Use Of Cold Research Articles

Cryostimulation for Post-exercise Recovery in Athletes: A Consensus and Position Paper.

Recovery after exercise is a crucial key in preventing muscle injuries and in speeding up the processes to return to homeostasis level. There are several ways of developing a recovery strategy with the use of different kinds of traditional and up-to-date techniques. The use of cold has traditionally been used after physical exercise for recovery purposes. In recent years, the use of whole-body cryotherapy/cryostimulation (WBC; an extreme cold stimulation lasting 1–4 min and given in a cold room at a temperature comprised from −60 to −195°C) has been tremendously increased for such purposes. However, there are controversies about the benefits that the use of this technique may provide. Therefore, the main objectives of this paper are to describe what is whole body cryotherapy/cryostimulation, review and debate the benefits that its use may provide, present practical considerations and applications, and emphasize the need of customization depending on the context, the purpose, and the subject's characteristics. This review is written by international experts from the working group on WBC from the International Institute of Refrigeration.

АНАЛИЗ РЕЗУЛЬТАТИВНОСТИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ МЕТОДОВ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ МИКРОБНОЙ ЭКЗЕМЫ У ДЕТЕЙ

The aim of the study is to analyze the effectiveness of the methods of treatment (MT) of microbial eczema (ME) available in pediatric practice. Materials and methods of research: the article presents the results of the evaluation of efficacy of the methods of treatment of ME in 108 patients aged 1–13 years with ME, taking into account the study of their safety and financial feasibility. ME severity was assessed using IOSTME (Microbial Eczema Severity Evaluation Index). The efficacy of ME therapy was assessed using clinical criteria. Results: with the same safety and clinical efficacy, the use of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) in the complex therapy of ME has an advantage over the standard treatment method (MT1) and over complex therapy using laser therapy (MT2). The health care efficiency (Km) differed in the use of analytic treatments with the highest proportion of clinical recovery results (complete skin cleansing) in patients receiving complex therapy using CAP (MT3): when using MT1 – in 1 out of 20 cases (5%), with MT2 – in 3 out of 49 patients (6%), with MT3 – in 26 out of 39 cases (67%) (p<0,001). The decrease in the cost of complex treatment methods (MT2 and MT3) was due to a significant reduction in the duration of inpatient treatment: when using MT1 – 14,5 [14,0; 15,0], MT2 – 11,0 [10,0; 12,0], MT3 – 6,0 [6,0; 6,0] bed-days, despite the more expensive medical services for MT2 (1,37 times more expensive than MT1) and MT3 (2,33 times more expensive than MT1 and 1,71 times more expensive than MT2). Conclusion: the use of CAP in the complex treatment of ME is effective, safe and cost-effective.

Characterization of Chemical and Bacterial Compositions of Dairy Wastewaters

The dairy industry produces large amounts of wastewater, including white and cleaning wastewater originating principally from rinsing and cleaning-in-place procedures. Their valorization into process water and non-fat milk solids, in the case of white wastewater, or the renewal of cleaning solutions could be achieved using pressure-driven membrane processes. However, it is crucial to determine the intrinsic characteristics of wastewaters, such as proximate composition and bacterial composition, to optimize their potential for valorization. Consequently, white and cleaning wastewaters were sampled from industrial-scale pasteurizers located in two different Canadian dairy processing plants. Bacterial profiles of dairy wastewaters were compared to those of tap waters, pasteurized skim milk and unused cleaning solutions. The results showed that the physicochemical characteristics as well as non-fat milk solids contents differed drastically between the two dairy plants due to different processing conditions. A molecular approach combining quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and metabarcoding was used to characterize the bacteria present in these solutions. The cleaning solutions did not contain sufficient genomic DNA for sequencing. In white wastewater, the bacterial contamination differed depending on the dairy plant (6.91 and 7.21 log10 16S gene copies/mL). Psychrotrophic Psychrobacter genus (50%) dominated white wastewater from plant A, whereas thermophilic Anoxybacillus genus (56%) was predominant in plant B wastewater. The use of cold or warm temperatures during the pasteurizer rinsing step in each dairy plant might explain this difference. The detailed characterization of dairy wastewaters described in this study is important for the dairy sector to clearly identify the challenges in implementing strategies for wastewater valorization.

ELUCIDATING VYADHIJANAKTVA OF KUSHTA IN TERMS OF SHEETOSHNA VYATYASA NIDANA

The entity by which something is produced specifically is known as Nidana. It is Adikarana- means to prime factor among diverse determinants of disease. Illness is because of different causes and its effect is seen in the form of linga-symptoms of a disease. Because of which ancient seers propounded the Trisutra Ayurveda, namely hetu-linga and Aushadha. In many contexts of Samhitha, while Nidana engendering Vyadhi, Guna- properties are described, because properties have considerable importance in pharmacologi-cal, pathological action. One such context is Kushta Nidana, where aetiology delineated as Sheetoshna Vyatyasa - interchange use of cold and hot properties. This article foregrounded on the proposition of Kar-ya-Karana-Vada of Ayurveda, to throw light on the expository of Gunas in manifesting Kushta.

Placental gas exchange during amniotic carbon dioxide insufflation in sheep.

Insufflation of the amniotic cavity with carbon dioxide (CO2 ) is used clinically to improve visibility during complex fetoscopic surgery. Insufflation with heated, humidified CO2 has recently been shown to reduce fetal hypercapnia and acidosis in sheep, compared with use of cold and dry CO2 , but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether differences in placental CO2 and oxygen (O2 ) exchange during insufflation with heated and humidified vs cold and dry CO2 could explain these findings. Thirteen fetal lambs at 105 days of gestation (term, 146 days) were exteriorized partially, via a midline laparotomy and hysterotomy, and instrumented with an umbilical artery catheter, an umbilical vein catheter and a common umbilical vein flow probe. Arterial and venous catheters and flow probes were also inserted into the maternal uterine circulation. Six ewes were insufflated with cold, dry CO2 (22°C; 0-5% humidity) and seven with heated, humidified CO2 (40°C; 95-100% humidity) at 15 mmHg for 180 min. Blood-flow recordings and paired arterial and venous blood gases were sampled from uterine and umbilical vessels. Rates of placental CO2 and O2 exchange were calculated. After 180 min of insufflation, fetal survival was 33% (2/6) using cold, dry CO2 and 71% (5/7) using heated, humidified CO2 . By 120 min, fetuses insufflated with heated, humidified CO2 had lower arterial CO2 levels and higher arterial pH compared to those insufflated with cold, dry gas. Insufflation decreased significantly placental gas exchange in both groups, as measured by rates of both (i) fetal CO2 clearance and O2 uptake and (ii) maternal O2 delivery and CO2 uptake from the fetal compartment. Lower arterial CO2 and higher pH levels in fetuses insufflated with heated and humidified, compared to cold and dry, CO2 could not be explained by differences in placental gas exchange. Instead, heated and humidified insufflation appeared to reduce fetal CO2 absorption from the uterus, supporting its use in preference to cold, dry CO2 . © 2019 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Effect of modified atmosphere packaging on nutraceutical quality and overall appearance of figs stored at 1 °C

Ficus carica L. has fruits with an exquisite flavour, colour and aroma. However, due to its morphological characteristics, it has a limited shelf life. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of modified atmosphere packaging on nutraceutical quality and the overall appearance of figs stored at 1 °C. The experimental design used was completely randomized with four replications. The combined use of packaging and cold allowed to observe fruits with less weight loss and firmness, maintaining the values of citric acid and VC without significant changes. With the exception of the last evaluation period, no statistical variation was found in the content of TAn, TP and AC. On the other hand, it was also possible to observe a significant impact on the reduction of respiration and ethylene production, which could be corroborated with the conservation of sensory aspects of the fruit (texture, colour, appearance, marketing level, aroma and flavour) from very good to good. The generation of passive atmospheres (packaging) and the use of cold (1 °C) are useful tools in maintaining the nutraceutical quality and appearance of fig fruits, aspects highly appreciated by consumers and marketers of this fruit.

Study of the Stiffness of the Bitumen Emulsion Based Cold Recycling Mixes for Road Base Courses.

The benefits of the use of cold recycling mixtures (CRMs) in pavement rehabilitation are associated with both the reduction of natural resource consumption by replacing them with recycled materials and the reduction of energy consumption during their production and paving. The evolution of the stiffness of CRMs in road construction and the fatigue life of pavements with CRM base layers are still being investigated. In this paper, CRMs with 1% cement content, called bitumen-stabilized materials with bitumen emulsion (BSM-Es), were examined. Mixtures that were differentiated in terms of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) content, as well as the amount and type of bitumen emulsions, were subjected to indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM) tests at 5 °C, 13 °C, and 20 °C. The thermal sensitivities of the BSM-E mixtures were analyzed. BSM-E mixture stiffness modulus levels at various temperatures were determined using a statistical approach. On the basis of the results obtained, a discussion on the mechanistic-empirical design of flexible pavements with BSM-E base layers is presented. The potential benefits of using BSM-E materials in road construction in certain aspects of pavement life are indicated.

Awareness of cryotherapy in sports medical applications among dental students

Cryotherapy is the use of cold for either the management of injury or illness, has become common across sports medicine. It remains a well-established procedure for managing serious soft tissue damages. However, there is the disparity between both the theoretical evidence for cryotherapy in clinical trials. This survey was performed for assessing the awareness about cryotherapy in sports medical applications amongst dental students. A cross-sectional study was done with a self-administered questionnaire with 10 questions circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about cryotherapy in sports medical applications, their medicinal uses, anti-inflammatory activity, mechanism of action and side effects. The responses were recorded and analysed. 87% of the respondents were not aware of medical uses of Cryotherapy.73% were not aware of the anti-inflammatory activity of Cryotherapy.83 % were not aware of the mechanism of action of Cryotherapy. 85% were not aware of the side effects of Cryotherapy. The awareness about the use of cryotherapy in sports medical applications is very less among dental students. Increased awareness programs and sensitization and continuing dental education programs along with greater importance to the curricular modifications in sports dentistry should be incorporated to improve the awareness levels.

Investigation of the chip adhesion mechanisms in micro-drilling of high ceramic-content particle-filled GFRPs

Glass-fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP) are widely used for printed circuit boards (PCBs) in automotive and aircraft structural applications. The performance of micro-drilling in high ceramic-content particle-filled GFRP heavily influences the signal transmission quality and speed available from these PCBs. Chip adhesion is one of the biggest obstacles to high-performance micro-drilling especially for holes with large depth-to-diameter ratios. This paper offers the first study of the chip adhesion characteristics and formation mechanisms seen when micro-drilling ceramic particle-filled GFRP components, which is the substrate material of PCBs. A direct-contact temperature measurement method is presented to measure the temperatures seen when drilling the laminated composite material. The effects of processing parameters on drilling temperatures and chip adhesion were investigated. A method to control chip adhesion is suggested. The results show that chip adhesion can be divided into four stages. Effective measures to reduce chip adhesion include reducing the drill speed, appropriately increasing the feed rate, and, controlling the number of drilled holes before the drill is sharpened. Also, the use of cold forced air can aid heat dissipation and effective chip extraction. As a result, the chip adhesion was reduced.

The past shall not begin: Frozen seeds, extended presents and the politics of reversibility

The article analyzes the Svalbard Global Seed Vault (SGSV) as a specific security technology created to deal with the ecological threat of biodiversity loss. Built in 2008 inside the Arctic Circle, the SGSV serves as a backup for 1,700 agricultural gene banks around the world. If seed collections are lost due to natural disasters or human error, the gene banks can request copies of their varieties from Svalbard and restore their collections to continue the endeavour of plant breeding. The article focuses on the particular temporal politics expressed in the SGSV. Drawing on Niklas Luhmann’s reflections on time, it is argued that the SGSV opens up the possibility of reversing events by expanding the duration of the present. By separating seeds from their ecological connections on the one hand and controlling their metabolic processes through the use of cold on the other, an enduring temporal zone is created that allows modern society to control the unpredictable and irreversible dynamics of life and undo its emergent effects. The SGSV therefore materializes what is herein called the politics of reversibility.

Compressive Strength of Axially Loaded Built-up Sigma Cold Compressive Strength of Axially Loaded Built-up Sigma Cold Formed Sections Columns Formed Sections Columns

The use of cold formed steel sections in building constructions has lately seen rapid growth due to their light weight and easier erection. Generally, lipped channel sections are used more frequently .Sigma sections while requiring more effort in fabrication, they exhibit high strength to weight ratios compared with the lipped channel sections. This work presents experimental as well as numerical study of the strength of pinned-pinned axially loaded columns utilizing sigma sections. The column section consists of two back to back sigma cold formed sections. The two sections are connected through their webs with connecting fasteners. Eight specimens with variable plate element width to thickness ratio, and having different member slenderness ratios were tested. Residual stresses and geometrical imperfections were recorded. Moreover, the specimens were simulated by a nonlinear finite element model using four node isoparametric shell element that accounts for both geometric and material non-linearities. The measured geometric imperfections and residual stresses were included in the numerical model. The parameters studied include the properties of the cross-section such as the flange, web, and lip dimensions as well as the spacing of the web fasteners. Furthermore, several column heights are considered to study the different modes of failure. Finally, the results are compared with the ultimate strength predicted by the American AISI, the Eurocode-3 and DSM specifications. Results reflect that sectional (local/distortional) buckling governs the failure mode of short columns. Moreover, the AISI, the Eurocode-3 and DSM can reasonably predict the ultimate load capacity of such sections.

Thermal analysis of a structure made by using cold formed steel sections

In the last decades, man-made environmental burdens have led to a significant increase of negative effects felt by the human race. Thus, some industrial sectors have developed and implemented a series of solutions with the goal of minimising their negative ecological impact. Taking into account that the construction sector is one of the most important economic players in every national economy, one that has a tremendous negative impact over the environment, in the last years, various recommendations and limitations have been drawn in order to reduce the consumption of non-renewable energy. In order to constantly reduce the impact of the built environment over the natural one, civil engineers should develop and promote sustainable solutions that have a direct effect on improving the environmental performances of the built environment. One such solution is the use of cold formed steel sections (CFS) for building new structures. This paper analyses the linear thermal transmittance of the thermal bridge formed by the vertical steel studs inside the external walls. The results show that these steel elements can be used in order to build energy efficient buildings.

Cryoanalgesia. Review

Cryoanalgesia, also known as cryoneurolysis or cryoneuroablation, is one of the most effective interventional methods for pain management, which allows providing high-quality long-term analgesia by low-temperature destruction of the nerve membranes of sensory or mixed nerves. Our review is devoted to the history of the use of cold for medical purposes, a description of the physical basis of the method and equipment used for cryoanalgesia, various clinical aspects and technical features of the procedure, as well as indications and contraindications, with a clinical description of various conditions that can be treated using interventional methods of pain management.

Experimental and finite element analysis of cold formed steel beam-column joint

Use of Cold Formed Steel (CFS) has a growing tendency for construction purposes by demonstrated a great deal of cooperation in terms of costs. CFS applications increased significantly in structures due to its low weight, high strength to weight ratio, manufacturing efficiency, erection and production. The analysis of connections is essential to any type of construction, because it is desirable to split the structural part first instead of connecting it. The job of designing innovative element profiles is not only difficult but also time-consuming and often the framework does not achieve its full strength because the structure plays an important role. This design works with the development of the beam-column joint CFS, which focuses on the specifications of the Indian standard.An experimental model will be constructed and tested using the loading frame process and the Universal Test Machine. The final result will be compared with the result of Finite Element Analysis (FEA).

Cold Recycled Asphalt Mixture using 100% RAP with Emulsified Asphalt‐Recycling Agent as a New Pavement Base Course

The rehabilitation process of asphalt pavements using the technique of milling and filling can cause several environmental problems due to either the disposal of the milled asphalt mix or the exploration of natural resources. One alternative to mitigate these impacts is to reuse this milled material, known as reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), in the construction of new pavement layers. Within the several available techniques to reuse the RAP, cold recycling using an emulsified asphalt‐recycling agent has shown great potential. The aim of this study is to evaluate the application of a cold recycled asphalt mix using 100% RAP with an emulsified asphalt‐recycling agent as a new pavement base course. A trial section was built employing this material as a pavement base course in a heavy traffic highway in Brazil, and its structural behavior was monitored for 12 months using a Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) to assess its performance over time. Furthermore, a laboratory‐testing program was performed to evaluate the recycled mixture stiffness and strength through resilient modulus and indirect tensile strength tests. These tests were used to investigate the influence of the storage interval (7, 14, and 28 days) considering the time between mixing and compaction of the mixture. The effect of the curing time after compaction (1, 3, 7, 26, and 56 days) was also assessed. It was verified in laboratory and in the trial section that the stiffness increases with curing time. Furthermore, the backcalculated elastic resilient moduli indicated values in the same order of magnitude to those obtained in the laboratory tests. In addition to the laboratory test findings, it was also observed that the longer the period of storage, the higher the values of stiffness and tensile strength for short periods of curing. This behavior was not verified when longer curing periods were used. In general, the use of cold recycled asphalt mixtures as base course of new pavements proved to be a promising alternative to reuse RAP.

Cryotherapy: Case report and a short review

Cryotherapy is the clinican use of cold, applied locally or generally through various methods, to lower the temperature of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Clinicians often emphasis that patients apply ice for therapeutic purposes after physical injuries and various surgical procedures. This case report describes a case of Oral Lichen Planus being treated with cryosurgery in 52 years old female. Keywords: Cryosurgery, Cryoprobe, Re-epithelization.

Determination of the specifications and quantities of pollutants present in water discharged from oil plant and their treatment methods

Water pollution is an important environmental problem at present and has a direct impact on the lives of individuals, families and society. Water pollution is produced from several industrial processes. One of these processes is the making vegetable oils, where the polluted water is produced by the refining of vegetable oils, there is also contaminated water resulting from the process of bleaching vegetable oil, there is another pollution of the water produced by the process of removing the smell of vegetable oil and there is also pollution of water resulting from heat exchangers where the use of cold or hot water. In this research, were used natural and chemical materials, different concentrations and different weights to reach the best results. The treatment process is done in two phases, the first by adding the following substances (alum, calcium hydroxide alkaline and concentrated sulfuric acid) in different quantities to the polluted water and then leaving a period of time after it is separated from the sediment method. After treatment, (pH), residual Chlorine (cl), bioactive oxygen (BOD5), Oils and Greases (O & G) and phosphate (PO4) are measured. The second phase of the water is adsorbed by activated carbon adsorption for the removal of chlorine from the water (a class of halogens) which is strongly adsorbed by activated carbon. First, (pH), (BOD5), (O & G), and phosphate (PO4) have been controlled within the allowable limits, while the residual chlorine (cl) is much higher than the maximum limits, where it was treated in the second stage, up to the surveyed boundary before it was put into the river water.

Nursing in Pneumonia.

: Editor's note: From its first issue in 1900 through to the present day, AJN has unparalleled archives detailing nurses' work and lives over more than a century. These articles not only chronicle nursing's growth as a profession within the context of the events of the day, but they also reveal prevailing societal attitudes about women, health care, and human rights. Today's nursing school curricula rarely include nursing's history, but it's a history worth knowing. To this end, From the AJN Archives highlights articles selected to fit today's topics and times.In the September 1903 issue of AJN, Jessie E. Catton of Boston City Hospital writes about the nursing care of pneumonia. Many early AJN authors were national figures, and Catton was no exception: she later became secretary of the National League for Nursing Education, a forerunner of the National League for Nursing.Catton notes that in pneumonia, "if no complications occur nursing is considered rather more important than treatment." She goes on to discuss key principles in caring for someone with pneumonia: "absolute rest in bed" to prevent exhaustion; "perfect cleanliness… warmth, light covering, and… fresh air"; careful positioning in bed; and proper treatment of high fever, where "the external use of cold is preferred by many physicians rather than large doses of antipyretic drugs." To read the full article, go to http://links.lww.com/AJN/A129.In this month's issue, Chastity Warren and colleagues describe their project to prevent pneumonia via the use of standardized oral protocols for high-risk patients in "A Nurse-Driven Oral Care Protocol to Reduce Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia."

Structural Features of Cu–Ag Alloys Obtained via Mechanical Alloying with the Use of Cold and Cryogenic Severe Plastic Deformation

The structural features of Cu–Ag alloys mechanically synthesized by means of severe plastic deformation at a room and cryogenic temperature are revealed using X-ray diffractometry and electron microscopy and via in situ measurement of structure-sensitive characteristics such as shear stress depending on the deformation level. The effect of cryogenic strain temperature consists in a special character of change in the structure and shear stress of the formed alloys, which, in turn, affects the composition of the solid solution and the kinetics of structural transformations, as well as the mechanical properties.

What do people do before going to the dentist? Qualitative study of cultural practices of pain relief in primary care.

Objective: To describe and classify the main cultural practices used to relieve orodental pain in people who seek emergency dental care in vulnerable urban and rural areas of central Chile. Methodology: A sample of 88 adults residing in urban and rural sectors, who received treatment at primary care emergency dental services in three districts of the central area of Chile was studied using a qualitative descriptive approach of sociocultural epidemiological orientation based on Grounded Theory. Interviews were conducted in the waiting room of the emergency service or at the patient’s home. Empirical saturation and triangulation of temporal data were protected. Results: Practices of biomedical origin (self-medication and care received at dental emergency services) and socio-cultural practices were documented. They include the use of chemical products (iodine, phosphorus, battery acid, hydrogen peroxide, gasoline, and alcoholic drinks, among others), herbal infusions (Buddleja globosa, Aloe vera), mechanical-physical techniques (use of cold or heat, massage); subjects also perform the mechanical manipulation of the area with sharp objects, occasionally extracting the tooth itself. Practices occur more frequently at home when the person feels the pain in the affected area, and end on the dental chair with the tooth extraction. Conclusions: The coexistence of biomedical practices and alternative cultural strategies was observed. These practices complement each other and make people postpone seeking professional dental care, which may worsen their health condition.