Abstract
The benefits of the use of cold recycling mixtures (CRMs) in pavement rehabilitation are associated with both the reduction of natural resource consumption by replacing them with recycled materials and the reduction of energy consumption during their production and paving. The evolution of the stiffness of CRMs in road construction and the fatigue life of pavements with CRM base layers are still being investigated. In this paper, CRMs with 1% cement content, called bitumen-stabilized materials with bitumen emulsion (BSM-Es), were examined. Mixtures that were differentiated in terms of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) content, as well as the amount and type of bitumen emulsions, were subjected to indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM) tests at 5 °C, 13 °C, and 20 °C. The thermal sensitivities of the BSM-E mixtures were analyzed. BSM-E mixture stiffness modulus levels at various temperatures were determined using a statistical approach. On the basis of the results obtained, a discussion on the mechanistic-empirical design of flexible pavements with BSM-E base layers is presented. The potential benefits of using BSM-E materials in road construction in certain aspects of pavement life are indicated.
Highlights
In the era of limited availability of natural resources and growing awareness of environmental issues, cold recycling mixtures (CRMs) are gaining popularity in terms of pavement base layer construction
Due to the reduced amount of cement, bitumen-stabilized materials (BSMs)-E mixtures exhibit 50–60% lower stiffness modulus values than cement–bitumen-treated materials (CBTMs) mixtures in which a 3% cement addition is applied; The thermal sensitivities of the BSM-E mixtures depend on the type of bitumen emulsion used
Thermal sensitivities for the BSM-E mixtures are higher in comparison with CBTM mixtures, which may indicate that base layers made of CBTM do not exhibit the properties of flexible layers, but rather manifest behavior similar to rigid materials;
Summary
In the era of limited availability of natural resources and growing awareness of environmental issues, cold recycling mixtures (CRMs) are gaining popularity in terms of pavement base layer construction. While CTMs are considered to be bound materials with high stiffness, rigidity, and brittleness [5,6,7], bitumen-stabilized materials (BSMs), due to a relatively high bitumen content and reduced amount of cement, are characterized by flexibility, lower stiffness, and a lower tendency to experience shrinkage cracking. This is due to the fact that the binder in BSMs is selectively dispersed among the fine aggregate particles, creating local bonds between the coarse aggregate skeleton [8,9].
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