiwan and Mainland China. Employing the theoretical framework of language ideologies and the methodological approach of perceptual dialectology, this article investigates how the Taiwanese perform their identities by hand-drawing their perceived linguistic boundaries of Mandarin varieties. The data came from a multi-sited linguistic fieldwork project in Taiwan that engaged with forty-two Taiwanese (age 19–56) on tasks that include drawing dialectological maps of Mandarin and extended ethnographic interviews. The data show that rhoticity has been selectively rationalized and ideologized as boundary of linguistic differentiation between Mandarin varieties across the Taiwan Strait. This article further examines the ways in which the informants, by surpassing the geospatial indexicality of Taiwan Mandarin as a vernacular, rationalize and project the existing stylistic use of Taiwan Mandarin onto their sociopolitical construals, creating a space where Taiwan Mandarin is equivalent to Putonghua in symbolic power. This study demonstrates the ways in which perceived dialectological maps functions as visualized indexical fields that mirror the multiplicity and volatility of participants’ concurrent language ideologies about the complicated relationship between language and the micro- as well as macro-sociopolitical environments they inhabit.

Pitch Ability As an Aptitude for Tone Learning

Tone languages such as Mandarin use voice pitch to signal lexical contrasts, presenting a challenge for second/foreign language (L2) learners whose native languages do not use pitch in this manner. The present study examined components of an aptitude for mastering L2 lexical tone. Native English speakers with no previous tone language experience completed a Mandarin word learning task, as well as tests of pitch ability, musicality, L2 aptitude, and general cognitive ability. Pitch ability measures improved predictions of learning performance beyond musicality, L2 aptitude, and general cognitive ability and also predicted transfer of learning to new talkers. In sum, although certain nontonal measures help predict successful tone learning, the central components of tonal aptitude are pitch‐specific perceptual measures.